ALA/LA ameliorates glucose toxicity on HK-2 cells by attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis through the ROS/p38/TGF-ß1 pathway.

BACKGROUND: Growing evidence indicates that oxidative stress (OS) plays a pivotal role in Diabetic nephropathy (DN). In a previous study we demonstrated that ALA/LA protected HK-2 cells against high glucose-induced cytotoxicity. So we aimed to establish the glucose injury model of HK-2 cells and investigate the beneficial effects of ALA/LA on high glucose-induced excessive production of TGF-ß1 and the possible mechanisms mediating the effects. METHODS: The expression of OS markers in high glucose-induced HK-2 cells treated with ALA/LA., including the antioxidant enzymes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as the apoptosis rate were assayed by ELISA and flow cytometry. The p38/transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) signal pathway were measured by real-time RT-PCR and western blot. RESULTS: The modeling condition of glucose toxicity on HK-2 cells was at the glucose concentration of 40.9 mM. ALA/LA can significantly increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes and decrease ROS production stimulated by high glucose. The study also found that ALA/LA caused a decrease in the apoptosis rate and TGF-ß1 level of HK-2 cells under high glucose stress through the ROS/p38 pathway. CONCLUSIONS: ALA/LA exerts protective effects in vitro through inhibition of ROS generation, down regulation of the activation of the p38MAPK pathway and the expression of TGF-ß1 in HK-2 cells.

[Effects of compound whole grain-soybean on insulin resistance and serum adipocytokines in impared fasting glucose population].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of compound whole grain-soybean on insulin resistance and serum adipocytokines levels in impared fasting glucose population. METHODS: According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 163 cases of impared fasting glucose (IFG) Chinese Han population from the age of 40 to 75 years old, were screened from 12 community health centers of three main districts of Nanjing city by the multi-stage cluster and simple randomization method from March to September, 2008. The IFG subjects were randomly divided into the intervention group (87 individuals) and control group (76 individuals) by quasi-experimental design. The intervention group was provided with compound whole grain-soybean and health education, while only health education was provided for the control group. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), adipocytokines including leptin, lipocalin 2 (LCN-2) and adiponectin (ADP) levels were measured before and after the half a year intervention period. Chi square test was used to analyze the distribution differences. Two-sample t-test was used to compare the differences of the two groups before and after the half a year intervention period, and paired t-test was used to compare the differences between before and after intervention in the intervention group or control group. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare the differences of all indexes between after and before dietary intervention. RESULTS: After dietary intervention for half a year on the IFG population, BMI ((24.87 ± 3.69) kg/m(2)), FBG((6.27 ± 0.24) mmol/L), FINS((7.14 ± 1.05) mU/L) , HOMA-IR (1.99 ± 0.31), leptin ((13.07 ± 2.22) µg /L), LCN-2 ((67.42 ± 18.20) µg/L) of intervention group were decreased significantly compared to the levels of BMI ((25.16 ± 4.07) kg/m(2)), FBG((6.40 ± 0.28) mmol/L), FINS ((7.32 ± 1.54) mU/L), HOMA-IR (2.08 ± 0.45), leptin ((13.43 ± 2.52) µg/L), LCN-2((74.87 ± 17.81) µg/L) before dietary intervention, t values were 4.48, 7.08, 2.05, 3.39, 3.28 and 6.36, respectively, and all P values were < 0.05, while ADP ((5.07 ± 1.51) mg/L) of intervention group after dietary intervention was increased significantly compared to the level of ADP ((4.92 ± 1.53) mg/L) before dietary intervention, t = -2.47 and P < 0.05. The medians (P25, P 75) of differences after and before dietary intervention in the intervention group were BMI (-0.25(-0.68, 0.02) kg/m(2)), FBG (-0.08 (-0.20, 0.00) mmol/L), FINS (-0.15(-0.32, 0.00) mU/L), HOMA-IR (-0.07(-0.12, -0.03)), leptin (-0.36(-0.77, 0.12) µg/L), LCN-2 (-5.85(-14.29, -0.71) µg/L) and ADP (0.15(-0.13, 0.36) mg/L), and the medians of differences of after and before dietary intervention in the control group were BMI (0.00(-0.23, 0.29) kg/m(2)), FBG (0.00(-0.03, 0.04) mmol/L), FINS (-0.01(-0.13, 0.04) mU/L), HOMA-IR (-0.01(-0.05, 0.02)), leptin (-0.07 (-0.57, 0.46) µg/L), LCN-2 (-0.85(-5.39, 1.63) µg/L) and ADP (0.02(-0.19, 0.13) mg/L). There were significantly statistical differences between them (Z values were -3.65, -4.88, -3.08, -5.23, -2.16, -4.43 and 3.05, all P values were <0.05). CONCLUSION: Dietary intervention of compound whole grain-soybean can improves glucose level, increase insulin sensitivity and ameliorate insulin resistance state of IFG population.

