Functional characterization of genes related to triterpene and flavonoid biosynthesis in Cyclocarya paliurus.

MAIN CONCLUSION: The oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) generating triterpenoid skeletons in Cyclocarya paliurus were identified for the first time, and two uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyzing the glycosylation of flavonoids were characterized. Cyclocarya paliurus, a native rare dicotyledonous plant in China, contains an abundance of triterpenoid saponins and flavonoid glycosides that exhibit valuable pharmaceutical effects in preventing hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. However, the molecular mechanism explaining the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponin and flavonoid glycoside in C. paliurus remains unclear. In this study, the triterpene content in different tissues and the expression pattern of genes encoding the key enzymes associated with triterpenoid saponin and flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis were studied using transcriptome and metabolome analysis. The eight upstream oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis were functionally characterized, among them CpalOSC6 catalyzed 2,3;22,23-dioxidosqualene to form 3-epicabraleadiol; CpalOSC8 cyclized 2,3-oxidosqualene to generate dammarenediol-II; CpalOSC2 and CpalOSC3 produced ß-amyrin and CpalOSC4 produced cycloartenol, while CpalOSC2-CpalOSC5, CpalOSC7, and CpalOSC8 all produced lanosterol. However, no catalytic product was detected for CpalOSC1. Moreover, two downstream flavonoid uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) (CpalUGT015 and CpalUGT100) that catalyze the last step of flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis were functionally elucidated. These results uncovered the key genes involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins and flavonoid glycosides in C. paliurus that could be applied to produce flavonoid glycosides and key triterpenoid saponins in the future via a synthetic strategy.

Development of a stable genetic transformation system in Erigeron breviscapus: a case study with EbYUC2 in relation to leaf number and flowering time.

MAIN CONCLUSION: A stable genetic transformation system for Erigeron breviscapus was developed. We cloned the EbYUC2 gene and genetically transformed it into Arabidopsis thaliana and E. breviscapus. The leaf number, YUC2 gene expression, and the endogenous auxin content in transgenic plants were significantly increased. Erigeron breviscapus is a prescription drug for the clinical treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The rosette leaves have the highest content of the major active compound scutellarin and are an important component in the yield of E. breviscapus. However, little is known about the genes related to the leaf number and flowering time of E. breviscapus. In our previous study, we identified three candidate genes related to the leaf number and flowering of E. breviscapus by combining resequencing data and genome-wide association study (GWAS). However, their specific functions remain to be characterized. In this study, we cloned and transformed the previously identified full-length EbYUC2 gene into Arabidopsis thaliana, developed the first stable genetic transformation system for E. breviscapus, and obtained the transgenic plants overexpressing EbYUC2. Compared with wild-type plants, the transgenic plants showed a significant increase in the number of leaves, which was correlated with the increased expression of EbYUC2. Consistently, the endogenous auxin content, particularly indole-3-acetic acid, in transgenic plants was also significantly increased. These results suggest that EbYUC2 may control the leaf number by regulating auxin biosynthesis, thereby laying a foundation for revealing the molecular mechanism governing the leaf number and flowering time of E. breviscapus.

Trajectory model to analyze the effect of multi-metal exposures on sperm parameters and sex hormones of the MARHCS cohort in China.

