Paired Electrolysis-Enabled Arylation of Quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones.

The first paired electrolysis-enabled arylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones was achieved using cyanoarenes as the arylation reagents. A variety of 3-arylquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with various important functional groups were obtained in moderate to good yields under metal- and chemical oxidant-free conditions. With a pair of reductive and oxidative processes occurring among the substrates and reaction intermediates, the power consumption can be dramatically reduced.

Heatstroke Comorbid with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Background: Hyperthermia and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) are the main characteristics of heatstroke and COVID-19. Differentiating between these illnesses is crucial during a summer COVID-19 pandemic, but cases of heatstroke comorbid with COVID-19 are rarely reported. Case description: We report the first case of heatstroke comorbid with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in a 52-year-old male. After receiving intravenous antibiotics, organ protection measures, and treatment for coagulation disorders, his fever and coma resolved. However, he developed dyspnea and cerebral hemorrhage after several days. This patient experienced a multi-pathogen pulmonary infection and an intractable coagulopathy that ultimately resulted in MODS and death. Conclusion: The combination of heatstroke and SARS-CoV-2 infection exacerbated inflammation, immune abnormalities, and coagulation disorders. The interaction between inflammation and coagulation disturbances contributed to the underlying mechanism in this case, highlighting the importance of early anti-infection, treatment for coagulopathy, immune regulation, and organ protection as crucial interventions.

[Early Warning of Regional Groundwater Pollution： A Case Study for Plain Area of Barkol-Yiwu Basin].

Groundwater pollution early warning is an effective means for regional groundwater pollution prevention. The groundwater pollution early warning model coupled with the current situation of groundwater quality, groundwater quality variation trend, and groundwater pollution risk were applied to the plain area of Barkol-Yiwu Basin, and the regional scale groundwater pollution early warning was realized by combining the early warning of groundwater quality status and trend. The TOPSIS method based on comprehensive weight was used to evaluate the current situation of groundwater quality. The variation trend of groundwater quality was analyzed by calculating the trend interpolation results of 18 in-situ groundwater quality monitoring wells. The groundwater vulnerability map, groundwater pollution load map, and groundwater function value map were superimposed using the superposition index method to evaluate groundwater pollution risk. The results showed that the groundwater quality was good and relatively good, and the poor groundwater quality in some areas was mainly affected by the shallow groundwater depth and the large porosity of the vadose zone. Groundwater quality was stable from 2011 to 2022, mainly due to the leakage of wastewater generated by industries and agriculture into groundwater, resulting in the deterioration of groundwater quality in some areas. Groundwater pollution risk was generally low, and the dual effects of high vulnerability and high pollution load of groundwater led to local areas with high pollution risk. The early warning level of groundwater pollution was generally low, and the heavy and highly heavy warning areas accounted for 16.4% and 17.5% of the study area, respectively, mainly distributed in Xiamaya Township of Yiwu County and northern Santanghu Town, Dahongliuxia Township, and Dahe Town of Barkol County. The quaternary sediments exposed were mainly sandy pebbles, with developed pores and strong water permeability. The interception and adsorption capacity of pollutants were weak. Pollutants produced by industries, agriculture, and life easily leaked into groundwater aquifers, resulting in poor groundwater quality and high risk of groundwater pollution, which ultimately led to a high early warning level of groundwater pollution in some areas. The research on early warning of groundwater pollution provided an important theoretical basis for the development of groundwater pollution remediation.

[Prediction Model of Groundwater Sulphate Based on Combined Multi-source Spatio-temporal Data].