[Effect of grain-bean package, grain-bean package dietary fiber and single whole grain dietary fiber on dyslipidemia rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe and compare the effects of grain-bean package, dietary fiber (DF) extracted from grain-bean package, and DF from grain corn on the blood lipids and fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity in high-fat, high-cholesterol feeding induced dyslipidemia rats, and observe its effects on regulation of sterol regulatory element protein-1c (SREBP-1c) mRNA expression in rat liver. METHODS: Consolidation 50 SD rats of clean grade feeding adaptation for one week, randomly assigned into normal control group, hyperlipidemia model group, grain-bean package group, grain-bean package DF group and grain corn group. Feed with corresponding diets for 8 weeks, and measure the total cholesterol (TC), triglyceridaemia (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), FAS, SREBP-1c mRNA of all groups. RESULT: Compared with control group, TC, TG, FBG levels of hyperlipidemia model group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with model group, TC, TG, FBG levels of grain-bean package group, grain-bean package DF group were significantly decreased, HDL-C levels significantly increased, and activity of FAS, regulation of SREBP-1c were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The Grain-bean package dietary fiber can improve blood lipids levels of dyslipidemia rats, and decrease FAS activity and SREBP-1c mRNA expression.

Multiomics was used to clarify the mechanism by which air pollutants affect chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A human cohort study.

Exposure to air pollutants has been associated with various adverse health outcomes, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the precise underlying mechanism by which air pollution impacts COPD through remains insufficiently understood. To elucidated the molecular mechanism by which air pollutant exposure contributes to alterations in the gut microbiome and metabolism in AECOPD patients, we employed metagenomics and untargeted metabolomics to analyse the gut microbial, faecal, and serum metabolites. The correlations among air pollutants, gut microbes, serum metabolites, and blood biochemical markers were assessed using generalised additive mixed models and Spearman correlation analysis. The findings revealed that for every 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration, the α-diversity of the gut flora decreased by 2.16% (95% CI: 1.80%-2.53%). We found seven microorganisms that were significantly associated with air pollutants, of which Enterococcus faecium, Bacteroides fragilis, Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans, and Subdoligranulum sp.4_3_54A2FAA were primarily associated with glycolysis. We identified 13 serum metabolites and 17 faecal metabolites significantly linked to air pollutants. Seven of these metabolites, which were strongly associated with air pollutants and blood biochemical indices, were found in both serum and faecal samples. Some of these metabolites, such as 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, C-8C1P and melatonin, were closely associated with disturbances in lipid and fatty acid metabolism in AECOPD patients. These findings underscore the impact of air pollutants on overall metabolism based on influencing gut microbes and metabolites in AECOPD patients. Moreover, these altered biomarkers establish the biologic connection between air pollutant exposure and AECOPD outcomes.The identification of pertinent biomarkers provides valuable insights for the development of precision COPD prevention strategies.

[Effects of Chinese wild rice on lipid metabolism and lipotoxicity in rats fed with high fat/cholesterol diet].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of four kinds of experimental diet, including high fat/cholesterol diet, Chinese wild rice diet, white rice-flour diet and basal diet on the lipotoxicity and disordered lipid metabolism in rats. METHODS: 44 male SD rats were divided into four groups, the basal group, high fat/cholesterol diet group, white rice-flour group and Chinese wild rice group. All rats of four groups were given different diets. Body weights were measured every week, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), free fatty acids (FFA) and leptin concentrations were measured, and liver pathology were observed. RESULTS: When compared with the basal diet group, the hyperlipidemic rat model was successfully made in high fat/cholesterol diet group. When compared with the high fat/cholesterol diet group and white rice-flour diet group, the serum TG and TC contents were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and HDL-C concentration significantly increased (P < 0.05) in Chinese wild rice group. Moreover, Chinese wild rice group had lower contents of serum and liver FFA than those of the high fat/cholesterol diet group and white rice-flour diet group (P < 0.05). Although Chinese wild rice group had a lower serum leptin level than the high fat/cholesterol diet group and white rice-flour diet group, there was no significant differences among the three groups (P > 0.05). The conditions of liver cell fatty degeneration in Chinese wild rice group were slight. CONCLUSION: Compared to the white rice-flour diet, Chinese wild rice could improve the lipid metabolism and liver lipotoxicity of hyperlipidemic rats induced by high fat/cholesterol diet.