BACKGROUND: At present, several cross-sectional studies have found that exposure to metal/metalloid elements is closely associated with male reproduction. However, the long-term effects of metal exposure on male reproduction have not been explored. METHODS: In 2013, 796 volunteers were recruited, followed by first and second follow-ups in 2014 and 2015. Urine, semen, and blood samples were collected at each stage to examine urinary metal/metalloid levels, sperm parameters, and sex hormones. Initially, the latent class trajectory model (LCTM) was utilized to analyze the trajectories of urinary metals. Subsequently, the effects of urinary metal trajectories on semen parameters and sex hormones were examined using the linear mixed model. Finally, the impact of urinary metal trajectories on the classification of semen quality (normal or abnormal) was evaluated using the generalized linear mixed model. RESULTS: Among the 18 metals/metalloids studied, trajectories were formed by 6 of them (Li, Al, Fe, Zn, As, Rb). Further analysis using the linear mixed model and the generalized linear mixed model revealed that Li was negatively correlated with semen volume, and sperm motility (P < 0.05). The maximum-decreasing trajectory group had a detrimental effect on semen quality (OR = 1.75, 95%CI: 1.22, 2.53) compared to the minimum-stable trajectory group. Al showed negative associations with sperm concentration, total sperm count, and normal morphology (P < 0.05). Rb was positively associated with progressive motility (P < 0.05). The high-stable trajectory group exhibited a protective effect on semen quality (OR = 0.66, 95%CI: 0.49, 0.90) compared to the low-stable trajectory group. Additionally, Fe was observed to have a negative relationship with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (P < 0.05), and Rb exhibited a negative correlation with progesterone (P) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our three-year cohort study provides new evidence that Li and Al have a negative impact on semen quality, whereas Rb is associated with beneficial effects. Additionally, Rb and Fe are endocrine disruptors of sex hormones.

Prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus by multiple biomarkers at early gestation.

BACKGROUND: It remains unclear which early gestational biomarkers can be used in predicting later development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We sought to identify the optimal combination of early gestational biomarkers in predicting GDM in machine learning (ML) models. METHODS: This was a nested case-control study including 100 pairs of GDM and euglycemic (control) pregnancies in the Early Life Plan cohort in Shanghai, China. High sensitivity C reactive protein, sex hormone binding globulin, insulin-like growth factor I, IGF binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2), total and high molecular weight adiponectin and glycosylated fibronectin concentrations were measured in serum samples at 11-14 weeks of gestation. Routine first-trimester blood test biomarkers included fasting plasma glucose (FPG), serum lipids and thyroid hormones. Five ML models [stepwise logistic regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), random forest, support vector machine and k-nearest neighbor] were employed to predict GDM. The study subjects were randomly split into two sets for model development (training set, n = 70 GDM/control pairs) and validation (testing set: n = 30 GDM/control pairs). Model performance was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) in receiver operating characteristics. RESULTS: FPG and IGFBP-2 were consistently selected as predictors of GDM in all ML models. The random forest model including FPG and IGFBP-2 performed the best (AUC 0.80, accuracy 0.72, sensitivity 0.87, specificity 0.57). Adding more predictors did not improve the discriminant power. CONCLUSION: The combination of FPG and IGFBP-2 at early gestation (11-14 weeks) could predict later development of GDM with moderate discriminant power. Further validation studies are warranted to assess the utility of this simple combination model in other independent cohorts.

Mixed exposure effect of seminal metals on semen quality, mediation of total antioxidant capacity, and moderation of GSTM1/GSTT1 gene deletion in Chinese reproductive-aged men.

BACKGROUND: The effects of metal exposure on semen quality and the role of oxidative damage in this process remain unclear. METHODS: We recruited 825 Chinese male volunteers, and 12 seminal metals (Mn, Cu, Zn, Se, Ni, Cd, Pb, Co, Ag, Ba, Tl, and Fe), the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and reduced glutathione were measured. Semen parameters and GSTM1/GSTT1-null genotypes were also detected. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was applied to evaluate the effect of the mixed exposure to metals on semen parameters. The mediation of TAC and moderation of GSTM1/GSTT1 deletion were analyzed. RESULTS: Most seminal metal concentrations were correlated with each other. The BKMR models revealed a negative association between the semen volume and metal mixture, with Cd (cPIP = 0.60) and Mn (cPIP = 0.10) as the major contributors. Compared to fixing all scaled metals at their median value (50th percentiles), fixing the scaled metals at their 75th percentiles decreased the TAC by 2.17 units (95%CI: -2.60, -1.75). Mediation analysis indicated that Mn decreased the semen volume, with 27.82% of this association mediated by TAC. Both the BKMR and multi-linear models showed that seminal Ni was negatively correlated with sperm concentration, total sperm count, and progressive motility, which was modified by GSTM1/GSTT1. Furthermore, Ni and the total sperm count showed a negative association in GSTT1 and GSTM1 null males (ß[95%CI]: 0.328 [-0.521, -0.136]) but not in males with GSTT1 and/or GSTM1. Although Fe and the sperm concentration and total sperm count were positively correlated, they showed inverse "U" shapes in univariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Exposure to the 12 metals was negatively associated with semen volume, with Cd and Mn as the major contributors. TAC may mediate this process. GSTT1 and GSTM1 can modify the reduction in the total sperm count caused by seminal Ni exposure.

