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The acidic tumor microenvironment stands as a major obstacle to the efficient elimination of tumor cells. Norcantharidin (NCTD) is a powerful antitumor agent with multiple bioactivities. However, the effect of NCTD under acidic conditions is still unclear. Here, we report that NCTD can efficiently kill bladder cancer (BC) cells in acidic culture, and more intriguingly, NCTD can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), thereby promoting antitumor immunity. In NCTD-treated BC cells, the surface-exposed calreticulin (ecto-CALR) was significantly increased. Consistently, co-culture with these cells promoted dendritic cell (DC) maturation. The NCTD-induced ICD is autophagy dependent, as autophagy inhibition completely blocked the NCTD-induced ecto-CALR and DC maturation. In addition, the DC showed a distinct maturation phenotype (CD80high CD86low) in acidic culture, as compared to that in physiological pH (CD80 high CD86high). Finally, the NCTD-induced ICD was validated in a mouse model. NCTD treatment significantly increased the tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes in MB49 bladder cancer mice. Immunizing mice with NCTD-treated MB49 cells significantly increased tumor-free survival as compared to control. These findings demonstrate that NCTD could induce ICD in an acidic environment and suggest the feasibility to combine NCTD with anticancer immunotherapy to treat BC.
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Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Apoptose , Autofagia , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Morte Celular Imunogênica , Camundongos , Microambiente Tumoral , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Using two types of triol ligands, several novel asymmetrically triol-functionalized Anderson organic hybrids have been efficiently synthesized in high purity and good yields via a convenient two-step esterification reaction. These organic-inorganic hybrids are chiral and can be spontaneously resolved with suitable solvents. Their molecular and crystal structures have been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Stable solid-state chirality of the corresponding enantiopure crystals has also been confirmed definitively by CD spectra. Interestingly, these organic-inorganic hybrids possess a layer-by-layer structure, forming solvent-accessible nanoscale chiral channels via a 1D infinite helical chain substructure. TGA measurements indicated that the species of the central heteroatoms significantly effects the stability of these compounds.
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Background: The limitations of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in diagnosing prostate cancer (PCa) necessitate the exploration of novel biomarkers. Recent studies suggest a potential link between coagulation markers, particularly fibrinogen and D-dimer, and PCa. Methods: A retrospective single-center analysis on 466 biopsy-undergone patients was conducted, categorized into PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) groups. Baseline and coagulation parameter levels were analyzed. Utilizing a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach, we investigated the causative relationship between D-dimer and PCa risk. Results: Individuals with PCa, compared with those with BPH, exhibited significantly higher D-dimer levels (P < .001), total PSA (P < .001), and PSA density (P < .001). Fibrinogen levels did not exhibit significant differences (P = .505). The MR analysis suggested a probable causal link between elevated D-dimer levels and an increased risk of PCa (odds ratio: 1.81, 95% confidence interval: 1.48-2.21, P = 7.4 × 10-9). Conclusions: This research highlights D-dimer as a potential biomarker for diagnosing PCa, supported by clinical and MR analyses. The study paves the way for future large-scale, multi-center research to corroborate these findings and further explore the relationship between coagulation markers and PCa mechanisms.
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Endothelial cells (ECs) rely on glycolysis for energy production to maintain vascular homeostasis and the normalization of hyperglycolysis in tumor vessels has recently gained attention as a therapeutic target. We analyzed the TCGA database and found reduced Foxp1 expression in lung carcinoma. Immunostaining demonstrated reduced expression more restricted at tumor vascular ECs. Therefore, we investigated the function and mechanisms of Foxp1 in EC metabolism for tumor angiogenesis required for tumor growth. EC-Foxp1 deletion mice exhibited a significant increase of tumor and retinal developmental angiogenesis and Hif1α was identified as Foxp1 target gene, and Hk2 as Hif1α target gene. The Foxp1-Hif1α-Hk2 pathway in ECs is important in the regulation of glycolytic metabolism to govern tumor angiogenesis. Finally, we used genetic deletion of EC-Hif1α and RGD-peptide nanoparticles EC target delivery of Hif1α/Hk2-siRNAs to knockdown gene expression which reduced the tumor EC hyperglycolysis state and restricted angiogenesis for tumor growth. This study advances our understanding of EC metabolism for tumor angiogenesis, and meanwhile provides evidence for future therapeutic intervention of hyperglycolysis in tumor ECs for suppression of tumor growth.
