Plasma microRNAs as potential biomarkers in diagnosis of acute venous thromboembolism.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential use of plasma microRNAs (miRNAs) in diagnosis of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE). METHODS: Using BGISEQ-500 sequencing technology, we analyzed the miRNA profile of paired plasma samples from the acute and chronic phases of four patients with unprovoked VTE. Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), we verified nine upregulated named miRNAs in the acute phase in the plasma samples of 54 patients with acute VTE and 39 controls. We then compared the relative expression of the 9 candidate miRNAs between the acute VTE and control group, and plotted the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the differentially expressed miRNAs. We chose the miRNA with the greatest area under curve (AUC) to evaluate the effect of miRNA on coagulation and platelet function in the plasma samples of 5 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: The plasma levels of miR-374b-3p, miR-660-5p, miR-378a-3p, miR-425-5p, miR-3613-5p, miR-130b-3p, miR-183-5p, and miR-103b were higher in patients with acute VTE than in the controls, with AUCs of 0.6776, 0.6614, 0.6648, 0.6885, 0.8048, 0.6871, 0.7298, and 0.7498, respectively, and P values of 0.0036, 0.0081, 0.0069, 0.0020,<0.0001, 0.0022, 0.0002, and < 0.0001, respectively. There were no significant differences in miR-193b-5p level between the acute VTE group and the control group. Fibrinogen (Fib), thrombin- antithrombin complex (TAT), tissue plasminogen activator-inhibitor complex (t-PAIC), and TAT/plasmin-α2-plasmin inhibitor complex (PIC) were decreased in the miR-3613-5p group when compared with the control group (P < 0.05) and the mean platelet aggregation rate was increased in the miR-3613 group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: miRNAs can be potential biomarkers for diagnosing acute VTE, and miR-3613-5p may be involved in the formation, coagulation, and platelet functions in acute VTE.

Significance of mRNA and protein expression of MAC30 in progression of colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Meningioma-associated protein (MAC30), first described to be overexpressed in meningiomas, exhibits altered expression in certain human tumors. The aim of our study was to investigate the expression of MAC30 mRNA and its correlation with clinicopathological variables in human colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: MAC30 mRNA expression was first examined in 55 CRCs, along with the samples from the matched distant normal and adjacent noncancerous tissue by RT-PCR, further verified in 18 CRCs by quantitative RT-PCR. MAC30 protein expression was detected by Western blot in 10 CRCs, and DNA sequencing was performed in 1 case of the paired CRC and the matched noncancerous specimen. MAC30 mRNA expression in two colon cancer cell lines, HCT-116(p53-/-) and HCT-116(p53+/+), was detected by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: The mRNA expression of MAC30 was increased in CRC when compared with distant normal (p < 0.01) and adjacent noncancerous mucosa (p < 0.01). The mean value of MAC30 mRNA expression in the tumor located in the colon was higher than in the rectum (0.677 ± 0.419 vs. 0.412 ± 0.162, p = 0.005). As the tumor penetrated the wall of the colon/rectum, MAC30 mRNA expression notably increased in tumors with T3+T4 stage compared to tumors with T1+T2 stage (0.571 ± 0.364 vs. 0.404 ± 0.115, p = 0.014). MAC30 protein expression in CRCs was also remarkably elevated compared to the adjacent noncancerous mucosa. There was no mutation in the coding region of the MAC30 gene either in CRC or in the noncancerous mucosa. mRNA expression of p53 was notably decreased in HCT-116(p53-/-) compared to HCT-116(p53+/+), while MAC30 did not vary greatly. CONCLUSION: The overexpression of MAC30 might be involved in the development and aggressiveness of CRCs, especially in the colon.

Overexpression of Id-1 protein is a marker in colorectal cancer progression.

The inhibitor of differentiation/DNA binding 1 (Id-1), a negative regulator of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. We examined the Id-1 expression by immunohistochemistry in 9 adenomas, 79 primary colorectal adenocarcinomas matched with 40 adjacent normal mucosa specimens and its relationship with clinicopathological factors. The Id-1 expression was increased in the carcinoma compared to the adjacent normal mucosa either in the unmatched and matched samples or to the adenoma. There was no significant difference in the Id-1 expression between normal mucosa and adenoma. The Id-1 expression of carcinoma was increased from Dukes' stages A to B, to C and to D. The cases with lymph node metastasis had a higher rate of a stronger Id-1 expression than those without lymph node metastasis. In conclusion, Id-1 overexpression plays an important role in colorectal cancer progression.

