[Disseminated nocardiosis caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in an immunocompetent host: a case report].

Nocardiosis can be caused by various Nocardia spp., including Nocardia asteroides, Nocardia brasiliensis, Nocardia cyriacigeorgica, Nocardia farcinica and Nocardia otitidiscaviarum. As compared with the other Nocardia spp., Nocardia otitidiscaviarum appears to be rare which can spread through the bloodstream and affect multiple organs. The disease is usually seen in immunocompromised patients' but may also occur in immunocompetent patients. The clinical symptoms and laboratory and imaging examinations of the disease are nonspecific.Here, we reported a case of disseminated nocardiosis caused by infection with Nocardiosis otitidiscaviarum in an immunocompetent host to improve the knowledge and diagnosis of nocardiosis.

[Effects of protein disulfide isomerase on hyperglycemia and hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in H9c2 cardiomyocytes].

Objective: To explore the effect of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in diabetic ischemic heart disease. Methods: We established an in vitro model of high glucose and hypoxia/reoxygenation in H9c2 rat myocardial cells. Cultured cells were divided into four groups: Control, high glucose (HG), hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) and HG+H/R. Changes in PDI expression mediated by PDI adenovirus(Ad-PDI) infection and siRNA(PDI-siRNA) transfection in myocardial cells were observed by inverted fluorescence microscopy. We also measured lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activity and malondialdehyde(MDA) and high molecular weight(HMW)-APN concentrations. PDI, APN, cleaved caspase-3, and glucose regulated protein 78 (Grp78) protein expression were detected. Results: PDI expression was significantly decreased in the HG, H/R and HG+H/R groups compared to the Control group; however, LDH activity[(179.7±10.4) U/L、(218.4±18.4) U/L、(328.2±5.3) U/L vs (91.0±11.0) U/L], MDA concentration[(7.0±0.4) µmol/L、(10.0±1.0) µmol/L、(11.7±1.0) µmol/L vs (4.2±1.8) µmol/L], cleaved caspase-3, and Grp78 expression were increased. Interestingly, APN and HMW-APN expression were decreased [(2.01±0.21) µg/L、(1.64±0.27) µg/L、(1.20±0.14) µg/L vs (2.62±0.12) µg/L, all P<0.05]. Over expression of PDI attenuated high glucose and hypoxia/reoxygenation induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in H9c2 cardiomyocytes(all P<0.05), and simultaneously increased APN and HMW-APN expression [(2.86±0.03) µg/L vs (3.03±0.10) µg/L、(2.06±0.05) µg/L vs (2.31±0.06) µg/L、(1.83±0.07) µg/L vs (1.96±0.11) µg/L、(1.20±0.06) µg/L vs (1.39±0.09) µg/L]. PDI-siRNA transfection increased LDH activity, MDA concentration, and cleaved caspase-3 and Grp78 expression, and decreased APN and HMW-APN expression [(0.75±0.09) µg/L vs (0.59±0.09) µg/L、(0.62±0.04) µg/L vs (0.53±0.05) µg/L、(0.55±0.14) µg/L vs (0.51±0.12) µg/L、(0.48±0.12) µg/L vs (0.35±0.08) µg/L] in response to different treatments in cultured H9c2 cardiomyocytes (all P<0.05). Conclusion: PDI may regulate the expression of APN and HMW-APN, and play an important role in the function of diabetic ischemia-reperfusion cardiomyocytes.

[Efficacy and safety of anti-tumor necrosis factor α monoclonal antibodies in 16 patients with severe/refractory vasculo Behcet's disease].