The accurate prediction of spatial variation trends in groundwater SO42- is of great significance for improving groundwater quality and regional groundwater management level. The multi-source spatio-temporal data such as land cover data, soil parameter data, digital elevation data, and groundwater pH value in the plain area of the Yarkant River Basin in 2011, 2014, 2017, and 2020 were used as characteristic variables to analyze their correlation with groundwater SO42- concentration. To enhance the prediction accuracy, the Bayesian optimization algorithm (BOA) was used to optimize the random forest regression (RFR). Based on the BOA-RFR model, the importance of the characteristic variables was analyzed, the prediction accuracy of the model was evaluated, and the groundwater SO42- prediction map was generated. The results showed that pH value, ground elevation (GE), and percentage of bare land (BAR) in the contribution area were important parameters influencing groundwater hydrochemical composition, which were significantly negatively correlated with groundwater SO42- concentration, and the importance of impact factors for predicting groundwater SO42- concentration exceeded 25 %. The geostatistical interpolation method was used as an auxiliary tool for the predictive modeling of spatial distribution. After adding auxiliary samples, the R2 of groundwater SO42- concentration prediction of the BOA-RFR model was greater than 0.96, and the maximum values of RMSE and MAE were reduced by 4.7 % and 23.8 %, respectively, compared with the minimum values of the model with fewer samples. The SO42- concentration prediction map showed that high SO42- groundwater was enriched in the northeast of the plain area of the Yarkand River Basin, an area that was expanding.

Effects of WeChat follow-up management on the psychological distress, care burden, and quality of life of parents of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a retrospective cohort study.

Objective: The objective was to explore the impact of WeChat follow-up management on the psychological distress, care burden, and quality of life of parents of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) receiving in-home care. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. A total of 101 parents of infants with BPD who were followed up from January 2016 to January 2022 were included in this study. According to different follow-up methods, these patients were classified into the WeChat group and the routine group. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZBI), and WHOQOL-BREF were used. The data on the psychological distress, care burden, and quality of life of the parents in the two groups were analyzed and compared at discharge and at the 3-month follow-up. Results: There was no significant difference in the DASS-21 and ZBI scores at discharge between the parents in the two groups. During the 3-month follow-up, the scores of the DASS-21 anxiety and stress subscale and the ZBI of parents in the WeChat group were significantly lower than those of parents in the routine group (P < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference in the depression subscale score between the two groups (P > 0.05). A comparison of the WHOQOL-BREF score between the two groups showed that the total quality of life score in the WeChat group was significantly higher than that in the routine group (P < 0.05). The scores of the psychological and social relationship fields in the WeChat group were significantly higher than those in the routine group (P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse events during follow-up was significantly lower in the WeChat group than in the routine group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: WeChat follow-up management is helpful to decrease the anxiety and stress, reduce the care burden, and improve the quality of life of parents of infants with BPD receiving in-home care.

[Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment in Plain Area of the Yarkant River Basin].

Groundwater pollution risk assessment is an effective method to manage groundwater resources and prevent groundwater pollution. The DRSTIW model was used to evaluate the groundwater vulnerability in a plain area of the Yarkant River Basin, and factor analysis was used to identify pollution sources for pollution loading evaluation. The functional value of groundwater was estimated by considering both the mining value and the in-situ value. The entropy weight method and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) were used to determine the comprehensive weight, and a groundwater pollution risk map was generated based on the overlay function of ArcGIS software. The results showed that the natural geological factors such as large groundwater recharge modulus, wide recharge sources, strong permeability of soil surface and unsaturated zone, and shallow groundwater depth facilitated pollutant migration and enrichment, resulting in a higher overall groundwater vulnerability. Very high vulnerability and high vulnerability areas were mainly distributed in Zepu County, Shache County, Maigaiti County, Tumushuke City, and the eastern part of Bachu County. The pollution loading of groundwater was generally low, the main pollution sources were point source pollution caused by water-rock interaction, non-point source pollution caused by pesticides and fertilizers, and point source pollution caused by industry and life. The overall functional value of groundwater was low because of human economic activities, fine water quality, and good habitat quality. Groundwater pollution risk was generally low, and very high and high pollution risk areas accounted for 20.7% of the study area, mainly distributed in Shache County, Zepu County, Maigaiti County, Tumushuke City, and the western part of Bachu County. Natural conditions such as strong aquifer permeability, weak groundwater runoff conditions, large groundwater recharge modulus, low vegetation coverage, and strong water-rock interaction, coupled with frequent human activities such as application of agricultural fertilizers and discharge of industrial and domestic sewage, made the groundwater pollution risk higher in these areas. Groundwater pollution risk assessment provided strong data support for the optimization of the groundwater monitoring network and the prevention of groundwater pollution.

[Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment in Plain Area of Barkol-Yiwu Basin].

Groundwater pollution risk assessment is an important part of groundwater pollution prevention and control. Taking groundwater in the plain area of Barkol-Yiwu Basin as the research object, the DRSTIW model was constructed to evaluate groundwater vulnerability. According to the survey data of contaminated sites and land use types, point source and non-point source pollutions were classified, and the groundwater pollution load was evaluated. The primary value, economic value, and ecological value of groundwater were considered to evaluate the functional value of groundwater. The groundwater pollution risk assessment map was generated by using the map algebra function of ArcGIS software. The ROC curve was used to verify the risk assessment results of groundwater pollution. The spatial distribution of cold and hot spots of groundwater pollution risk was obtained by calculating the G index, and the change in hot spots was quantitatively analyzed by combining the center of gravity and standard deviation ellipse. The results showed that the groundwater vulnerability was generally low. The gentle terrain slope, shallow groundwater depth, and strong aquifer permeability made it easy for pollutants to enter the aquifer, resulting in high groundwater vulnerability in the northwest of Santanghu Town, the southeast of Dahongliuxia Township, and Kuisu Town in Barkol County. The groundwater pollution load and groundwater functional value were generally low, whereas the point source and non-point source pollution caused by industrial and agricultural production and life would increase the groundwater pollution load in local areas, and the human economic activities and habitat quality levels would affect the distribution of high groundwater function value areas. Groundwater pollution risk was generally low; very high and high pollution risk areas only accounted for 6.8% of the study area, mainly distributed in Naomaohu Town and Yanchi Town of Yiwu County, Kuisu Town, Shirenzi Township, Huayuan Township of Barkol County, and Hongshan Farm of Corps. The shallow groundwater depth, strong permeability of soil surface and vadose zone media, poor adsorption capacity, and concentrated distribution of pollution sources made it easy for pollutants to migrate and enrich in these areas. Under the dual influence of high vulnerability and high pollution load of groundwater, the risk of groundwater pollution in local areas increased. Affected by human activities, there was a certain spatial agglomeration of groundwater pollution risk, and the overall trend was from northwest to southeast. The results of groundwater pollution risk assessment provided a scientific reference for the division of groundwater pollution prevention and control areas.

[Characteristics and Causes of Groundwater Salinization in the Plain Area of the Lower Kashgar River].

This study revealed the distribution characteristics and formation mechanism of groundwater salinization in the plain area of the lower Kashgar River in Xinjiang, which can provide scientific basis for a local sustainable groundwater exploitation plan and practical significance for local water supply security and social stability. Fifteen phreatic water samples, 38 shallow confined groundwater samples, and 16 deep confined groundwater samples were collected in September 2018. Mathematical statistics, a Duorv diagram, PCA-APCS-MLR model, ion ratios, and hydrogeochemical simulations were comprehensively used for sample analysis. The results showed that groundwater was weakly alkaline in general (pH ranged between 6.48 and 8.60 with an average of 7.57), with total dissolved solids (TDS) ranging from 573.0 to 16700.0 mg·L-1. Groundwater was mainly composed of Cl-, SO42-, Na+, and Ca2+. The main groundwater hydrochemical types included were HCO3·SO4·Cl, SO4, and SO4·Cl. No brine was observed in the study area, phreatic water was mainly composed of brackish water and saline water, and confined groundwater was mainly composed of saline water. The salinization coefficient calculation results showed that the salinization degree gradually increased from phreatic water to deep confined groundwater. Evaporation concentration and lixiviation were the main factors leading to the salinization of groundwater. The dissolution and cation exchange of carbonate and silicate rocks gradually weakened from phreatic water to deep confined groundwater, whereas the dissolution of evaporite rock always dominated and was gradually strengthened, which was also the primary factor that caused the salinity of deep groundwater to be higher than that of shallow groundwater. Human activities such as agricultural fertilization, unreasonable use of surface water for irrigation, and improper treatment of domestic sewage had a certain impact on groundwater salinization. The leaking recharge of salt water from adjacent aquifers aggravated the groundwater salinization.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of new flavonoid fatty acid esters with anti-adipogenic and enhancing glucose consumption activities.