[Effect of compound whole grain-soybean on oxidative stress].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the in vitro oxidation resistance of compound whole grain and the effect on improving the disorder of lipid metabolism and the oxidative stress in rats. METHODS: Make extracting of compound whole grain, rice, flour and black rice, method use chemical colorimetry to detect total antioxidant capacity, hydroxyl radical (*OH) and superoxide anion (O2-*). Forty-four male SD rats were divided into four groups in random: negative control group, model control group, white rice-flour group and compound whole grain. All 4 groups were fed for 8 weeks with different experimental diets. Weight, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG ), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were detected in serum. Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), super oxygen dehydrogenizes (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were detected in serum and liver. RESULTS: The T-AOC, the ability of body cleaning hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion were enhanced,quite with the black rice. In all 3 treatment groups, compound whole grain group had higher HDL-C, T-AOC, SOD, GSH-Px, while TC, TG, MDA were lower. Compared with negative control groups, there is no significant difference. CONCLUSION: Compound whole grain can have good effect on oxidative stress. This effect is the important mechanism of lipid metabolism disorders.

[Research of the whole grain-soybean compound package to regulate the cholesterol metabolism by SREBP-2, LDLR and visfatin].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the possible mechanism of the whole grain-soybean compound package on dyslipidaemia rats. METHODS: 44 SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: the hyperlipidaemic group, the rice-flour group, the whole grain-soybean compound package group and the negative control group by lipid profiles, fed with corresponding feed for eight weeks. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured before and after the test. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken from the femoral artery, the rat organs were collected and weighted. Serum Visfatin levels and SREBP-2 mRNA and LDLR mRNA in the liver were measured. RESULTS: Compared with the hyperlipidaemic group and rice-flour group, the body weight, serum TC, TG and LDL-C of whole grain-soybean compound package group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), HDL-C was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Visfatin levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Gene expressions of SREBP-2 and LDLR were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Gene expression of Visfatin in whole grain-soybean compound package group was significantly lower than that in hyperlipidaemia group and rice-flour group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Whole grain-soybean compound package can improve the serum lipid profiles and Visfatin of rats fed with a high fat diet. The possible mechanism is that the whole grain-soybean compound package can activate the expression of SREBP-2, LDLR and Visfatin. And then enhance the expressing activity of regulate the cholesterol metabolism by SREBP-2, LDLR and Visfatin. Ultimately, to reduce the level of rats' cholesterol, and then ameliorate the dyslipidaemia of rats.