Objective: To explore the efficacy and safety of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for severe/refractory vasculo-Behcet's disease (BD). Method: The clinical data of severe/refractory vasculo-BD patients treated with anti-TNFα mAbs were retrospectively analyzed. Response of anti TNFα mAbs was analyzed. The dosage changes of glucocorticoid, the level of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) before and after treatment were recorded, as well as side effects. Result: Sixteen patients were enrolled. Arterial lesions were reported in 12 patients, including 9 with arterial aneurysm, 6 with arterial dilation, 2 with stenosis and 2 with occlusion. Seven patients presented venous thrombosis, including lower extremity veins (n=6), cerebral venous sinus (n=2) and inferior vena cava system (n=2). Two cases had both arterial and venous involvement. Before the application of TNFα mAbs, all 16 patients failed to response to prednisone or its equivalent dose of 40 (7.5-90) mg/d in combination with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, thalidomide or azathioprine for median 4 (0-156) months. After a mean duration of treatment for (17.1±6.5) months, 15 patients achieved complete remission and 1 patient achieved partial remission. Three patients received surgery without any postoperative complications. After using anti TNFα mAbs, the dosage of prednisone [5(0-12.5)mg/d vs. 40(7.5-90)mg/d, P<0.01], ESR [(7.3±4.6) mm/1h vs. (33.5±26.7) mm/1h, P<0.01] and hsCRP [1.9(0.2-11.4) mg/L vs. 24.3(0.4-113.9) mg/L, P<0.01] were significantly decreased. Side effects were observed in 2 patients. One developed pulmonary infection 12 months after adalimumab with conventional treatment. Another patient had allergy to infliximab then switched to adalimumab. Conclusion: In combination with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, anti-TNF α mAbs are effective and well-tolerated in severe/refractory vasculo-BD, with a favorable steroid -sparing effect and rare postoperative complications.

Clinical outcomes and predictive relapse factors of IgG4-related disease following treatment: a long-term cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive factors for relapse of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) and observe the long-term clinical outcomes in patients with IgG4-RD. METHODS: We included in the present analysis 122 patients who were newly diagnosed with IgG4-RD, treated with glucocorticoid (GC) monotherapy or GC and immunosuppressant combination therapy, and followed for at least 3 years. Clinical relapse, response and side effects were recorded. RESULTS: The cumulative relapse rates of patients in this study were 10.66%, 22.95% and 27.87% at 12, 24 and 36 months, respectively. Complete drug withdrawal was an independent risk factor for disease relapse. Higher serum IgG4 concentrations, involvement of more organs, higher IgG4 RI scores and elevation of eosinophils at baseline were closely associated with disease relapse. Re-elevation of serum IgG4 concentrations and low GC maintenance dosage during the follow-up period were significantly associated with clinical relapse. The GC dosage should be more than 6.25 mg day-1 as monotherapy during the maintenance stage; moreover, combining with immunosuppressants can reduce the GC dosage. Adding GC or immunosuppressants for patients with re-elevation of serum IgG4 levels could prevent later disease relapse. No serious complications were noted during long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of GC with immunosuppressants was more effective than GC monotherapy during the steroid tapering and maintenance stages. Higher serum IgG4 levels, involvement of more organs, higher IgG4 RI scores, history of allergy, eosinophil elevation at baseline, re-elevation of serum IgG4 levels and lower GC maintenance dosage at follow-up might be predictive of relapse.

Isolation and identification of pathogenic Aeromonas veronii from a dead Yangtze finless porpoise.

Diseases caused by Aeromonas veronii in freshwater fish have been widely reported, but other species such as aquatic mammals have probably been overlooked. Here, we identified one isolate of A. veronii from a Yangtze finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis exhibiting disease and mortality, and subsequently confirmed its virulence in artificial infection of BALB/c mice. The bacterial isolate was identified as A. veronii based on physiological, biochemical, and phenotypic features, and homology of the 16S rRNA, cpn60, rpoB, dnaJ and gyrB genes. Our results expand the known host spectrum of A. veronii, which is of great importance for the etiology of porpoise, dolphin, and other cetacean diseases.