Identification of two UDP-glycosyltransferases involved in the main oleanane-type ginsenosides in Panax japonicus var. major.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Two UDP-glycosyltransferases from Panax japonicus var. major were identified, and the biosynthetic pathways of three oleanane-type ginsenosides (chikusetsusaponin IVa, ginsenoside Ro, zingibroside R1) were elucidated. Chikusetsusaponin IVa and ginsenoside Ro are primary active components formed by stepwise glycosylation of oleanolic acid in five medicinal plants of the genus Panax. However, the key UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in the biosynthetic pathway of chikusetsusaponin IVa and ginsenoside Ro are still unclear. In this study, two UGTs (PjmUGT1 and PjmUGT2) from Panax japonicus var. major involved in the biosynthesis of chikusetsusaponin IVa and ginsenoside Ro were identified based on bioinformatics analysis, heterologous expression and enzyme assays. The results show that PjmUGT1 can transfer a glucose moiety to the C-28 carboxyl groups of oleanolic acid 3-O-ß-D-glucuronide and zingibroside R1 to form chikusetsusaponin IVa and ginsenoside Ro, respectively. Meanwhile, PjmUGT2 can transfer a glucose moiety to oleanolic acid 3-O-ß-D-glucuronide and chikusetsusaponin IVa to form zingibroside R1 and ginsenoside Ro. This work uncovered the biosynthetic mechanism of chikusetsusaponin IVa and ginsenoside Ro, providing the rational production of valuable saponins through synthetic biology strategy.

[Identification and expression profiling of R2R3-MYB transcription factors in Erigeron breviscapus].

R2 R3-MYB transcription factors are ubiquitous in plants, playing a role in the regulation of plant growth, development, and secondary metabolism. In this paper, the R2 R3-MYB transcription factors were identified by bioinformatics analysis of the genomic data of Erigeron breviscapus, and their gene sequences, structures, physical and chemical properties were analyzed. The functions of R2 R3-MYB transcription factors were predicted by cluster analysis. Meanwhile, the expression patterns of R2 R3-MYB transcription factors in response to hormone treatments were analyzed. A total of 108 R2 R3-MYB transcription factors, named EbMYB1-EbMYB108, were identified from the genome of E. breviscapus. Most of the R2 R3-MYB genes carried 2-4 exons. The phylogenetic tree of MYBs in E. breviscapus and Arabidopsis thaliala was constructed, which classified 234 MYBs into 30 subfamilies. The MYBs in the five MYB subfamilies of A.thaliala were clustered into independent clades, and those in E. breviscapus were clustered into four clades. The transcriptome data showed that MYB genes were differentially expressed in different tissues of E. breviscapus and in response to the treatments with exogenous hormones such as ABA, SA, and GA for different time. The transcription of 13 R2 R3-MYB genes did not change significantly, and the expression patterns of some genes were up-regulated or down-regulated with the extension of hormone treatment time. This study provides a theoretical basis for revealing the mechanisms of R2 R3-MYB transcription factors in regulating the growth and development, stress(hormone) response, and active ingredient accumulation in E. breviscapus.

Retinol-binding protein 4, fetal overgrowth and fetal growth factors.