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Células Endoteliais , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead , Glicólise , Hexoquinase , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia , Neovascularização Patológica , Proteínas Repressoras , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Angiogênese/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/genética , Hexoquinase/metabolismo , Hexoquinase/genética , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/metabolismo , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/irrigação sanguínea , Camundongos Knockout , Neovascularização Patológica/metabolismo , Neovascularização Patológica/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
IL-33 administration is associated with facilitation of Th2 responses and cardioprotective properties in rodent models. However, in heart transplantation, the mechanism by which IL-33, signaling through ST2L (the membrane-bound form of ST2), promotes transplant survival is unclear. We report that IL-33 administration, while facilitating Th2 responses, also increases immunoregulatory myeloid cells and CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mice. IL-33 expands functional myeloid-derived suppressor cells, CD11b(+) cells that exhibit intermediate (int) levels of Gr-1 and potent T cell suppressive function. Furthermore, IL-33 administration causes an St2-dependent expansion of suppressive CD4(+) Foxp3(+) Tregs, including an ST2L(+) population. IL-33 monotherapy after fully allogeneic mouse heart transplantation resulted in significant graft prolongation associated with increased Th2-type responses and decreased systemic CD8(+) IFN-γ(+) cells. Also, despite reducing overall CD3(+) cell infiltration of the graft, IL-33 administration markedly increased intragraft Foxp3(+) cells. Whereas control graft recipients displayed increases in systemic CD11b(+) Gr-1(hi) cells, IL-33-treated recipients exhibited increased CD11b(+) Gr-1(int) cells. Enhanced ST2 expression was observed in the myocardium and endothelium of rejecting allografts, however the therapeutic effect of IL-33 required recipient St2 expression and was dependent on Tregs. These findings reveal a new immunoregulatory property of IL-33. Specifically, in addition to supporting Th2 responses, IL-33 facilitates regulatory cells, particularly functional CD4(+) Foxp3(+) Tregs that underlie IL-33-mediated cardiac allograft survival.
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Antígeno CD11b/biossíntese , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Regulação para Baixo/imunologia , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/biossíntese , Sobrevivência de Enxerto/imunologia , Transplante de Coração/imunologia , Interleucinas/fisiologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Animais , Aterosclerose/imunologia , Aterosclerose/prevenção & controle , Células Cultivadas , Transplante de Coração/patologia , Interleucina-33 , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Células Mieloides/citologia , Células Mieloides/imunologia , Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Receptores de Quimiocinas/biossíntese , Receptores de Interleucina-1/biossíntese , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/citologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Reguladores/citologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/metabolismoRESUMO
Wound healing is a programmed process through which tissue restores its integrity after an injury. Advancing age is a risk factor for delayed cutaneous wound healing; however, ideal therapeutic approaches for aged wound have not been developed yet. By dissecting the harsh microenvironment of aged wound, we propose an integrated chemical and biological strategy to mitigate two main hostile factors including oxidative stress and ischemia. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a rising star in regenerative medicine due to their powerful facilitation in tissue repair and regeneration. However, the fragile lipid membrane limits their function under the oxidative stress microenvironment. Nanoceria is an antioxidative nanozyme; here, we reveal that nanoceria-loaded EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells facilitate cutaneous wound healing in aged mice. DG-CeO2 was prepared via coating CeO2 covalently with d-glucose to promote their cellular endocytosis. DG-CeO2 was packaged into EVs under optimized hypoxic conditions (DG-CeO2 EVsHyp). We further demonstrated that DG-CeO2 EVsHyp had favorable biocompatibility and antioxidative and proangiogenic effects during the cutaneous wound healing in both young and aged mice. Further evidence revealed that DG-CeO2 EVsHyp-transferred miR-92a-3p/125b-5p and their targets associated with aging degeneration may be the potential mechanisms. Collectively, these findings highlight that nanoceria-loaded EVs released by engineered stem cells may represent a potential therapeutic approach for tissue regeneration in aged population.