Retinal vasculopathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

A retrospective case control study was conducted in the Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Medical records were reviewed for demographic data, clinical features, laboratory results, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease activity evaluations, and ophthalmic examinations to investigate the clinical characteristics and significance of retinal vasculopathy (RV) in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The prevalence of RV was approximately 0.66% (35/5298) in SLE patients. A total of 60 eyes were involved. The ocular presentations included decrease of visual acuity (48/60, 80%), visual field loss (7/60, 11.7%), and diplopia (3/60, 5%). Ophthalmic fundoscopic examination revealed cotton-wool spots (30/60, 50%), retinal vascular attenuation (31/60, 51.6%), and hemorrhages (41/60, 68.3%). Retinal angiogram showed that 72.7% (16/22) eyes had vaso-occlusion. The ophthalmic episodes could occur at any stage of SLE duration, with a median of 12 months (0-168 months) following SLE onset. Twenty-one (35%) eyes did not recover, or even worsened, during hospital stay. RV was found to be significantly associated with neuropsychiatric lesions (51.4% vs. 21.3%, p = .005) and hematological disturbance (62.9% vs. 34.3%, p = .005). SLE patients with RV had significantly higher SLE disease activity index scores than controls (19.9 ± 0.9 vs. 10.2 ± 0.7, p < .001). An inverse association of anti-SSA antibody with RV was detected (34.3% vs. 67.1%, p = .001). Nervous system disturbance (odds ratio (OR) = 4.340, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.438, 13.094, p = .009) and leukocytopenia (OR = 6.385, 95% CI 1.916, 21.278, p = .003) were independent risk factors, while anti-SSA antibody positivity (OR = 0.249, 95% CI 0.087, 0.710, p = .009) was a protective factor for RV in SLE patients. In certain cases, RV is a threatening condition for SLE patients presenting with clinical ocular manifestations. Ophthalmo-fundoscopic detection is recommended as soon as SLE is diagnosed.

MEG3 long non-coding RNA prevents cell growth and metastasis of osteosarcoma.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the role of long non-coding RNA MEG3 (lncRNA MEG3) in osteosarcoma (OS) and further explore the underlying molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression profiles of MEG3 in OS cell lines and normal osteoblast cell line were detected by qRT-PCR. MEG3 was over-expressed in OS cell line by using LV-MEG3. MTT and colony-formation assays were applied for cell proliferation analysis. Cell migration assay was applied to investigate the cell migration ability. In addition, the expression levels of cell growth and metastasis related factors (Notch1, Hes1, TGF-ß, N-cadheren and E-cadheren) were determined to illustrate the mechanisms. RESULTS: We found that compared with normal osteoblast hFOB1.19 cell line, MEG3 was significantly down-regulated in MG63 and U2OS cell lines, particularly in MG-63 cells. MEG3 was significantly up-regulated in MG63 cells by LV-MEG3. Cell proliferation and migration ability were obviously repressed by MEG3 over-expression. In addition, MEG3 over-expression markedly inhibited Notch1, Hes1,TGF-ß and N-cadheren expression, and the expression level of E-cadheren was improved. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that MEG3 could prevent cell growth and metastasis of OS by repressing Notch and TGF-ß signaling pathway, thus providing a potential therapeutic target for OS treatment (Tab. 1, Fig. 4, Ref. 30).

Cloning and sequence analysis of the coding sequence of ß-actin cDNA from the Chinese alligator and suitable internal reference primers from the ß-actin gene.

ß-Actin is an essential component of the cytoskeleton and is stably expressed in various tissues of animals, thus, it is commonly used as an internal reference for gene expression studies. In this study, a 1731-bp fragment of ß-actin cDNA from Alligator sinensis was obtained using the homology cloning technique. Sequence analysis showed that this fragment contained the complete coding sequence of the ß-actin gene (1128 bp), encoding 375 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of ß-actin is highly conserved and its nucleotide sequence is slightly variable. Multiple alignment analyses showed that the nucleotide sequence of the ß-actin gene from A. sinensis is very similar to sequences from birds, with 94-95% identity. Ten pairs of primers with different product sizes and different annealing temperatures were screened by PCR amplification, agarose gel electrophoresis, and DNA sequencing, and could be used as internal reference primers in gene expression studies. This study expands our knowledge of ß-actin gene phylogenetic evolution and provides a basis for quantitative gene expression studies in A. sinensis.

Full-length cDNA cloning and structural characterization of preproinsulin in Alligator sinensis.