BACKGROUND: Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP-4) is an adipokine involved in regulating insulin sensitivity which would affect fetal growth. It is unclear whether RBP-4 is associated with fetal overgrowth, and unexplored which fetal growth factor(s) may mediate the association. METHODS: In the Shanghai Birth Cohort, we studied 125 pairs of larger-for-gestational-age (LGA, birth weight >90th percentile, an indicator of fetal overgrowth) and optimal-for-gestational-age (OGA, 25-75th percentiles) control infants matched by sex and gestational age. We measured cord blood concentrations of RBP-4, insulin, proinsulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and IGF-II. RESULTS: Cord blood RBP-4 concentrations were elevated in LGA vs. OGA infants (21.9 ± 6.2 vs. 20.2 ± 5.1 µg/ml, P = 0.011), and positively correlated with birth weight z score (r = 0.19, P = 0.003), cord blood proinsulin (r = 0.21, P < 0.001), IGF-I (r = 0.24, P < 0.001), and IGF-II (r = 0.15, P = 0.016). Adjusting for maternal and neonatal characteristics, each SD increment in cord blood RBP-4 was associated with a 0.28 (0.12-0.45) increase in birth weight z score (P < 0.001). Mediation analyses showed that IGF-I could account for 31.7% of the variation in birth weight z score in association with RBP-4 (P = 0.01), while IGF-II was not an effect mediator. CONCLUSIONS: RBP-4 was positively associated with fetal overgrowth. IGF-I (but not IGF-II) may mediate this association.

The role of carotid stenosis ultrasound scale in the prediction of ischemic stroke.

INTRODUCTION: To improve the accuracy of ultrasound techniques for the assessment of carotid stenosis, we designed a novel carotid artery stenosis ultrasound scale (CASUS), and evaluated its accuracy, reliability, and its value in predicting the occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in a prospective study. METHODS: A total of 750 patients with first-time ischemic stroke and hospitalized within 24 h were enrolled in the study. Using color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS), the degree of stenosis and blood flow (BF) in bilateral internal carotid arteries (ICA) and the V1-V3 segment of vertebral arteries (VA) was assessed. Cubic simulation curves for BF and global blood flow (GBF) over the stenosis score (SS), total stenosis score (TSS), and radiological imaging- total stenosis score (RI-TSS) were fitted and compared. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves using TSS, RI-TSS, or GBF to predict various ischemic stroke endpoints were also analyzed and compared. RESULTS: There was a linear relationship between SS and BF both ICA and VA (R2 were 0.734 and 0.783, respectively, both P < 0.05). Both TSS and RI-TSS with GBF showed an inverse "S" curve relationship (R2 was 0.839 and 0.843, all P < 0.05). The AUC values of TSS-based and RI-TSS-based predictions of each endpoint were all greater than 0.7 (all P < 0.05), but the differences of the AUC values between TSS, RI-TSS, and GBF were not statistically significant (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The novel CASUS can better reflect the level of cerebral reperfusion in patients with ischemic stroke and can better predict the occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analyses provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying taproot thickening in Panax notoginseng.

BACKGROUND: Taproot thickening is a complex biological process that is dependent on the coordinated expression of genes controlled by both environmental and developmental factors. Panax notoginseng is an important Chinese medicinal herb that is characterized by an enlarged taproot as the main organ of saponin accumulation. However, the molecular mechanisms of taproot enlargement are poorly understood. RESULTS: A total of 29,957 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified during the thickening process in the taproots of P. notoginseng. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment revealed that DEGs associated with "plant hormone signal transduction," "starch and sucrose metabolism," and "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis" were predominantly enriched. Further analysis identified some critical genes (e.g., RNase-like major storage protein, DA1-related protein, and Starch branching enzyme I) and metabolites (e.g., sucrose, glucose, fructose, malate, and arginine) that potentially control taproot thickening. Several aspects including hormone crosstalk, transcriptional regulation, homeostatic regulation between sugar and starch, and cell wall metabolism, were identified as important for the thickening process in the taproot of P. notoginseng. CONCLUSION: The results provide a molecular regulatory network of taproot thickening in P. notoginseng and facilitate the further characterization of the genes responsible for taproot formation in root medicinal plants or crops.