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Vesículas Extracelulares , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Camundongos , Animais , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Cicatrização , Estresse OxidativoRESUMO
Sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma (SUC), a rare tumor of the urinary tract epithelium, exhibits a high degree of malignancy and therefore a poor prognosis. Due to the absence of specific clinical presentations and imaging findings, SUC of the renal pelvis masquerades as a renal abscess is frequently under-recognized or misdiagnosed as benign inflammatory disease, resulting in delayed or erroneous treatment. Here, we report a patient with SUC of the renal pelvis who presented with a renal abscess. Repeated anti-inflammatory treatment was ineffective. Unexpectedly, cancerous cells were detected in subsequent exfoliative cytology of nephrostomy drainage fluid. In accordance with this, radical surgery and postoperative chemotherapy were conducted. Fortunately, neither recurrence nor metastasis occurred during a one-year follow-up.
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Background: Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the most common malignancy of the urinary system. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), which constitutes approximately 25% of all BLCA cases, is characterized by frequent recurrence and early onset of metastasis. Bladder cancer most commonly occurs in elderly patients and is significantly associated with aging. However, the prognostic value of age-related genes in BLCA, especially in MIBC, remains unclear. Materials and methods: Training and testing sets were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas BLCA project. Differentially expressed genes between BLCA and normal samples intersected with human aging-related genes. Univariate Cox regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analyses were used to identify prognostic aging-related signatures, followed by the construction of a risk score model and nomogram. Kaplan-Meier and receiver operating characteristic analyses were conducted to assess the predictive power. An independent BLCA cohort of 165 samples was included for external validation. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to explore the characteristics of the immune microenvironment. Results: Seven genes (IGF1, NGF, GCLM, PYCR1, EFEMP1, APOC3, and IFNB1) were identified by Cox and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analyses. After combining the gene signature with the clinical parameters of patients with BLCA, a risk-prognosis model and nomogram were constructed and validated with the testing set. Bladder cancer cases with high 7-gene signature scores (high-risk group) and low scores (low-risk group) showed distinct prognoses. Furthermore, 7 types of immune cells were significantly altered between the low- and high-risk groups. Conclusions: Collectively, our data provide a 7-gene signature that serves as a potential biomarker for BLCA, especially MIBC. Moreover, this 7-gene signature highlights the role of the tumor immune microenvironment in prognosis and thus might be related to the response to anti-programmed cell death protein 1-based immunotherapy.
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Exposure of the skin to an external stimulus may lead to a series of irreversible dysfunctions, such as skin aging, refractory wounds, and pigmented dermatosis. Nowadays, many cutaneous treatments have failed to strike a balance between cosmetic needs and medical recovery. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are one of the most promising therapeutic tools. EVs are cell-derived nanoparticles that can carry a variety of cargoes, such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. They also have the ability to communicate with neighboring or distant cells. A growing body of evidence suggests that EVs play a significant role in skin repair. We summarize the current findings of EV therapy in skin aging, refractory wound, and pigmented dermatosis and also describe the novel engineering strategies for optimizing EV function and therapeutic outcomes.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive types of malignancy worldwide. However, the mechanism underlying its frequent recurrence remains unclear. Studies have demonstrated that spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 3 (SKA3) is highly expressed in colorectal and prostate cancer. The present study aimed to determine whether SKA3 could be a predictive and prognostic marker for liver cancer. SKA3 expression levels in liver cancer cell lines, liver cancer tissues, normal liver cells and noncancerous tissues were compared at both transcriptional and translational levels. Correlation between SKA3 levels, clinicopathological characteristics and patient survival was also assessed. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to identify SKA3associated pathways. Furthermore, SKA3 was knocked down and overexpressed in liver cancer cells, and then assessed the effect on cell proliferation, cell cycle, and tumor formation ability. KaplanMeier survival analysis and logrank test were used to evaluate the association between SKA3 expression levels and prognosis. SKA3 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly higher in liver cancer cell lines and clinical samples, compared with normal controls. Immunohistochemical analysis of 110 patients revealed that upregulation of SKA3 correlated with clinical pathological characteristics and patient survival. GSEA showed that BENPORATH_PROLIFERATION gene set signaling pathways were correlated with SKA3 expression levels. Luciferase reporter activity assay revealed that knockdown of SKA3 significantly inhibited the activity of transcription factor E2F. Downregulation of SKA3 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest in G1S phase and tumorigenesis both in vitro and in vivo, decreased the expression levels of cyclin D1 and phosphorylated-retinoblastoma and increased those of p21, suggesting a potential role of SKA3 in mediating tumor cell cycle and progression. SKA3 may function as an oncogene in liver cancer and may be a promising prognostic biomarker and candidate for targeted therapy.