[Influences of compound whole grain on oxidative stress to hyperlipidemia population].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of compound whole grain complex antioxidant chain on oxidative stress to the hyperlipidemia population. METHODS: From March 2008 to March 2009, 418 hyperlipemia residents (45 to 75 years of age) of Han group were screened from 3 main districts in Nanjing, according to the community, blood lipids and oxidative indicators, stratified into intervention and control group by quasi-experimental design. The intervention group (212 individuals) were provided with compound whole grain and health education while only health education was provided for the control group (206 individuals). Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and oxidative indicators (including T-AOC, MDA, SOD, GSH-Px) were measured before and after the one-year intervention period. Analyses of the correlation between posture, biochemical markers and oxidative stress indicators before and after intervention were carried out. RESULTS: After intervention, BMI ((25.53 ± 2.77) kg/m(2)), WHR (0.82 ± 0.03), TC ((4.60 ± 0.98) mmol/L), TG ((1.26 ± 0.88) mmol/L) in the intervention group were decreased significantly compared to the levels of BMI ((26.60 ± 3.18) kg/m(2)), WHR (0.93 ± 0.05), TC ((4.97 ± 1.02) mmol/L), TG ((1.98 ± 1.11) mmol/L) in the control group (all P values < 0.05); while HDL-C ((1.34 ± 0.26) mmol/L) in the intervention group was increased significantly compared to the level of HDL-C ((1.18 ± 0.17) mmol/L) in the control group (P < 0.05); After intervention, levels of T-AOC (19.52 ± 0.81), SOD ((85.42 ± 21.65) U/ml) and GSH-Px ((128.26 ± 33.65) µmol/L) were increased significantly compared to the levels of T-AOC (11.11 ± 1.30), SOD ((78.68 ± 30.48) U/ml) and GSH-Px ((118.48 ± 24.19) µmol/L) in the control group (all P values < 0.05); while MDA ((1.78 ± 1.16) nmol/ml) decreased significantly compared to the level of MDA ((2.12 ± 1.37) nmol/ml in the control group (P < 0.05); Pearson product moment correlation analysis showed that: T-AOC with TC, TG, BMI showed a negative correlation (r values were -0.258, -0.266, -0.230, respectively, all P values < 0.05), while with HDL-C was a positive correlation (r values was 0.194, P < 0.05); SOD with TC, TG, BMI showed a negative correlation (r values were -0.282, -0.311, -0.217, respectively, all P values < 0.05), while with HDL-C was a positive correlation (r values was 0.169, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Compound whole grain could improve lipid metabolism to the hyperlipidemia population. There was a correlation between common human metabolism and the levels of oxidative stress.

[Active constituents in compound whole grain and its regulation on bile acids metabolism].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and compare the contents of dietary fiber, resistant starch, flavonoid and total saponins in the compound whole grain, to observe the effects of compound whole grain on the excretion of bile acid and its regulation mechanisms. METHODS: The contents of dietary fiber, resistant starch, flavonoid and saponins in compound whole grain were determined according to the national standard methods and other methods in literatures. Forty-four SPF grade SD rats were allocated randomly into four groups: the negative control group, hyperlipemia model group, rice-flour group and compound whole grain group, and each group was provided with corresponding diet for 8 consecutive weeks. The excrements of rats were collected at the beginning and the ending of the experiment by using metabolic cages. The expression of CYP7A1 mRNA and LXRalphamRNA were also observed. RESULTS: The composition of compound whole grain was dietary fiber 15.3g, resistant starch 9.03g, flavonoid 0.45g and saponins 0.24g per 100g. The excretion of bile acid was increased significantly (P < 0.05), and the expression of CYP7A1 mRNA and LXRalphamRNA was significantly higher in the compound whole grain group than the other three groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Compound whole grain is rich in DF, RS, flavonoid and saponins than common flour and rice. The expression of rate-limiting enzyme CYP7A1 mRNA in the classical pathway of bile acid synthesis and its upstream acceptor LXRalpha mRNA could be up-regulated by compound whole grain, thus effectively increasing bile acid excretions, and improving the disorders of lipid metabolism.

[Protective effect of ALA on high glucose induced cellular injury of LLC-PK1 cell].

OBJECTIVE: Made LLC-PK1 damage model induced by high glucose and observing the protection effect and its mechanisms of LLC-PK1 injury induced by high glucose. METHODS: The proliferation of LLC-PK1 induced by high glucose was tested by CCK-8 and the apoptosis rat and the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of LLC-PK1 damaged by high glucose was observed by flow cytometry after administration of different concentration alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). RESULT: High glucose could obviously inhibit the proliferation of LLC-PK1 The apoptotic rates of LLC-PK1 intervened by ALA (50-100 micromol/L) in the preconditioning group and the persistent intervention group were lower than those in the positive control group (P < 0.05). The contents of ROS of LLC-PK1 in the persistent intervention group were lower than those in the positive control group when the concentration of ALA were from 10 micromol/L to 100 micromol/L (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The contents of ROS of LLC-PK1 in the preconditioning group were lower than those in the positive control group when the concentration of ALA was 50 micromol/L (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The model of LLC-PK1 induced by high glucose provided fine chances for the intervention of renal tubular epithelial cells in DN. ALA were expected to be a protectant to prevent high glucose damage of renal tubulars. Decreasing the active oxygen generation may be one of the mechanism of the protective effects on LLC-PK1 by ALA.