Transcriptome analysis of Panax zingiberensis identifies genes encoding oleanolic acid glucuronosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of oleanane-type ginsenosides.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Oleanolic acid glucuronosyltransferase (OAGT) genes synthesizing the direct precursor of oleanane-type ginsenosides were discovered. The four recombinant proteins of OAGT were able to transfer glucuronic acid at C-3 of oleanolic acid that yields oleanolic acid 3-O-ß-glucuronide. Ginsenosides are the primary active components in the genus Panax, and great efforts have been made to elucidate the mechanisms underlying dammarane-type ginsenoside biosynthesis. However, there is limited information on oleanane-type ginsenosides. Here, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated that oleanane-type ginsenosides (particularly ginsenoside Ro and chikusetsusaponin IV and IVa) are the abundant ginsenosides in Panax zingiberensis, an extremely endangered Panax species in southwest China. These ginsenosides are derived from oleanolic acid 3-O-ß-glucuronide, which may be formed from oleanolic acid catalyzed by an unknown oleanolic acid glucuronosyltransferase (OAGT). Transcriptomic analysis of leaves, stems, main roots, and fibrous roots of P. zingiberensis was performed, and a total of 46,098 unigenes were obtained, including all the identified homologous genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. The most upstream genes were highly expressed in the leaves, and the UDP-glucosyltransferase genes were highly expressed in the roots. This finding indicated that the precursors of ginsenosides are mainly synthesized in the leaves and transported to different parts for the formation of particular ginsenosides. For the first time, enzyme activity assay characterized four genes (three from P. zingiberensis and one from P. japonicus var. major, another Panax species with oleanane-type ginsenosides) encoding OAGT, which particularly transfer glucuronic acid at C-3 of oleanolic acid to form oleanolic acid 3-O-ß-glucuronide. Taken together, our study provides valuable genetic information for P. zingiberensis and the genes responsible for synthesizing the direct precursor of oleanane-type ginsenosides.

Illumina-based transcriptomic analysis on recalcitrant seeds of Panax notoginseng for the dormancy release during the after-ripening process.

Panax notoginseng (Burk) F.H. Chen is an economically and medicinally important plant of the family Araliacease, with seed dormancy being a key factor limiting the extended cultivation of P. notoginseng. The seeds belong to the morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) group, and it has also been described as the recalcitrant seed. To date, the molecular mechanism of dormancy release in the recalcitrant seed of P. notoginseng is unknown. In the present study, the transcript profiles of seeds from different after-ripening stages (0, 20, 40 and 60 days) were investigated using Illumina Hiseq 2500 technology. 91 979 946 clean reads were generated, and 81 575 unigenes were annotated in at least one database. In addition, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by the pairwise comparisons. We screened out 2483 DEGs by the three key groups of 20 days vs 0 d, 40 d vs 0 d and 60 d vs 0 d. The DEGs were analyzed by gene ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway annotation. Meanwhile, we obtained 78 DEGs related to seeds dormancy release at different after-ripening stages of P. notoginseng, of which 15 DEGs were associated with abscisic acid and gibberellin. 26 DEGs that encode late embryogenesis abundant protein and antioxidant enzyme were correlated with desiccation tolerance in seeds. In summary, the results obtained here showed that PECTINESTERASE-2-LIKE, GA-INSENSITIVE, ENT-KAURENE SYNTHASE, PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2C, GIBBERELLIN 2-BETA-DIOXYGENASE, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE, L-ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE, CATALASE, LATE EMBRYOGENESIS ABUNDANT PROTEIN DC3 and DEHYDRIN 9 were potentially involved in dormancy release and desiccation sensitivity of P. notoginseng seeds. The data might provide a basis for researches on MPD.

Secondhand smoke is associated with heavy metal concentrations in children.