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Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Animais , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Biologia Computacional , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/genética , Prognóstico , Transdução de Sinais , Taxa de Sobrevida , Regulação para Cima , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Shikonin (SK) is the major bioactive component extracted from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon with anticancer activity. SK could inhibit the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism is elusive. In the present study, the inhibitory activities of SK on proliferation, invasion and migration were examined in bladder cancer (BC) cells. SK potently decreased the viabilities of BC cells but showed less cytotoxicity to normal bladder epithelial cells. Moreover, SK reversed the EMT, suppressed the migration and invasion of BC cells. Intriguingly, NHE1, the major proton efflux pump, was dramatically down-regulated by SK. The EMT-inhibitory effect of SK was mediated by NHE1 down-regulation, as NHE1-overexpress alleviated while Cariporide (NHE1 inhibitor) enhanced this effect. Further, enforced alkalinization of intracellular pH (pHi) reversed the EMT-inhibitory effect of SK, indicating a key role of acidic pHi in this process. Finally, elevated NHE1 expression was observed in human bladder cancer tissues. Collectively, this research reveals a supportive effect of NHE1 and alkaline pHi on EMT. SK can suppress EMT through inhibiting NHE1 and hence inducing an acidic pHi.
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Aims: Pathological cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy are common features of left ventricular remodeling that often progress to heart failure (HF). Endothelial cells (ECs) are the most abundant non-myocyte cells in adult mouse heart. Simvastatin, a strong inducer of Krüppel-like Factor 2 (Klf2) in ECs, ameliorates pressure overload induced maladaptive cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. This study aims to explore the detailed molecular mechanisms of the anti-remodeling effects of simvastatin. Methods and Results: RGD-magnetic-nanoparticles were used to endothelial specific delivery of siRNA and we found absence of simvastatin's protective effect on pressure overload induced maladaptive cardiac remodeling and dysfunction after in vivo inhibition of EC-Klf2. Mechanism studies showed that EC-Klf2 inhibition reversed the simvastatin-mediated reduction of fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast formation, as well as cardiomyocyte size and cardiac hypertrophic genes, which suggested that EC-Klf2 might mediate the anti-fibrotic and anti-hypertrophy effects of simvastatin. Similar effects were observed after Klf2 inhibition in cultured ECs. Moreover, Klf2 regulated its direct target gene TGFß1 in ECs and mediated the protective effects of simvastatin, and inhibition of EC-Klf2 increased the expression of EC-TGFß1 leading to simvastatin losing its protective effects. Also, EC-Klf2 was found to regulate EC-Foxp1 and loss of EC-Foxp1 attenuated the protective effects of simvastatin similar to EC-Klf2 inhibition. Conclusions: We conclude that cardiac microvasculature ECs are important in the modulation of pressure overload induced maladaptive cardiac remodeling and dysfunction, and the endothelial Klf2-TGFß1 or Klf2-Foxp1-TGFß1 pathway mediates the preventive effects of simvastatin. This study demonstrates a novel mechanism of the non-cholesterol lowering effects of simvastatin for HF prevention.