Insulin is an important endocrine hormone that plays a critical physiological role in regulating metabolism and glucostasis in vertebrates. In this study, the complete cDNA of Alligator sinensis preproinsulin gene was cloned for the first time by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cDNA ends methods; the amino acid sequence encoded and protein structure were analyzed. The full-length of preproinsulin cDNA sequence consists of 528 base pairs (bp), comprising a 34-bp 5'-untranslated region, a 170-bp 3'-untranslated region and an open reading frame that is 324 bp in length. The open reading frame encodes a 107-amino acid preproinsulin with a molecular weight of approximately 12,153.8 Da, theoretical isoelectric point of 5.68, aliphatic index of 92.06, and grand average of hydropathicity of -0.157, from which a signal peptide, a B-chain, a C-peptide, and an A-chain are derived. Online analysis suggested that the deduced preproinsulin amino acid sequence contains a transmembrane region, and that it has a signal peptide whose cleavage site occurs between alanine 24 and alanine 25. Comparative analysis of preproinsulin amino acid sequences indicated that the A-chain and B-chain sequences of preproinsulins are highly conserved between reptiles and birds, and that the preproinsulin amino acid sequence of Alligator sinensis shares 89% similarity to that of Chelonia mydas, but low similarity of 48-63% to those of mammals and fishes. The phylogenetic tree constructed using the neighbor-joining method revealed that preproinsulin of Alligator sinensis had high homology with reptiles and birds, such as Chelonia mydas, Gallus gallus, and Columba livia.

Biomarkers of peritoneal fluid in endometriosis identified by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight.

OBJECTIVES: This work aims to detect the peritoneal fluid proteomic patterns in endometriosis patients, build diagnostic models, and evaluate its clinical significance. STUDY DESIGN: The authors used SELDI-TOF-MS protein chip array technology to detect biomarkers of peritoneal fluid in endometriosis patients. Fourteen endometriosis patients and 16 persons without endometriosis as control group were tested. RESULTS: Four potential biomarkers (4428m/z, 6891m/z, 13766m/z, and 6427m/z) were found. CONCLUSIONS: This method showed great potential in screening better biomarkers for endometriosis.

[Cloning and characterization of lactate dehydrogenase C4 from pika ochotona curzoniae].

Lactate dehydrogenase C4 (LDH-C4) is considered to be a good target protein for the development of contraceptive drugs. To develop contraceptive rodenticide against pika (Ochotona curzoniae) LDH-C4, the pika LDH-C gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was purified and characterized. The cDNA of pika LDH-C gene was cloned by RACE method. The cDNA was 1498 bp in length containing an ORF of 996 bp which encoded a polypeptide of 332 amino acids. The ORF of pika LDH-C was introduced in E. coli and expressed with no fusion tags added. The recombinant LDH-C4 protein was purified by heating, affinity chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. The recombinant pika LDH-C4 was a tetramer with a molecular weight of approximately 140 kDa, and it had temperature-dependent catalytic activity, as it was thermally stable up to 60 degrees C. The optimal pH values in the forward and backward reactions were around 7.48 and 10.28, respectively. The apparent Michaelis constants for pyruvate and lactate were 51.2 +/- 3.8 and 8568.8 +/- 409 microM respectively. The inhibition constant for oxalic acid was 11.8 +/- 3.5 mM. This study laid a solid foundation for contraceptive rodenticide development against pika LDH-C4.

[Current status of palliative care for patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer in China: a questionnaire-based survey].