Oleoyl Formononetin (OF) has good weight loss activity and hypolipidemic activity, could improve insulin sensitivity and suppress adipogenesis. To acquire better biological activities, three series of flavonoid fatty acid esters were designed and synthesized by optimizing the structure of OF. Their bioactivities were assayed in vitro. Some of these novel compounds could effectively inhibit preadipocyte proliferation and adipogenesis. Moreover, they could enhance glucose consumption in adipocytes notably.

Evaluation of the efficiency of corticosteroids in treating adult with sepsis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a worldwide health problem that is a leading cause of mortality due to infection. Sepsis is prevalent in infections that are complicated with organ failure. Generally, sepsis is intricate and impaired corticosteroid metabolism leads to complex outcomes. Therefore, the provision of corticosteroids could lead to improved clinical outcomes. The effect of corticosteroids therapy in adult patients with sepsis is not well studied. Therefore, this study is an attempt to evaluate the efficacy of corticosteroids for treating adult cases of sepsis. METHODS: We will systematically search the randomized controlled trials for potential eligible studies from online databases, which includes 5 English databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library) and 4 Chinese databases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Database, VIP information database, and China Biomedical Database) from their origin to March 2021. Languages were restricted to English and Chinese. Two independent authors will be screening the literature, collect, and perform data extraction and quality assessment. Data will be synthesized using appropriate statistical methods. RESULTS: This study will summarize present evidence to evaluate the efficacy of corticosteroids for the treatment of adult cases of sepsis. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study will provide the latest, reliable, superior quality evidence for the clinical application of corticosteroids for treating sepsis patients. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The present study will use published data and does not require ethics approval. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION NUMBER: March 28, 2021.osf.io/tm6sw. (https://osf.io/tm6sw/).

Factors Associated With Non-suicidal Self-Injury in Chinese Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents is an increasing public health problem in China. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies on NSSI in Chinese adolescents (between 10 and 19 years) to examine factors associated with NSSI. Twenty-five papers including 30 separate studies with 186,447 participants were included for analysis. The results from a random-effects model showed a weak, but significant overall prediction of NSSI (OR = 1.734). There were significant associations between the following seven factors and NSSI (ranking by the effect sizes, in descending order): adverse life events (OR = 2.284), negative coping style (OR = 2.040), problematic internet use (OR = 2.023), sleep disturbance (OR = 1.734), traumatic experiences (OR = 1.728), problematic parent-child relationship (OR = 1.585), mental health problems (OR = 1.578). Additionally, NSSI sample type moderated these effects. These findings highlight factors significantly associated with NSSI in Chinese adolescents. Parent-child relationship and mental health of the only children and left-behind children in China deserve more attention. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42019123508.

[Hydrochemical Characteristic and Their Controlling Factors in the Yarkant River Basin of Xinjiang].