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Cardiomegalia/tratamento farmacológico , Células Endoteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Sinvastatina/farmacologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Remodelação Ventricular/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anticolesterolemiantes/farmacologia , Cardiomegalia/etiologia , Cardiomegalia/metabolismo , Cardiomegalia/patologia , Sobrevivência Celular , Células Cultivadas , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/genética , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/metabolismo , Insuficiência Cardíaca/patologia , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like/genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/genéticaRESUMO
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) has been reported to be associated with impaired prognosis for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the latent mechanism is unclear. Polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) induce immune suppression in CHB and promote the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) was recently identified as a specific marker for PMN-MSDC. We found NPC survivors with CHB had high levels of LOX-1+ PMN-MDSCs. LOX-1+ PMN-MDSCs significantly reduced T cell proliferation and activation. Endoplasmic reticulum stress was induced in LOX-1+ PMN-MDSCs. In addition, LOX-1+ PMN-MDSCs increased their expression of NOX2, a key reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes, and levels of ROS illustrated by the DCFDA test. The ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine abrogated the suppression of LOX-1+ PMN-MDSCs on T cell activation. The EBV DNA-positivity rate was higher in NPC survivors with CHB than in NPC patients without CHB. Those presenting with positive EBV DNA displayed higher LOX-1+ PMN-MDSC levels. LOX-1+ PMN-MDSCs suppressed the CD8+ T cell response against EBV. This study revealed LOX-1+ PMN-MDSC accumulation and activation in NPC survivors with CHB. LOX-1+ PMN-MDSCs might suppress the host immune response to EBV through ER stress/ROS pathway. These results explained the association of CHB with unfavorable NPC prognosis.
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Hepatite B Crônica/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 4/imunologia , Tolerância Imunológica/imunologia , Células Supressoras Mieloides/imunologia , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/imunologia , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/imunologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/imunologia , Acetilcisteína/farmacologia , Adulto , Idoso , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Proliferação de Células , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/imunologia , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/complicações , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/imunologia , Antígenos Nucleares do Vírus Epstein-Barr/imunologia , Feminino , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/farmacologia , Hepatite B Crônica/complicações , Humanos , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Células Supressoras Mieloides/metabolismo , NADPH Oxidase 2/genética , NADPH Oxidase 2/metabolismo , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/complicações , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/terapia , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/complicações , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/terapia , Prognóstico , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/imunologia , Receptores Depuradores Classe E/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Proteínas da Matriz Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
Corticosterone (CORT), the main HPA-axis glucocorticoid hormone in rodents, is involved in the regulation of animal stress responses. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of corticosteroids on depression are yet to be elucidated. We found that fluoxetine reversed neurite growth inhibition induced by CORT in PC12 cells, a widely used model system for neurobiological and neurotoxicological studies. Transcriptome profiling showed that 1,609 genes were up-regulated, whereas 1,764 genes were down-regulated significantly in the CORT group in comparison with the Control group. Of them, the expression of 589 DEGs was reversed after fluoxetine treatment, and genes related to cell morphogenesis, neurite growth, and immune function were involved in the neuroprotective effect of fluoxetine against CORT. Furthermore, expression of neurite growth-related genes, such as such as Calpain 2 (Capn2), vesicle-associated membrane protein 7 (Vamp7) and C-type natriuretic peptide (Cnp), altered in a brain region- or treatment-specific manner in the animal models of depression. Therefore, the interaction between stress, glucocorticoids, and neurite growth inhibition may be a candidate pathophysiology underlying major depressive disorder (MDD), and the identification of Capn2, Vamp7 and Cnp might provide insight into treatment of MDD.
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Corticosterona/toxicidade , Depressão/genética , Neuritos/fisiologia , Neurogênese/genética , Transcriptoma/genética , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/toxicidade , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/genética , Masculino , Neuritos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Células PC12 , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Transcriptoma/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
We demonstrate a dual organic and inorganic precursor method to deposit transparent organosilicate protective bilayer coatings on poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrates with atmospheric plasma deposition in ambient air. The bottom layer was a hybrid organosilicate adhesive layer deposited with dual organic 1,5-cyclooctadiene (CYC) and widely used inorganic tetraethoxysiline (TEOS) precursors. The selection of the organic CYC precursor allowed incorporation of a carbon chain in the organosilicate adhesive layer, which resulted in improved adhesion. The top layer was a dense silica coating with high Young's modulus and hardness deposited with TEOS. The deposited bilayer structure showed â¼100% transparency in the visible light wavelength region, twice the adhesion energy, and five times the Young's modulus of commercial polysiloxane sol-gel coatings.
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Three single-sided, triol-functionalized Anderson POM hybrids were successfully synthesized. With suitable solvents and the effect driven by common-ion synergy, enantiopure crystals were obtained when the spontaneous resolution of enantiomers occurred upon crystallization. The chirality of POM-organic hybrids was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and solid-state CD spectrum. A reversible, spontaneous resolution process for POM-based inorganic-organic hybrids was observed in this work.