Objective: To analyze the current adoption of palliative care by patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in China. Methods: From 1 March 2023 to 30 June 2023, a questionnaire survey was conducted by random sampling. An exclusive research platform for the Blue Book on Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. An online questionnaire was sent to medical oncologists (including chief physicians, associate chief physicians, attending physicians and residents) in general hospitals and oncology hospitals in four major regions of East, Central, South and Northeast China. The questionnaire contained 28 questions requesting basic information about doctors, the number of patients with mCRC, the status of treatment from first to fourth line and beyond, points concerning treatment of pain in patients with mCRC, and expectations for the future. A medical team was responsible for the quality control of data collected, whereas statisticians performed the data cleaning and sorting and statistical analysis. Results: A total of 300 clinical questionnaires were collected, including 217 (72%) from doctors in general hospitals and 83 (28%) from doctors in oncology hospitals. Senior physicians (including associate chief physicians and chief physicians) accounted for 65% of the respondents, attending physicians 30%, and residents 5%. Within 3 months (average for each month), 46.4±26.6% patients were diagnosed with recurrent or unresectable mCRC by each physician, 51.6±26.8% of the patients being in cancer hospitals and 44.4±26.3% in general hospitals. One hundred percent of patients receiving first-line treatment received palliative care, as did 80.3% of those receiving second-line treatment, 58.2% of those receiving third-line treatment, and 35.1% of those receiving ≥fourth-line treatment. The primary factor governing selection of first-line treatment was guideline recommendations, whereas comorbidities and the patients' physical status dictated second line to fourth line treatment. Standard first-line treatment was administered to 93.8% of eligible patients, standard second-line treatment to 94.3%; and standard third-line treatment to 73.5%. First-line therapy included targeted therapy in 63.6% of patients and immunotherapy in 2.8%; second-line therapy included targeted therapy in 63.0% of patients and immunotherapy in 2.0%; third-line therapy included targeted therapy in 59.2% of patients and immunotherapy in 2.2%; and fourth-line therapy included targeted therapy in 48.7% of patients and immunotherapy in 3.1%. First-line treatment lasted an average of 9.6 months, second-line treatment 6.7 months, third-line treatment 4.9 months, and fourth-line treatment 3.7 months. More than 70% of the patients maintained a good quality of life after receiving first and second-line treatment and more than 60% of them had ECOG performance scores of 0-1. After receiving third- and fourth-line treatment, 50%-60% of patients maintained a good quality of life and 40%-50% of them maintained ECOG performance scores of 0-1. The survey also revealed that the main deficiencies in treatment were limited effectiveness of third-line treatment, insufficient availability and opportunity for clinical research, popularity of new drugs or new drug combination strategies, and limited channels for participation in multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment. Clinicians reported looking forward to participating in more clinical research on new drugs, hearing about the experience of experts in the field, and discovery of new targets and new drugs that increased the options for posterior line treatment of colorectal cancer. Conclusions: This report objectively summarizes the current situation, treatment difficulties, and expectations of frontline physicians concerning management of mCRC, thus providing a basis for decision-making and future direction for the diagnosis and research on treatment of mCRC.

Identification of a novel human testicular interstitial gene, RNF148, and its expression regulated by histone deacetylases.

Multiple genes are restrictively expressed in mammalian testicular tissues, and they play important roles in the complex process of spermatogenesis. Investigation of these genes and their expression regulation mechanisms is valuable to elucidate the molecular process of spermatogenesis. In this study, we identified a novel human gene, ring finger protein 148 (RNF148) that is abundantly expressed in testes and slightly expressed in pancreas. In situ hybridization analysis showed that RNF148 messenger RNA was mainly present in the interstitial cells of human testicular tissues, and immunohistochemical analysis confirmed protein levels in that location. Treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A activated the expression of RNF148 messenger RNA in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in HEK293T and HeLa cells, neither of which normally express RNF148. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that trichostatin A treatment increased the binding of acetylated histone H3 to the RNF148 gene promoter. We identified a novel human testicular interstitial gene and observed that histone deacetylases regulate RNF148 expression.

A refinement to the liquidus-tracking method for vitreous preservation of articular cartilage.

The recent liquidus-tracking method developed by Pegg et al. (2006a), as an alternative pathway to vitrification, achieved reasonable survival of post-thawing chondrocytes in situ. One of the main drawbacks of this method is the long duration of the cryoprotectant addition/removal process. This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of reducing the time by rationalizing the final dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) concentration loaded in tissue before being plunged into liquid nitrogen. Using the differential scanning calorimetric technique, the critical cooling and warming rates for solutions of Me2SO in CPTes2 (a potassium-rich medium, modified slightly from Taylor's original formulation by Pegg et al.) were obtained. The critical cooling and warming rates for 47.5 percent (w/w) solution are < 2.5 degree C per min and < 10 degree C per min, respectively, which could be readily realized for 4 ml solution samples held in polypropylene cryovials as demonstrated by experiments. For articular cartilage, 47.5 percent (w/w) may be recommended as the final concentration of Me2SO loaded in the tissue, which will lead to a time cut of about one-third compared with the original protocol of Pegg et al. (2006a).