In this study, the hydrochemical characteristics of surface water in the Yarkant River Basin of Xinjiang and their controlling factors were analyzed using a Piper trilinear diagram, Gibbs diagram, saturation index, ion proportional relationship, and other methods. The study has significance to the surface water resources in the basin for development and utilization. The results indicated that the pH of the surface water ranged from 7.40 to 8.33, with a mean value of 7.92, which was weakly alkaline. The mean value of the total dissolved solids (TDS) of the river, canal, and reservoir water exhibited an increasing trend. The TDS mean of the river was 429.24 mg·L-1, higher than the average value of rivers worldwide (115 mg·L-1). The hydrochemical types of the river water were predominantly HCO3·SO4-Ca·Na and SO4·HCO3·Cl-Ca·Na·Mg types, of the canal water was mainly HCO3·SO4·Cl-Ca·Na type, and of the reservoir water was mostly the SO4·Cl-Na·Ca type. The TDS of the river water along the Yarkant River and Tiznap River demonstrated a continuous increase and fluctuation trend, respectively, while the variation of the primary ions was relatively complex. The primary ions of surface water were mostly influenced by rock weathering, evaporation crystallization, and cation exchange, in which gypsum and rock salt were predominantly dissolved in the process of rock weathering. In addition, human activities had significant effects on the chemical composition of the surface water downstream.

Anti-obesity effect of an isoflavone fatty acid ester on obese mice induced by high fat diet and its potential mechanism.

BACKGROUND: The novel compound 1a is one of the isoflavone fatty acid esters. In order to investigate the anti-obesity effect of compound 1a and its potential mechanism of influence in adipocyte differentiation, Obese male C57BL/6J mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and rat preadipocytes (3T3-L1 cell) were used. METHODS: After 4-week HFD induction, the obese model was made successfully. After treatment with compound 1a, mice plasma biochemistry parameters were analyzed. In addition, mice hepatic tissue slice was observed. In in vitro research, 3T3-L1 cell differentiation by Oil-Red-O staining and adipocyte apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The in vivo results implied that compound 1a significantly decreased the body weight, white adipose tissue weight of obesity mice (p<0.05), reduced leptin and TG in plasma (p<0.05), elevated HDL-C in serum (p<0.05). The in vitro results suggested that compound 1a could significantly suppress the adipocyte viability and lipid accumulation in the differentiation of preadipocyte, and induce apoptosis in both preadipocytes and mature adipocytes (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Compound 1a regulates serum lipid profiles, decreases adipose tissue mass and body weight gain by inducing adipocyte apoptosis in high fat diet induced mice. Thus, it may be used to treat obese patients with hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia.

[Spatial Distribution of Soil Arsenic and Arsenic Enrichment in Crops in the Oasis Region of the Southeastern Tarim Basin].

We use 3487 surface soil samples, 35 soil profile samples, and 93 agricultural products and root soil samples obtained from the southeastern Tarim basin, Xinjiang, northwestern China (Ruoqiang County and Qiemo County, Bayingguo Mongolia Autonomous Prefecture, and Minfeng County and Yutian County, Hetian Prefecture) to assess As contamination. Multivariate statistical analysis, geostatistics, and global information system (GIS) techniques are used to study:the spatial distribution characteristics of soil As, the effects of various agricultural products on As enrichment, and to compare the characteristics of the As content of agricultural products and root soils in spatially significantly and non-significantly autocorrelated regions. The As content of soil samples were relatively low, and the average As contents determined for agricultural land and non-agricultural land were 9.81 mg·kg-1 and 7.94 mg·kg-1, respectively. We found that 568 surface soil samples (16.3% of all samples) had an As content that exceeded Xinjiang soil background values (11.2 mg·kg-1) and that five samples exceeded the risk screening values (25 mg·kg-1). The Moran's indexes of spatial autocorrelation were>0, and the main aggregation types of spatial autocorrelation of soil As were high-high and low-low types, with the zone of the high-high type being mainly located in the agricultural land of each county. A GIS spatial distribution map showed that the high value area of soil As content presented a flaky or island-like scattered distribution. The standard deviation ellipses showed that the trend direction of soil As content in:Ruoqiang County was from north to south, Qiemo County and Minfeng County were both from southwest to northeast, and Yutian County was from northwest to southeast. The As content of the vertical profiles of the agricultural land in Ruoqiang County fluctuated from the surface to depth, whereas those of other counties were relatively stable. The As enrichment ability of crops was ranked as:root vegetables > walnuts > wheat > corn > red dates. The As contents of corn and red dates showed a significant positive correlation with that of the root soil. There was no significant difference in the As content of agricultural products between significant autocorrelation zones and non-significant autocorrelation zones, whereas there was a significant difference in the As content of root soils.

