RESUMO
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which induces the pathological characteristics of Parkinson's disease in rodents, also specifically targets dopaminergic neurons in zebrafish embryos and larvae. Loganin, a traditional Chinese drug, was reported to regulate immune function and possess anti-inflammatory and anti-shock effects. Here, we investigate the role of loganin in MPTP-induced Parkinson-like abnormalities in zebrafish. MPTP treatment-induced abnormal development, in larvae, such as pericardium edema, increased yolk color, yolk sac edema, and retarded yolk sac resorption, as well as defects in brain development. Loganin could block MPTP-induced defects, with little toxicity to the eggs. Results of whole mount in situ hybridization showed loganin prevented the loss of both dopaminergic neurons and locomotor activity, exhibited by larvae treated with MPTP. In addition, loganin significantly rescued MPTP-induced neurotoxicity on PC12 cells, possibly through the suppression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis and JNK signaling pathways. In conclusion, loganin blocks MPTP-induced neurotoxicity and abnormal development in zebrafish. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 615-628, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assuntos
1-Metil-4-Fenil-1,2,3,6-Tetra-Hidropiridina , Iridoides/farmacologia , Intoxicação por MPTP/prevenção & controle , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Peixe-Zebra/embriologia , Animais , MAP Quinase Quinase 4/metabolismo , Intoxicação por MPTP/embriologia , Células PC12 , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Ratos , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/metabolismoRESUMO
Zebrafish is an excellent model to study the mechanisms underlying successful central nervous system (CNS) regeneration. Previous study shows that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) promotes neurite outgrowth and is involved in optic nerve regeneration in zebrafish. Here, we used zebrafish model to investigate the role of ATF3 in regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and in situ hybridization revealed that ATF3 mRNA levels increased at 12 h and 6 d following SCI. Double labeled immunofluorescence showed that ATF3 expressed in motoneurons. Treatment of anti-sense ATF3 morpholino (MO) inhibited locomotor recovery and decreased axon regeneration of spinal cord injured zebrafish. Further, inhibition of ATF3 up-regulated the expression of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß). These data suggest that ATF3 could promote locomotor recovery and axon regrowth in zebrafish SCI model possibly by regulating inflammatory response.
Assuntos
Fator 3 Ativador da Transcrição/metabolismo , Regeneração da Medula Espinal , Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Fator 3 Ativador da Transcrição/antagonistas & inibidores , Fator 3 Ativador da Transcrição/genética , Animais , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Interleucina-1beta/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genéticaRESUMO
Human spinal cord injury (SCI) usually causes irreversible disability beneath the injured site due to poor neural regeneration. On the contrary, zebrafish show significant regenerative ability after SCI, thus is usually worked as an animal model for studying neuroregeneration. Most of the previous SCI studies focused on the local site of SCI, the supraspinal-derived signals were rarely mentioned. Here we showed that intradiencephalon injection of histamine (HA) inhibited the locomotor recovery in adult zebrafish post-SCI. Immunofluorescence results showed that intradiencephalon HA administration increased the activated microglia 3 days post injury (dpi), promoted the proliferation of radial glial cells at 7 dpi and affected the morphology of radial glial cells at 11 dpi. Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results showed that intradiencephalon HA administration also reduced the expression of neurotrophic factors including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor1 (IGF-1) at the lesion site, however, had no effect on the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta. Hence, our data suggested that exogenous intradiencephalon HA retarded locomotor recovery in spinal cord injured zebrafish via modulating the repair microenvironment.
Assuntos
Histamina/administração & dosagem , Histamina/farmacologia , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/tratamento farmacológico , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/fisiopatologia , Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Injeções Intraventriculares , Neuroglia/efeitos dos fármacos , Neuroglia/metabolismo , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/patologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Peixe-Zebra/fisiologiaRESUMO
Melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) is a multifunctional protein involved in miscellaneous processes, including development and tumor angiogenesis. Here, spinal cord transection in adult zebrafish was used to investigate the effects of MCAM on spinal cord injury (SCI) and subsequent recovery. Expression of MCAM mRNA increased and co-localized with motoneurons in the spinal cord after SCI. With MCAM morpholino treatment, inhibition of MCAM retarded both axon regrowth and locomotor recovery in the spinal cord injured zebrafish. Furthermore, MCAM mRNA expression was also observed in fli1a:EGFP transgenic zebrafish, which specifically show labeled blood vessels. Inhibition of MCAM down-regulated the expression of angiogenesis-related factors, such as VEGFR-2, p-p38 and p-AKT, and the inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-8. Taken together, these data suggest that MCAM may have a beneficial role in the recovery from SCI, via the promotion of neurogenesis and angiogenesis. In the context of adult zebrafish spinal cord injury, we proved that Melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) is beneficial to the recovery, possibly via mechanisms of angiogenensis and inflammation. MCAM promotes angiogenesis by adjusting VEGFR-2, p-p38 and p-AKT. MCAM affects inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-8. Our results extend the beneficial role of MCAM in the regeneration of central nervous system.
Assuntos
Antígeno CD146/genética , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/genética , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/patologia , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/genética , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Moduladores da Angiogênese/farmacologia , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Axônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Axônios/patologia , Vasos Sanguíneos/metabolismo , Antígeno CD146/metabolismo , Contagem de Células , Mediadores da Inflamação/fisiologia , Locomoção , Morfolinas/farmacologia , Neurônios Motores/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Natação , Peixe-ZebraRESUMO
Semaphorins comprise a family of proteins involved in axon guidance during development. Semaphorin4D (Sema4D) has both neuroregenerative and neurorepressive functions, being able to stimulate both axonal outgrowth and growth cone collapse during development, and therefore could play an important role in neurological recovery from traumatic injury. Here, we used a zebrafish spinal cord transection model to study the role of Sema4D in a system capable of neuroregeneration. Real-time qPCR and in situ hybridization showed upregulated Sema4D expression in the acute response phase (within 3days post SCI), and downregulated levels in the chronic response phase (11-21days after SCI). Double-immunostaining for Sema4D and either Islet-1 (motoneuron marker) or Iba-1 (microglial marker) showed that microglia surrounded Sema4D-positive motoneurons along the central canal at 4h post injury (hpi) and 12hpi. Following administration of Sema4D morpholino (MO) to transected zebrafish, double-immunostaining showed that Sema4D-positive motoneurons surrounded by microglia decreased at 7days and 11days compared with standard control MO. Anterograde and retrograde tracing indicate that Sema4D participates in axon regeneration in the spinal cord following spinal cord injury (SCI) in the zebrafish. Swim tracking shows that MO-mediated inhibition of Sema4D retarded the recovery of swimming function when compared to standard control MO. The combined results indicate that Sema4D expression in motoneurons enhances locomotor recovery and axon regeneration, possibly by regulating microglia function, after SCI in adult zebrafish.