Pan-Asian adapted ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

The European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Clinical Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), published in late 2022, were adapted in December 2022, according to previously established standard methodology, to produce the Pan-Asian adapted (PAGA) ESMO consensus guidelines for the management of Asian patients with mCRC. The adapted guidelines presented in this manuscript represent the consensus opinions reached by a panel of Asian experts in the treatment of patients with mCRC representing the oncological societies of China (CSCO), Indonesia (ISHMO), India (ISMPO), Japan (JSMO), Korea (KSMO), Malaysia (MOS), the Philippines (PSMO), Singapore (SSO), Taiwan (TOS) and Thailand (TSCO), co-ordinated by ESMO and the Japanese Society of Medical Oncology (JSMO). The voting was based on scientific evidence and was independent of the current treatment practices, drug access restrictions and reimbursement decisions in the different Asian countries. The latter are discussed separately in the manuscript. The aim is to provide guidance for the optimisation and harmonisation of the management of patients with mCRC across the different countries of Asia, drawing on the evidence provided by both Western and Asian trials, whilst respecting the differences in screening practices, molecular profiling and age and stage at presentation, coupled with a disparity in the drug approvals and reimbursement strategies, between the different countries.

Accuracy of high-pitch prospectively ECG-triggering CT coronary angiography for assessment of stenosis in 103 patients: comparison with invasive coronary angiography.

AIM: To investigate the accuracy of high-pitch prospectively electrocardiogram (ECG)-triggering low-dose, dual-source computed tomography (CT) coronary angiography for assessing coronary artery stenosis compared with conventional coronary angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and three patients undergoing high-pitch CT coronary angiography (CTCA) and conventional coronary angiography (CCA) within 30 days were enrolled. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of high-pitch CTCA for detecting >50 and >70% stenosis were evaluated using CCA as the reference standard on a per-segment, per-vessel, and per-patient basis. Two experienced radiologists independently rated high-pitch CTCA images for quality using a four-point scale (1 = excellent, 4 = non-diagnostic) on a per-segment basis. The effective dose was calculated by multiplying the conversion coefficient of 0.028 by the dose-length product. RESULTS: The mean heart rate of patients was 57 ± 6 beats/min. For detecting >50% stenosis, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of high-pitch CTCA were 89, 97, 87, and 97% on a per-segment basis; 91, 92, 92, and 91% on a per-vessel basis; and 99, 85, 96, and 94% on a per-patient basis. For detecting >70% stenosis, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of high-pitch CTCA were 96, 98, 90, and 99% on a per-segment basis. Coronary segments were rated as diagnostic in 98.6% (1355/1375) of cases (score 1, 72.5%; score 2, 23.1%; score 3, 3%; score 4, 1.4%). The effective dose of high-pitch CTCA was 1.51 ± 0.31 mSv. CONCLUSION: High-pitch prospectively ECG-triggering dual-source CTCA provides good image quality and high diagnostic accuracy with a 1.51 mSv radiation dose.

Gender disparities in dietary status and its risk factors in underserved populations.

OBJECTIVES: To examine dietary status and its risk factors among adults aged 40-74 years at high risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in an economically and medically underserved population. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey in 2007. METHODS: A survey was conducted among a random sample (n = 1844) nested in a screening cohort of a rural population in Jiashan County, China. Information about diet, family history of CRC and other factors was collected by questionnaire. The primary outcome was dietary status, assessed by consumption (servings/week) of plant-based food and unhealthy food. Linear or multinomial logistic regressions were used to determine risk factors for dietary status. RESULTS: On average, individuals with a family history of CRC ate 2.25 fewer servings of plant-based food each week compared with individuals without a family history of CRC. Individuals who smoked and drank alcohol ate less plant-based food. After stratification by gender, there were multiple determinants for consumption of plant-based food for men, including family history of CRC, smoking, alcohol consumption and income. For women, the only association was found for income. Consumption of unhealthy food was positively associated with high income and high body mass index. Determinants for an unhealthy diet were the same in both genders. CONCLUSIONS: There are gender disparities in the consumption of plant-based food and the risk factors for CRC in medically and economically underserved populations. Men's insufficient consumption of plant-based food and unhealthy lifestyle behaviours, such as smoking and drinking, may explain, in part, why men have a higher risk of CRC than women.

[Efficacy comparison among high risk factors questionnaire and Asia-Pacific colorectal screening score and their combinations with fecal immunochemical test in screening advanced colorectal tumor].