Target therapy of TRIM-14 inhibits osteosarcoma aggressiveness through the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway.

Osteosarcoma is the most common cause of cancer-associated mortality and the prognosis is yet to be fully elucidated due to the paucity of effective therapeutic targets that significantly influence the quality of life and mean survival rates of patients with osteosarcoma. Studies have showed that tripartite motif-containing (TRIM)-14 is a member of the TRIM protein family that has a vital role in tumor progression and metastasis and promotes angiogenesis, invasion and apoptotic resistance of bone cancer. In this study, a chimeric antibody targeting TRIM-14 (Chanti-TRIM) was constructed and the molecular mechanism of target therapy for TRIM-14 was investigated in osteosarcoma cells and xenograft mice. The growth, migration and invasion properties of U-2OS cells were analyzed following incubation with 10-160 mg/ml Chanti-TRIM. Apoptosis of U-2OS cells was detected after Chanti-TRIM treatment. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9-mediated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signal pathway was analyzed in U-2OS cells treated with Chanti-TRIM. The inhibitory efficacy of Chanti-TRIM was studied in U-2OS-bearing xenograft mice. Our results demonstrated that neutralizing TRIM-14 expression markedly inhibited the growth, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells, in vitro and in vivo. We found that TRIM-14 depletion decreased cell viability and induced cells apoptosis in vitro. In addition, we identified Chanti-TRIM inhibited growth and promoted apoptosis induced by cisplatin through MMP-9-mediated NF-κB signal pathway. Furthermore, we observed that Chanti-TRIM treatment inhibited osteosarcoma growth in vivo. Histological analysis indicated that apoptotic bodies were increased and NF-κB nuclear translocation factors, including Ikkß, p65 and IkBα, were decreased in tumors treated by Chanti-TRIM. In conclusion, these results showed that Chanti-TRIM markedly inhibited the progression of osteosarcoma, suggesting Chanti-TRIM may be a potential anti-cancer agent that functions via the activation of the NF-κB pathway for osteosarcoma.

Expression of MAC30 in rectal cancers with or without preoperative radiotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: Meningioma-associated protein (MAC30) is overexpressed in several types of cancers, but its therapeutic implication in the patients has not been studied. We examined the relationship of MAC30 with clinicopathological and biological factors in rectal cancer patients with or without radiotherapy (RT). METHODS: MAC30 was immunohistochemically examined in 75 distant and 91 adjacent normal mucosa specimens, 132 primary tumours and 39 lymph node metastases from rectal cancer patients participating in a clinical trial of preoperative RT. RESULTS: In the RT group, MAC30 was or tended to be positively correlated with infiltrated growth pattern (p = 0.02), PRL (phosphatase of regenerating liver, p = 0.01) and Ki-67 expression (p = 0.06). MAC30 at the invasive margin of the metastasis was related to poor survival (p = 0.02) in the whole group of patients. MAC30 in primary tumours was not related to recurrence and survival in the non-RT or RT group. CONCLUSIONS: MAC30 expression in metastasis was an indicator for poor survival. After RT, MAC30 seemed to be more related to aggressive morphological and biological factors; however, we did not find direct evidence that MAC30 expression was related to the outcome of patients with or without RT.

Particularly interesting new cysteine-histidine rich protein expression in colorectal adenocarcinomas.

