Fusion splice between tapered inhibited coupling hypocycloid-core Kagome fiber and SMF.

We report for the first time on tapering inhibited coupling (IC) hypocycloid-core shape Kagome hollow-core photonic crystal fibers whilst maintaining their delicate core-contour negative curvature with a down-ratio as large as 2.4. The transmission loss of down-tapered sections reaches a figure as low as 0.07 dB at 1550 nm. The tapered IC fibers are also spliced to standard SMF with a total insertion loss of 0.48 dB. These results show that all-fiber photonic microcells with the ultra-low loss hypocycloid core-contour Kagome fibers is now possible.

Comparative studies of differential gene calling using RNA-Seq data.

BACKGROUND: With its massive amount of data, gene-expression profiling by RNA-Seq has many advantanges compared with microarray experiments. RNA-Seq analysis, however, is fundamentally different from microarray data analysis. Techniques developed for analyzing microarray data thus cannot be directly applicable for the digital gene expression data. Several statistical methods have been developed for identifying differentially expressed genes specifically from RNA-Seq data over the past few years. RESULTS: In this study, we examined the performance of differential gene-calling methods using RNA-Seq data in practical situations. We focused on two representative methods: one parametric method, DESeq, and one nonparametric method, NOISeq. We examined their performance using both simulated and real datasets. Our simulation followed the RNA-Seq process and produced more realistic short read data. Both DESeq and NOISeq identified over-expressed genes more correctly than under-expressed genes. While DESeq was more likely to call longer genes as differentially expressed than shorter ones, NOISeq did not have such bias. When the underlying variation increased, both methods showed higher rates of false positives. When replicates were not available in the experiments, both methods showed lower rates of true positives and higher rates of false positives. CONCLUSIONS: The level of variation clearly affected the performance of both methods, showing the importance of understanding the variation in the data as well as having replications in RNA-Seq experiments. We showed that it is possible to obtain improved differential gene-calling results by combining the results obtained by the two methods. We suggested strategies to use these two methods individually or combined according to the characteristics of the data.