[Chemical Characteristics and Sources of Groundwater Sulfate in the Kashgar Delta, Xinjiang].

Poor water quality is one of the main reasons for a shortage of water resources in the Kashi Prefecture of Xinjiang. The area of the Kashgar Delta is located in the western Kashi Prefecture and covers an area of 13329 km2. Sulfate concentrations exceed the groundwater quality class Ⅲ standard in 73.2% of the unconfined groundwater area and 53.2% of the confined groundwater area. In addition, the TDS content and the hardness of the water are high. The chemical characteristics and sources of groundwater sulfate were analyzed using the isotope method of δD, δ18O-H2O, and δ34S-SO42-. The results showed that:① The dissolution of salt minerals such as calcareous siltstone, calcareous sandstone, and gypsum in denuded mountainous areas controlled the hydrochemical compositions in the basin, and formed surface water and groundwater dominated by SO4. The evolution trend of groundwater chemical types was HCO3·SO4→SO4→SO4·Cl. Alluvial-proluvial gravel plains on the piedmont slopes were the main dissolution-runoff zones and the fluvial plain was main runoff accumulation zone. The chemical composition of the groundwater tended towards salinization, from upstream to downstream; ② The groundwater was mainly derived from atmospheric precipitation, and was affected by evaporation. The distribution of δD and δ18O in the groundwaters of different hydrogeological units was clear; from upstream to downstream, isotope values varied from low to increasingly higher, and evaporation varied from weak to strong, respectively. The distribution of isotopes in the confined groundwater in the river alluvium plain was relatively discrete, which was affected by the mixing effect of unconfined groundwater; ③ The sources of sulfate in the unconfined groundwater in the southern and northern alluvial-proluvial gravel plains on the piedmont slopes were the dissolution of marine-terrestrial and terrestrial deposit evaporates, respectively. The sources of sulfate in the unconfined groundwater in the river alluvium plain were the dissolution of terrestrial deposit evaporates and pollution from fertilizer leaching. The confined groundwater was affected by the dissolution of evaporates and the mixing effect of the unconfined groundwater and bacterial sulfate reduction.

[Hydrochemical Characteristics and Evolution of Groundwater in the Kashgar Delta Area in Xinjiang].

Pollution-induced water shortage problems have severely hindered the economic development of Kashi Prefecture in Xinjiang. In order to study the chemical characteristics and main ion sources of groundwater in the Kashgar River Delta of Western Kashi Prefecture, 402 groundwater samples and 114 groundwater hydrogen and oxygen isotope samples were collected and tested in June to October 2016. Based on the methods of mathematical statistics, Gibbs diagram, ion ratio, Schoeller diagram, and hydrogeochemical simulation, the hydrogeochemical characteristics of the groundwater were analyzed, and the hydrochemical evolution law and the main ion sources were discussed. The following results were noted. ①SO42- was the main anion in the groundwater, followed by Cl-. Na+ was the main cation, and the groundwater was mainly SO4·Cl-Na type. ②The groundwater ion components were controlled by dissolution of rocks and evaporation. The groundwater ions were mainly derived from the dissolution of evaporites, followed by the dissolution of carbonates. Unconfined groundwater in the river alluvium plain was affected by evaporation, and the confined groundwater was affected by reverse cation exchange and mixing. ③Along the groundwater flow direction, the concentration of ion components in the groundwater increased. Halite, dolomite, and gypsum were dissolved, and calcite was precipitated.