Secondhand smoke (SHS) has adverse effects on health, particularly for children. Our purpose was to analyze the correlation between SHS exposure and heavy metal concentrations in children. The investigation was conducted in Xinxiang County, Henan Province, China, from August 2015 to December 2015. In total, 821 students (433 boys and 388 girls) were recruited, and the contents of heavy metals in their hair-including chromium, manganese, nickel, arsenic, lead, and cadmium-were detected by ICP-MS. The children's parents were informed, and a questionnaire was conducted, which included questions about smoking habits and demographic characteristics. Our results indicate that all parent smokers are fathers, 48.9% of fathers who are smokers, but 25.2% of fathers smoke in front of their children. The levels of chromium (median girls vs boys, µg/g) (2.36 vs 2.06, p < 0.001), nickel (1.28 vs 0.97, p < 0.001), arsenic (0.55 vs 0.49, p < 0.001), and lead (2.73 vs 2.16, p < 0.001) in girls were significantly higher than in boys. The levels of cadmium (median, SHS group vs control: 0.43 vs 0.29 (µg/g), p < 0.001) and lead (median, SHS group vs control: 2.71 vs 2.27 (µg/g), p = 0.007) in the SHS group were significantly higher than in the control. Multi-linear regression analysis indicated that SHS exposure in children is very likely to be correlated with increasing levels of lead (ß (95% CI): 0.53 (0.99-5.14), p = 0.023) and cadmium (ß (95% CI): 0.43 (0.14-0.73), p = 0.003) in their hair. In conclusion, children exposed to SHS have increased lead and cadmium accumulations in the body. CONCLUSION: In our study, 821 students (433 boys and 388 girls) were recruited, and the contents of heavy metals in their hair-including chromium, manganese, nickel, arsenic, lead, and cadmium-were detected by ICP-MS. And the secondhand smoking (SHS) exposure was inquired by face-to-face investigation of their parents. We illustrated that children exposed to SHS have increased lead and cadmium accumulations in the body. What is Known: • Secondhand smoke (SHS) has adverse effects on health, particularly for children. • There might be correlation between SHS exposure and heavy metal concentrations in children. What is New: • The levels of chromium, nickel, arsenic, and lead in girls were significantly higher than in boys. • SHS exposure in children was correlated with increasing levels of lead and cadmium in their hair because of exposure to SHS.

Transcriptome analysis of Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidicus discovers putative ocotillol-type ginsenosides biosynthesis genes and genetic markers.

BACKGROUND: P. vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus, called "Yesanqi" in Chinese, is a new variety of P. vietnamensis, which was first found in Jinping County, the southern part of Yunnan Province, China. Compared with other Panax plants, this species contains higher content of ocotillol-type saponin, majonoside R2. Despite the pharmacological importance of ocotillol-type saponins, little is known about their biosynthesis in plants. Hence, P. vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus is a suitable medicinal herbal plant species to study biosynthesis of ocotillol-type saponins. In addition, the available genomic information of this important herbal plant is lacking. RESULTS: To investigate the P. vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus transcriptome, Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 sequencing platform was employed. We produced 114,703,210 clean reads, assembled into 126,758 unigenes, with an average length of 1,304 bp and N50 of 2,108 bp. Among these 126,758 unigenes, 85,214 unigenes (67.23%) were annotated based on the information available from the public databases. The transcripts encoding the known enzymes involved in triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis were identified in our Illumina dataset. A full-length cDNA of three Squalene epoxidase (SE) genes were obtained using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and the expression patterns of ten unigenes were analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, 15 candidate cytochrome P450 genes and 17 candidate UDP-glycosyltransferase genes most likely to involve in triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis pathway were discovered from transcriptome sequencing of P. vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus. We further analyzed the data and found 21,320 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), 30 primer pairs for SSRs were randomly selected for validation of the amplification and polymorphism in 13 P. vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus accessions. Meanwhile, five major triterpene saponins in roots of P. vietnamensis var. fuscidicus were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). CONCLUSIONS: The genomic resources generated from P. vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus provide new insights into the identification of putative genes involved in triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis pathway. This will facilitate our understanding of the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins at molecular level. The SSR markers identified and developed in this study show genetic diversity for this important crop and will contribute to marker-assisted breeding for P. vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus.

Compression-induced deformation of individual metal-organic framework microcrystals.

The deformation and mechanical behavior of individual zeolitic-imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) micro- and sub-microcrystals were observed under compression. Young's modulus and volume changes as a function of applied pressure were determined on individual single crystals, offering insights in the relationship among structure, morphology, and mechanical properties. Dramatic volume decreases and amorphization were detected during compression over a pressure range of 0-4 GPa for individual 1.2 µm ZIF-8 microcrystals, and the deformed microcrystals partially recovered after pressure release. The orientation and size effects on the mechanical behavior of ZIF-8 nano- and microcrystals were also investigated. The presence of solvates within the pores of the ZIF-8 has a dramatic effect on the mechanical properties of the single crystals. Methanol-solvated ZIF-8 microcrystals are much less deformable than the desolvated microcrystals and shatter completely at very low applied force.