Objective: To investigate the effects of high risk factors questionnaire (HRFQ), Asia-Pacific colorectal screening (APCS) score and their combinations with fecal immunochemical test (FIT) in screening advanced colorectal neoplasia, in order to provide an evidence for further optimization of cancer screening program. Methods: A retrospective cohort study method was used to summarize and analyze the results of colorectal tumor screening in Jiashan County, Zhejiang Province from March 2017 to July 2018. Those with severe diseases that were not suitable for colonoscopy and those with mental and behavioral abnormalities who can not cooperate with the screening were excluded. Those who met any one or more of the followings in the HRFQ questionnaire were classified as high-risk people of HRFQ: (1) first-degree relatives with a history of colorectal cancer; (2) subjects with a history of cancer or any other malignant tumor; (3) subjects with a history of intestinal polyps; (4) those with two or more of the followings: chronic constipation (constipation lasted for more than 2 months per year in the past two years), chronic diarrhea (diarrhea lasted for more than 3 months in the past two years, and the duration of each episode was more than one week), mucus and bloody stools, history of adverse life events (occurring within the past 20 years and causing greater trauma or distress to the subject after the event), history of chronic appendicitis or appendectomy, history of chronic biliary disease or cholecystectomy. In this study, those who were assessed as high risk by HRFQ were recorded as "HRFQ (+)", and those who were not at high risk were recorded as "HRFQ (-)". The APCS questionnaire provided risk scores based on 4 risk factors including age, gender, family history and smoking: (1) age: 2 points for 50-69 years old, 3 points for 70 years old and above; (2) gender: 1 point for male, 0 point for women; (3) family history: 2 points for first-degree relatives suffering from colorectal cancer; (4) smoking: 1 point for current or past smoking, 0 point for non-smokers. The population was divided into low-risk (0-1 point), intermediate-risk (2-3 points), and high-risk (4-7 points). Those who were assessed as high risk by APCS were recorded as "APCS (+)", and those with intermediate and low risk were recorded as "APCS (-)". The hemoglobin threshold for a positive FIT was set to 100 µg/L. Those who were assessed as high risk by APCS with positive FIT were recorded as "APCS+FIT (+)". Those who were assessed as high risk by APCS with negative FIT, those who were assessed by APCS as low-middle risk with positive FIT, and those who were assessed by APCS as low-middle with negative FIT were all recorded as "APCS+FIT(-)". Observation indicators in this study were as follows: (1) the screening compliance rate of the cohort and the detection of advanced colorectal tumors; (2) positive predictive value, negative predictive value, sensitivity and specificity of HRFQ and APCS and their combination with FIT for screening advanced colorectal tumors; (3) comparison of the detection rate between HRFQ and APCS questionnaire for different colorectal lesions. Using SPSS 21.0 software, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the clinical value of HRFQ and APCS combined with FIT in screening advanced colorectal tumors. Results: From 2017 to 2018 in Jiashan County, a total of 53 268 target subjects were screened, and 42 093 people actually completed the questionnaire, with a compliance rate of 79.02%. A total of 8145 cases underwent colonoscopy. A total of 3607 cases among HRFQ positive population (5320 cases) underwent colonoscopy, and the colonoscopy compliance rate was 67. 80%; 8 cases were diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 88 cases were advanced colorectal adenoma. A total of 2977 cases among APCS positive population (11 942 cases) underwent colonoscopy, and the colonoscopy compliance rate was 24.93%; 17 cases were diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 148 cases were advanced colorectal adenoma. The positive rate of HRFQ screening was lower than that of APCS [12.6% (5320/42 093) vs. 28.4% (11 942/42 093), χ2=3195. 547, P<0.001]. In the FIT positive population (6223 cases), a total of 4894 cases underwent colonoscopy, and the colonoscopy compliance rate was 78.64%; 34 cases were diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 224 cases were advanced adenoma. The positive predictive values of HRFQ and APCS and their combination with FIT for screening advanced colorectal tumors were 2.67%, 5.54%, 5.44%, and 8.56%; negative predictive values were 94.89%, 96.85%, 96.11% and 96.99%; sensitivity was 29.27%, 50.30%, 12.20 % and 39.02%; specificity was 55.09%, 64.03%, 91.11% and 82.51%, respectively. The ROC curves constructed by HRFQ, APCS, FIT, HRFQ+FIT and APCS+FIT indicated that APCS+FIT presented the highest efficacy in screening advanced colorectal tumors (AUC: 0.608, 95%CI: 0.574-0.642). The comparison of the detection rates of different colorectal lesions between HRFQ and APCS questionnaires showed that there were no significant differences in detection rate of inflammatory polyps and hyperplastic polyps between the two questionnaires (both P>0.05). However, as compared to HRFQ questionnaire, APCS questionnaire had higher detection rates in non-advanced adenomas [26.10% (777/2977) vs. 19.43% (701/3607), χ2=51.228, P<0.001], advanced adenoma [4.97% (148/2977) vs. 2.44% (88/3607), χ2=30.249, P<0.001] and colorectal cancer [0.57% (17 /2977) vs. 0.22% (8/3607), χ2=5.259, P=0.022]. Conclusions: APCS has a higher detection rate of advanced colorectal tumors than HRFQ. APCS combined with FIT can further improve the effectiveness of advanced colorectal tumor screening.