[FABP2 gene polymorphism and metabolic disorder of lipids in the middle aged and aged population].

OBJECTIVE: To learn the gene distribution of fatty acid binding protein gene (FABP2) and the mutation frequency of wild type A54T in FABP2 gene in the people with abnormal lipid metabolism to detect from molecular level the relationship between FABP2 gene polymorphism and metabolic disorder of lipids, and to investigate genetic factors and the pathogenesis of lipid metabolic disorders in the middle aged and aged people. METHODS: The polymorphism of FABP2 gene was analyzed by RELP (Restriction fragment length polymorphism) technique. The relationship between FABP2 polymorphism and the risk of dyslipidemia in 410 middle aged and aged people was investigated. RESULTS: Mutation frequency of FABP2 gene in the people with dyslipidemia was 71.9%, significantly higher than that in the people with normal blood lipids (P < 0.05). Compared with individuals with wild type homozygote (Ala54/Ala54), the serum TC and TG of individuals with mutational heterozygote (Ala54/Thr54) or mutational homozygote (Thr54/Thr54) were distinctly higher, and serum HDL-C of them were distinctly lower (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: FABP2 gene polymorphism might be one of factors for genetic susceptibility in metabolic disorder of lipids. The risk of occurring lipid metabolic disorders in individuals carrying mutational FABP2 gene (Ala54/Thr54, Thr54/Thr54) might be higher than those carrying wild type homozygote (Ala54/ Ala54) while exposed to the same environment.

[Influences of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 genetic polymorphism on the effects of dietary intervention to the blood lipids abnormalities].

OBJECTIVE: To find out the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARgamma2) genetic polymorphism and nutrition intervention to blood lipid abnormal population. METHODS: 412 hyperlipemia residents of Han group were screened from 3 main districts in Nanjing by multistage stratified cluster random sampling, and separated into nutritional intervention and control group by simple random method. The intervention group (221 individuals) were provided with coarse good grain and health education while only health education was provided for the control group (191 individuals). Medical examinations (including body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR); total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and fasting blood glucose (FBG)) were taken every 6 months between March 2007 and March 2008, and PPARgamma2 genetic polymorphism was also detected later. RESULTS: After intervention, TC levels of intervention group and control group were (4.90 +/- 0.86) and (5.16 +/- 0.94) mmol/L respectively; TG levels were (1.68 +/- 0.97) and (2.29 +/- 1.10) mmol/L respectively; HDL-C levels were (1.35 +/- 0.36) and (1.16 +/- 0.33) mmol/L respectively, all of the differences were significant in statistics (t values were -2.95, -6.01, 5.55 respectively, P < 0.01). The levels of BMI ((24.81 +/- 3.21) kg/m(2)), WHR (0.88 +/- 0.07), FBG ((5.40 +/- 1.17) mmol/L), TC ((4.92 +/- 0.87) mmol/L) and TG ((1.68 +/- 1.01) mmol/L) decreased significantly (t values were 19.06, 16.43, 1.98, 8.86, -14.32 respectively, P < 0.01) compared to the levels before intervention (BMI (25.39 +/- 3.30) kg/m(2), WHR (0.92 +/- 0.07), FBG (6.07 +/- 2.17) mmol/L, TC (5.28 +/- 0.94) mmol/L and TG (2.70 +/- 1.86) mmol/L), while HDL-C (1.37 +/- 0.36) mmol/L increased significantly compared to the level before intervention (1.13 +/- 0.42) mmol/L (t = -7.68, P < 0.01) in the individuals with Pro/Pro of intervention group. WHR (0.90 +/- 0.06) and TG ((1.71 +/- 0.59) mmol/L) decreased significantly compared to the levels before intervention (WHR (0.95 +/- 0.06) and TG (2.58 +/- 1.12) mmol/L) (t values were -3.53 and -8.05 respectively, P < 0.01) in the ones with Pro/Ala. Moreover, susceptibility of change for BMI in Pro/Pro genotype carriers ((-1.21 +/- 1.02) kg/m(2)) was significantly greater than that in Pro/Ala genotype carriers ((-0.58 +/- 1.85) kg/m(2), t = -6.29, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Several indices of individuals with Pro/Pro improved obviously after nutrition intervention, which showed that effects of intervention to these people were better than those with Pro/Ala and Ala/Ala.