AIM: To study the relationship between particularly interesting new cysteine-histidine rich protein (PINCH) expression and clinicopathological factors in Chinese colorectal cancer patients. METHODS: The expression of PINCH was examined by immumohistochemistry in 141 samples of primary colorectal adenocarcinoma and 92 normal samples of colorectal mucosa. Eighty of the cases had both primary tumour and normal mucosa from the same patients. RESULTS: PINCH was expressed in the stroma of normal mucosa and tumours. PINCH expression in tumour-associated stroma was increased compared to normal mucosa in both unmatched cases (n = 141, c2 = 85.79, df = 3, P < 0.0001) and matched cases (n = 80, c2 = 45.86, df = 3, P < 0.0001). Among 135 tumours with visible invasive margin, 86 (64%) showed stronger PINCH expression at the invasive margin than in the intratumoural stroma. The frequency of PINCH strong expression in mucinous and signet-ring cell carcinomas was higher (52%) compared to non-mucinous carcinomas (29%, c2 = 5.13, P = 0.02). We did not find that PINCH expression was related to patient's gender, age, tumour location, tumour size, gross status, histological type, differentiation, invasion depth, lymph node status and Dukes'stage (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The expression of PINCH was upregulated in colorectal cancers, and especially at the margin of tumours, and further was related to mucinous and signet-ring cell carcinomas. The results suggest that expression of PINCH may be involved in the tumourigenesis and aggressiveness of colorectal cancers.

Increased serum level of Nup88 protein is associated with the development of colorectal cancer.

Nucleoporin88 (Nup88) has been shown to be overexpressed in a wide variety of malignancies including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, no study about serum Nup88 in human CRC was reported. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the level of serum Nup88 protein and its relationships with clinicopathological variables in CRC. The serum concentration of Nup88 protein was determined by a quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 118 pre-operative serum samples, 66 post-operative and 96 healthy controls. Among the patients, the levels of CEA (n = 91) and CA19-9 (n = 87) in the pre-operative serum were measured, and DNA sequencing was performed in 12 CRCs and 2 samples from non-cancerous colon tissue. In the same patients, the level of pre-operative serum Nup88 was significantly higher than that of post-operative Nup88 (P = 0.021). Furthermore, the level of pre-operative Nup88 was positively related to the depth of tumor invasion (P = 0.002) and advanced stage (P = 0.001). The level of pre-operative Nup88 in the left colon tended to be higher than that in the right colon and the rectum (P = 0.063). DNA sequencing results showed that there were two single nucleotide polymorphisms, distributed in exon 6 (NM_002532.3:c.1044G>A (ACG-ACA, Thr → Thr) and exon 10 (NM_002532.3:c.1389A>T, CCA-CCT, Pro → Pro). Serum Nup88 might be a candidate for a new biomarker implicated in the development and aggressiveness of CRCs.

Nup88 mRNA overexpression in colorectal cancers and relationship with p53.

OBJECTIVES: We measured nucleoporin 88 (Nup88) mRNA expression in primary colorectal cancers to investigate its relationship with clinicopathological features and p53. METHODS: The primary cancer tissues, adjacent noncancerous tissues and the proximal and distant margins of normal mucosa were collected from 73 colorectal cancer patients during surgery. Nup88 mRNA expression was measured on these fresh specimens and on colon cell lines HCT-116^{p53 + / + } and HCT-116^{p53 - / - } by RT-PCR while p53 mRNA and ß-actin as controls. Nup88 and p53 protein expression were then immunohistochemistrically examined in other 25 colorectal cancers specimens paraffin embedded and formalin fixed. RESULTS: Nup88 expression was higher in primary cancer tissues than in adjacent noncancerous tissues, and in the proximal and distant margins of normal mucosa. Overexpression of Nup88 mRNA was statistically associated with TNM stage (P=0.044), lymphatic metastasis (P=0.022), and cancer location (P=0.036), while not related to gender, age of patients and histological type, infiltration depth, and differentiation of cancers. The expression of Nup88 mRNA in the HCT-116^{p53 - / - } cell line was not significantly different from expression in the HCT-116^{p53 + / +}cell line. And there was no correlation between Nup88 and p53 protein expression (r=0.632, P=0.368). CONCLUSIONS: Nup88 mRNA was overexpressed in colorectal cancers and the overexpression was associated with cancer development and aggressiveness. Nup88 might be regard as essential contributor to nodal metastagenicity of colorectal cancer.