Identification and characterization of circRNAs in maize seedlings under deficient nitrogen.

Here, deep sequencing results of the maize transcriptome in leaves and roots were compared under high-nitrogen (HN) and low-nitrogen (LN) conditions to identify differentially expressed circRNAs (DECs). Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently closed non-coding RNA with widely regulatory potency that has been identified in animals and plants. However, the understanding of circRNAs involved in responsive nitrogen deficiency remains to be elucidated. A total of 24 and 22 DECs were obtained from the leaves and roots, respectively. Ten circRNAs were validated by divergent and convergent primers, and 6 DECs showed the same expression tendency validated by reverse transcriptase-quantitative PCR. Integrating the identified differentially expressed miRNAs, 34 circRNAs could act as miRNA decoys, which might play important roles in multiple biological processes, including organonitrogen compound biosynthesis and regulation of the metabolic process. A total of 51 circRNA-parent genes located in the genome-wide association study identified loci were assessed between HN and LN conditions and were associated with root growth and development. In summary, our results provide valuable information regarding further study of maize circRNAs under nitrogen deficiency and provide new insights into screening of candidate genes as well as the improvement of maize regarding nitrogen deficiency resistance. CircRNA-miRNA-mRNA co-expression networks were constructed to explore the circRNAs that participated in biological development and nitrogen metabolism.

Effects of feeding alfalfa hay on chewing, rumen pH, and milk fat concentration of dairy cows fed wheat dried distillers grains with solubles as a partial substitute for barley silage.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding alfalfa hay on chewing activity, rumen fermentation, and milk fat concentration of dairy cows fed wheat-based dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) as a partial replacement of barley silage. Thirty lactating Holstein cows (220+/-51 DIM), 6 of which were ruminally cannulated, were used in a 3 x 3 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Cows were fed a control diet [CON; 50% barley silage and 50% concentrate mix on a dry matter (DM) basis], a diet in which barley silage was replaced with DDGS at 20% of dietary DM (DG), or a diet in which barley silage was replaced with DDGS and alfalfa hay at 20 and 10% of dietary DM, respectively (DG+AH). All diets contained approximately 20% crude protein. Compared with the CON diet, cows fed DG and DG+AH diets respectively had greater DM intake (20.1 vs. 23.1 and 22.7 kg/d); yields of milk (24.5 vs. 27.3 and 28.1 kg/d), milk protein (0.88 vs. 0.99 and 1.01 kg/d), and milk lactose (1.11 vs. 1.24 and 1.29 kg/d); and body weight gain (0.25 vs. 1.17 and 1.23 kg/d). However, compared with cows fed the CON diet, cows fed the DG and DG+AH diets respectively had lower chewing time (38.3 vs. 30.7 and 31.5 min/kg of DM intake), mean rumen pH (6.11 vs. 5.88 and 5.84), and minimum rumen pH (5.28 vs. 5.09 and 5.07) and a greater duration that rumen pH was below 5.8 (7.3 vs. 11.2 and 12.0 h/d). However, these response variables did not differ between cows fed the DG and DG+AH diets. Milk fat concentration differed among the 3 diets (3.92, 3.60, and 3.38% for CON, DG, and DG+AH, respectively), but milk fat yield was not affected by treatment. These results indicate that partially replacing barley silage with DDGS can improve productivity of lactating dairy cows but may decrease chewing time, rumen pH, and milk fat concentration, and that dietary inclusion of alfalfa hay may not alleviate such responses.