Transcriptomic comparison of the self-pollinated and cross-pollinated flowers of Erigeron breviscapus to analyze candidate self-incompatibility-associated genes.

BACKGROUND: Self-incompatibility (SI) is a widespread and important mating system that promotes outcrossing in plants. Erigeron breviscapus, a medicinal herb used widely in traditional Chinese medicine, is a self-incompatible species of Asteraceae. However, the genetic characteristics of SI responses in E. breviscapus remain largely unknown. To understand the possible mechanisms of E. breviscapus in response to SI, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis with capitulum of E. breviscapus after self- and cross-pollination, which may provide valuable information for analyzing the candidate SI-associated genes of E. breviscapus. METHODS: Using a high-throughput next-generation sequencing (Illumina) approach, the transcriptionexpression profiling of the different genes of E. breviscapus were obtained, some results were verified by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: After assembly, 63,485 gene models were obtained (average gene size 882 bp; N50 = 1485 bp), among which 38,540 unigenes (60.70% of total gene models) were annotated by comparisons with four public databases (Nr, Swiss-Prot, KEGG and COG): 38,338 unigenes (60.38% of total gene models) showed high homology with sequences in the Nr database. Differentially expressed genes were identified among the three cDNA libraries (non-, self- and cross-pollinated capitulum of E. breviscapus), and approximately 230 genes might be associated with SI responses. Several these genes were upregulated in self-pollinated capitulum but downregulated in cross-pollinated capitulum, such as SRLK (SRK-like) and its downstream signal factor, MLPK. qRT-PCR confirmed that the expression patterns of EbSRLK1 and EbSRLK3 genes were not closely related to SI of E. breviscapus. CONCLUSIONS: This work represents the first large-scale analysis of gene expression in the self-pollinated and cross-pollinated flowers of E. breviscapus. A larger number of notable genes potentially involved in SI responses showed differential expression, including genes playing crucial roles in cell-cell communication, signal transduction and the pollination process. We thus hypothesized that those genes showing differential expression and encoding critical regulators of SI responses, such as MLPK, ARC1, CaM, Exo70A1, MAP, SF21 and Nod, might affect SI responses in E. breviscapus. Taken together, our study provides a pool of SI-related genes in E. breviscapus and offers a valuable resource for elucidating the mechanisms of SI in Asteraceae.

Role of Ras, ERK, and Akt in glucocorticoid-induced differentiation of embryonic rat somatotropes in vitro.

This study investigated the roles of Ras, ERK, and Akt in the glucocorticoid-induced differentiation of growth hormone-producing pituitary cells in vitro. Pituicytes isolated from day-18 rat embryos were cultured with 50 mM dexamethasone in addition to specific inhibitors of Ras (manumycin; 0.5, 5, 50 nM), ERK (U0126, 10 µM), or Akt (LY294002, 25 µM). Differentiation was assessed using immunofluorescent staining of intracellular growth hormone. Radioimmunoassay and Western blot analyses were used to determine levels of secreted and intracellular growth hormone, respectively. Manumycin reduced the fraction of growth hormone-positive cells and dexamethasone-induced growth hormone secretion in a dose-dependent manner (both P < 0.001). In the absence of dexamethasone, LY294002 and U0126 did not alter the fraction of growth hormone-positive cells or intracellular growth hormone protein expression or secretion. Both LY294002 and U0126 alone significantly attenuated the fraction of dexamethasone-treated GH-positive cells and the secretion of GH compared to those of cells treated only with dexamethasone (50 nM for 44 h or 48 h) (all P < 0.05). Dexamethasone treatment alone did not change GH protein levels. Treatment of cells with a combination of LY294402 and U0126 significantly attenuated the fraction of dexamethasone-treated GH-positive cells, GH protein levels, and GH secretion compared to cells treated with dexamethasone alone (all P < 0.05). Moreover, dexamethasone-induced phosphorylation of GTP-Ras, ERK, and Akt was significantly attenuated by exposure to the respective inhibitors (P < 0.05). Taken together, our results indicate that Ras, ERK, and Akt are key effectors in the glucocorticoid-induced differentiation of growth hormone-secreting cells.