Expression and significance of FXYD-3 protein in gastric adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: FXYD-3, also known as Mat-8, is a member of the FXYD protein family. It was reported that this protein can associate with and modify the transport properties of Na, K-ATPase, and may play an important role in a variety of physiological and pathological states. This protein is up-regulated in certain types of cancers (such as breast, prostate and pancreatic cancer), but down-regulated in other types of cancers (such as colon and kidney cancer). No study has been performed in gastric cancer; therefore, the aim of this project was to investigate FXYD-3 expression and its clinicopathological significance in gastric adenocarcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: FXYD-3 protein was examined by immunohistochemistry in normal gastric mucous (n= 29) and gastric adenocarcinoma (n=51), obtained from surgical resection of gastric cancer patients. RESULTS: FXYD-3 protein was present in the cytoplasm of normal gastric epithelial cells or gastric cancer cells. The rate of FXYD-3 strong expression was significantly higher in cancer (51% of 51) than in normal mucosa (10% of 29, X;{2}=13.210, p < 0.0001). FXYD-3 expressed strongly in ulcerative/infiltrating types of cancers compared to polypoid/fungating ones (X;{2}=5.765, p=0.016). However, FXYD-3 expression was not correlated with patient's gender, age, tumor size, lymph node status and histological grade (p > 0.05). Conclosion: Up-regulated expression of FXYD-3 protein may be involved in tumourgenesis and invasion of gastric adenocarcinoma.

Anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy followed by celecoxib on progression of gastric precancerous lesions.

AIM: To evaluate whether celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitor, could reduce the severity of gastric precancerous lesions following Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) eradication. METHODS: H pylori-eradicated patients with gastric precancerous lesions randomly received either celecoxib (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) for up to 3 mo. COX-2 expression and activity was determined by immunostaining and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) assay, cell proliferation by Ki-67 immunostaining, apoptosis by TUNEL staining and angiogenesis by microvascular density (MVD) assay using CD31 staining. RESULTS: COX-2 protein expression was significantly increased in gastric precancerous lesions (atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia, respectively) compared with chronic gastritis, and was concomitant with an increase in cell proliferation and angiogenesis. A significant improvement in precancerous lesions was observed in patients who received celecoxib compared with those who received placebo (P < 0.001). Of these three changes, 84.6% of sites with dysplasia regressed in patients treated with celecoxib (P = 0.002) compared with 60% in the placebo group, suggesting that celecoxib was effective on the regression of dysplasia. COX-2 protein expression (P < 0.001) and COX-2 activity (P < 0.001) in the gastric tissues were consistently lower in celecoxib-treated patients compared with the placebo-treated subjects. Moreover, it was also shown that celecoxib suppressed cell proliferation (P < 0.01), induced cell apoptosis (P < 0.01) and inhibited angiogenesis with decreased MVD (P < 0.001). However, all of these effects were not seen in placebo-treated subjects. Furthermore, COX-2 inhibition resulted in the up-regulation of PPARgamma expression, a protective molecule with anti-neoplastic effects. CONCLUSION: H pylori eradication therapy followed by celecoxib treatment improves gastric precancerous lesions by inhibiting COX-2 activity, inducing apoptosis, and suppressing cell proliferation and angiogenesis.

Nup88 expression in normal mucosa, adenoma, primary adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastasis in the colorectum.

OBJECTIVES: It was the aim of this study to investigate Nup88 expression in normal colorectal mucosa, adenoma, adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastasis, as well as the relationship between Nup88 expression and clinicopathological features. METHODS: Nup88 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 84 normal mucosa samples, 32 adenomas, 181 primary adenocarcinomas, and 18 lymph node metastases from colorectal tumour patients. RESULTS: Nup88 expression was observed in normal epithelial and tumour cells. The frequency of strong Nup88 expression was increased from normal mucosa or adenoma to primary tumour and lymph node metastasis (p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in the expression between normal mucosa and adenoma (p = 0.41). The frequency of strong Nup88 expression was higher in ulcerated tumours (40%) than in polypoid/large fungating tumours (23%; p = 0.048). The frequency of strong Nup88 expression was significantly different among tumours with good (21%), moderate (42%) and poor differentiation (48%; p = 0.01). Nup88 expression was not related to the patients' gender, age, tumour location, size, histological type, invasive depth, lymph node status and Dukes stage (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that Nup88 may play a role during the development, aggressiveness and differentiation of colorectal tumours.