[Effect of compound coarse grain food on insulin resistance and expression of PPARgamma in rat].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of compound coarse grain food on insulin resistance (IR) in rats. METHODS: Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group (n=10) and model group (n=30), provided regular diet and high fat diet separately. After 6 weeks, the model group were divided into high fat diet group, rice flour group and coarse grain group, and provided the corresponding feed. After feeding 9 weeks, the fasting blood glucose, insulin and the expression of PPAR-gamma mRNA in rats were measured. RESULTS: IR was successfully induced by 6-weeks high fat diet. The body weight and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in coarse grain group were significantly lower than high fat diet group and rice flour group. The expression of PPAR-gamma mRNA in coarse grain group was significantly higher than other three groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The coarse grain food can reduce the concentration of blood glucose and insulin in rat with insulin resistance induced by high-fat dietary, and improve insulin sensitivity. The possible mechanism is the over-expression of PPAR-gamma.

[Intervention of coarse cereals on lipid metabolism in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of coarse cereals on improving the disorder of lipid metabolism and the expression of PPARgamma mRNA in white adipose tissue in rats to investigate the mechanism of coarse cereals on lipid metabolism disorder. METHODS: Forty four SPF rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the negative control group was fed with normal diet and 3 experimental groups were fed with high-fat modeling diet for 6 weeks for model building. The 3 experimental groups, the coarse cereals group,rice-flour group and the hyperlipemia model group, were then fed with coarse cereals high-fat diet,rice-flour high-diet and high-fat modeling diet respectively for another 15 weeks. RESULTS: Compared with the hyperlipemia modeling group, serum TG, TC, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in the coarse cereals group were declined significantly (P < 0.05), serum HDL-C in coarse cereals group was higher than that in rice-flour group and hyperlipemia model group (P < 0.05), LPL, HL and TNF-alpha in coarse cereal group were close to the negative control group. Moreover, the expression of PPAR-gamma mRNA in white adipose tissue of the coarse cereals group was higher than other groups. CONCLUSION: The coarse cereals could activate PPARgamma and enhance the activity of key enzymes in lipids metabolism, so as to reduce the level of TG relieve inflammation and improve lipid dysmetabolism eventually.

Highly efficient microwave driven assisted hydrolysis of cellulose to sugar with the utilization of ZrO2 to inhibit recrystallization of cellulose.

Following the main idea of a two-step method, microcrystalline cellulose is firstly pretreated to prepare regenerated cellulose (RC) with low crystallinity. Then, RC is continuously hydrolyzed to sugar in aqueous system by microwave driving. With the establishment of ZrO2 contained low acid catalytic system, an advanced route driven by microwave radiation to induce highly efficient hydrolysis of RC to sugar is formed. Due to the effect of ZrO2 on the molecular chain of cellulose, the recrystallization of RC is obviously weakened, and higher hydrolysis reactivity is achieved. Under the optimal conditions, the average conversion of RC and the yield of total reducing sugar highly reach 98.4 ±â€¯0.5% and 97.9 ±â€¯0.6%, respectively. The result is extremely superior to the efficiency of hydrolysis initiated only by pure acid. As a result, a novel and simple thinking to establish an advanced two-step methodology to hydrolyze cellulose to sugar with high efficiency is achieved.

Wild rice ( Zizania latifolia (Griseb) Turcz) improves the serum lipid profile and antioxidant status of rats fed with a high fat/cholesterol diet.

The diet consumed by urban residents in modern China has become rich in saturated fats and cholesterol. In addition, the diet is high in carbohydrates from white rice and processed wheat starch. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of replacing white rice and processed wheat starch with wild rice (WR) as the chief source of dietary carbohydrates. Rats fed with the diet patterned after the diet consumed by city residents of modern China showed elevated serum lipid levels comparable with rats consuming a high fat/cholesterol diet known to induce hyperlipidaemia in this species. Meanwhile, rats consuming the city diet with WR as the carbohydrate source suppressed the increase in serum TAG and total cholesterol, and the decrease in HDL cholesterol level. In addition, the rats fed the WR diet suppressed the build-up of oxidative stress by improving antioxidant capacity, increasing superoxide dismutase activity and reducing malondialdehyde concentration, both in the serum and liver. These findings illustrate that WR is effective in suppressing hyperlipidaemia and oxidative stress in rats even when the diet consumed is high in fat and cholesterol.