[SSR information in transcriptome of Pinellia ternata].

OBJECTIVE: In order to establish new molecular markers and to design SSR primers,the SSR information was analyzed in the transcriptome of Pinellia ternata. METHODS: The unigenes in transcriptome were filtered and then redundant sequences were removed by the tool of EST-trimmer and cross-match, respectively. Meanwhile, the non-redundant unigenes were examined by the tool of MISA. RESULTS: 14,468 SSRs were found, and these SSRs were distributed in 12 000 unigenes in the examined sequences. Frequency of occurrences for SSRs was 16.24%, and density of distribution was on average 1/4.33 kb in the present study. Di-nucleotide and tri-nucleotide were the major repeated types,accounting for 51.15% and 41.50%, respectively. AG/CT and CCG/CGG were most frequent motifs in di-nucleotide and tri-nucleotide, accounting for 41.54% and 11. 84%, respectively. 87.14% motifs in the length ranged from 12 bp to 20 bp. CONCLUSION: The SSR site in the transcriptome of Pinellia ternata have the characteristics of high frequency of occurrences, type richness, high density and high potential of polymorphism, and these characteristics might be applied in the study on genetic diversity, marker-assisted breeding,and genetic map of Pinellia ternata.

[SSR information in Erigeron breviscapus transcriptome and polymorphism analysis].

OBJECTIVE: The SSR information in the transcriptome of Erigeron breviscapus was analyzed in this study, in order to further develop new functional genes SSR markers laid a solid foundation. METHOD: SSR loci were searched in all of 52,060 unigenes by using est_timmer. Perl program and SSR primers were designed by Primer3. Furthermore, 36 pairs of primers were randomly selected for the polymorphism analysis on 13 Erigeron breviscapus plants collected from different places. RESULT: A total of 3639 SSRs were found in the transcriptome of Erigeron breviscapus, distributed in 3260 unigenes with the distribution frequency of 6.99%. Di-nucleotide repeat was the main type, account for as much as 34.41% of all SSRs, followed by mono-nucleotide (31.41%) and tri-nucleotide repeat motif (28.08%). The di-nucleotide repeat motifs of AT/AT and AC/GT were the predominant repeat types (28.71%). The tri-nucleotide repeat motifs of AAT/AT was the predominant repeat types (7.94%). For validation the availability of those SSR primers, we randomly selected 36 pairs of primers for PCR amplification. Among them, 34 pair primers (94.44%) produced clear and reproductive bands, 19 pair primers showed polymorphism (52.78%), and 13 Erigeron breviscapus plants were divided into 2 groups. CONCLUSION: There are numerous SSRs in Erigeron breviscapus transcriptome with high frequency and various types, this will provide abundant candidate molecular markers for genetic diversity study and genetic map in this plant.

Optimization of saponin extraction from the leaves of Panax notoginseng and Panax quinquefolium and evaluation of their antioxidant, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory activities.

Panax notoginseng and Panax quinquefolium are important economic plants that utilize dried roots for medicinal and food dual purposes; there is still insufficient research of their stems and leaves, which also contain triterpenoid saponins. The extraction process was developed with a total saponin content of 12.30 ± 0.34% and 12.19 ± 0.64% for P. notoginseng leaves (PNL) and P. quinquefolium leaves (PQL) extracts, respectively. PNL and PQL saponin extracts showed good antioxidant, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and RAW264.7 cells. A total of 699 metabolites were identified in PNL and PQL saponin extracts, with the majority being triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids and amino acids. Fourteen ginsenosides, 18 flavonoids or alkaloids, and 16 amino acids were enriched in both saponin extracts. Overall, the utilization of saponins from medicinal plants PNL and PQL has been developed to facilitate systematic research in the functional food and natural product industries.