[Smoking status among urban family and the measures of smoking control].

OBJECTIVE: To find out the smoking status among the families and their members, in order to hold their knowledge, attitude, practice on smoking and its influence and to put forward the countermeasure of smoking Control. METHODS: A questionnaire surveys were conducted among 419 people which came from 419 families. 409 qualified questionnaire were obtained. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, test and logistic analysis. RESULTS: The family current smoking rates were 68.2%, the smoking rates of past family were 90.2%, the current smoking rates of individual were 31.5%, the individual past smoking rates were 39.9%. Those who attempted smoking under the age of 18 years accounted for 46.6%. Those who smoked their first cigarette from friends accounted for 48.1%. The comparisons of knowledge, attitude between smoking-ever family members and non-smoking family members had significant difference (P < 0.05). The influences of three smoking limit in the smoking-ever family on their members had significant difference (P < 0.05). The comparisons of knowledge, attitude between smoking family members and non-smoking family members had significant difference (P < 0.05). Those who were married women, and had career had high score of KAP. The contents of education of the decreases of smoking rates were on the following: (1) Smoking damages health. (2) Smoking should not be used as means of communication. (3) Feel offensive when someone smoking around. (4) Most persons still don't smoke. CONCLUSION: The key place of smoking control could be family. Smoking control could depend on married female. The key crowd of tobacco control could be children and youngsters. Not offering smoke and not advise others to smoking could be the key measures of smoking control.

[Effects of lipid dysmetabolism in rats induced by high fat diet on glycometabolism and inflammatory factor].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of glycometabolism and inflammatory factors of the lipid dysmetabolism in rats induced by high fat diet. METHODS: 20 male SD rats were divided into the control group and the lipid dysmetabolism group. The rats were administrated the high fat diet for 17 weeks, then body weight, and the contents of TC, TG, HDL-C, TNF-alpha and IL-6 were measured, and the contents of serum FPG, FINS and hs-CRP were detected at the 5th, 11th and 17th weeks respectively. RESULTS: In comparison with the control groups, the serum contents of TC, TG, FINS, hs-CRP and IL-6 were increased significantly in the lipid dysmetabolism groups, and the ISI levels were decreased in thelipid dysmetabolism groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The rats were induced by high fat diet to develope the lipid dysmetabolism, the lipid dysmetabolism could induce of the FINS increases and decreases of the ISI.

Revealing the importance of non-thermal effect to strengthen hydrolysis of cellulose by synchronous cooling assisted microwave driving.

Non-thermal effect of microwave is precisely revealed as an important factor to strengthen the hydrolysis of cellulose to sugar by a new method of synchronous cooling assisted microwave driving. Using this particular method, the thermal effect is mandatorily removed from the hydrolysis of cellulose. After systematic analysis of the hydrolysis of low crystalline regenerated cellulose (RC), the non-thermal effect of microwave is proved to strengthen hydrolysis. The enhancement of non-thermal effect effectively weaken the interaction between the hydroxyl groups of -O(2)H and -O(6)H, as well as strengthen interaction between the hydroxyl groups of -O(3)H and -O(5)H within one single molecular chain. It leads to the reduction of regularity of molecular chain and thus inhibits the recrystallization of RC. As a result, the efficiency of hydrolysis is greatly improved. This research provides an important theoretical support and technical guidance to construct new microwave driven hydrolysis with high efficiency in the future.

[Effects of compound coarse grain on the disordered lipid metabolism in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of different feeds, including rice, flour and the compound coarse grain on the disordered lipid metabolism in rats. METHODS: 40 male SD rats were divided into 4 groups, including the negative control group, the hyperlipemic control group, the rice-flour group and the compound coarse grain group. All 4 group rats were given different feeds for 10 weeks, body weights were weighted, serum TC, TG and HDL-C contents were determined and liver pathology were observed. RESULTS: When compared with the negative control group, the disordered lipid metabolism model was successfully made in hyperlipemic control group. When compared with the hyperlipemic control group, the serum TG and TC contents significantly declined and HDL-C significantly increased in the compound coarse grain group. Moreover, the conditions of liver cell fatty degeneration in compound coarse grain group were slight. CONCLUSION: Compound coarse grain could improve the lipid metabolism in rats.