Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of a MRI Contrast Agent Based on Aptamer-Modified Gadolinium-Loaded Liposomes for Tumor Targeting.

The aim of this study was to prepare aptamer-modified liposomes loaded with gadolinium (Gd) to enhance the effective diagnosis for tumor by MRI. A modified GBI-10 (GBI-10m) was used to prepare targeted liposomes (GmLs). Liposomes with GBI-10 aptamer (GLs) and without aptamer (non-targeted liposomes (NLs)) were also prepared as controls. The particle size and zeta potential of GmLs, GLs, and NLs were all assayed. A clinical 3.0 T MR scanner was employed to assess the imaging efficiency and measure the longitudinal relaxivity (r 1) of the above liposomes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry were used to analyze and compare the targeting effects of GmLs, GLs, and NLs to MDA-MB-435s cells at 37°C. The particle size of the prepared liposomes was scattered at 100-200 nm, and their values of r 1 were ∼4 mM-1 s-1. The images of confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that GmLs in the cytoplasm were significantly more than GLs and both GmLs and GLs were more than NLs. The fluorescence intensity of GmLs was increased by about two times than that of GLs and three times than that of NLs by flow cytometry. Therefore, the GmLs in this initial study were suggested to be a potential MRI contrast agent at 37°C for diagnosing tumors with the protein of tenascin-C over-expressed.

[Preparation and investigation of MRI-traceable Eudragit-E liquid embolic agent].

OBJECTIVE: To develop and investigate the properties of MRI-traceable Eudragit-E liquid embolic agent (MR-E). METHODS: Polyethylene glycol-modified superparamagnetic iron oxides (PEG-SPIO) was synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method. MR-E was prepared by mixing PEG-SPIO and Eudragit-E liquid embolic agent homogeneously. An in vitro MR phantom study was carried out to measure MR traceability of MR-E and to determine the concentration of PEG-SPIO for further studies. The microcatheter deliverability and sol-gel transition process of MR-E were investigated. MR-E was injected into the kidney of a Japanese white big ear rabbit via an angiographic microcatheter, and detected by MRI. RESULTS: A PEG-SPIO concentration of 2 g/L was considered to be suitable for further studies. MR-E was injected through the microcatheter without any difficulty. MR-E instantly solidified on release into saline. Then 0.2 mL of MR-E effectively embolized distal renal arteries, and MR-E could be detected by MRI in the embolized kidney. CONCLUSION: MR-E seems to be a promising MRI-traceable liquid embolic agent.

Computed tomography morphometric study of gender differences in osteoarthritis proximal tibias.

One hundred and thirty osteoarthritic knees(65 males, 65 females) from a Chinese population were measured by computed tomography for tibial mediolateral (ML), middle anteroposterior (AP), medial anteroposterior (MAP), lateral anteroposterior (LAP) dimensions and ML/AP aspect ratio. The ML/AP aspect ratio were classified into 3 groups based on AP dimensions(<48 mm, 48-52 mm, >52 mm) to compare the morphologic differences of proximal tibia between males and females. The mean ML, AP, MAP and LAP dimensions of proximal tibia showed significant differences for sex (P < .01). We found a progressively decreased in the ML/AP aspect ratio with an increasing AP dimension, and males have larger ML/AP aspect ratio than that of females under a given AP dimension (P < .01). This indicates that under a given AP dimension prosthesis, the tibial ML dimension have the potential to be undersized in males and to overhang in females. This study may provide important reference in designing proper gender-specific tibia prosthesis with different ML/AP aspect ratio for Chinese males and females.

Glenoid bone lesions: comparison between 3D VIBE images in MR arthrography and nonarthrographic MSCT.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of using a fat-suppressed 3D volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) sequence in magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography as a substitute for nonarthrographic multislice computed tomography (MSCT) in detecting glenoid bone lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fat-suppressed 3D VIBE MR arthrography and MSCT were performed in 56 patients (46 male, 10 female; age range, 14-51 years; mean age, 26 years). Based on the results of MSCT, the sensitivity and specificity of fat-suppressed 3D VIBE images for detection of bony Bankart lesion and glenoid bone loss were determined. Statistical significance of the percentages of glenoid bone loss between these two methods was calculated. RESULTS: Bony Bankart lesions were noted in 23 (41.1%) of 56 glenohumeral joints, and glenoid bone loss was found in 40 (71.4%) of 56 patients at nonarthrographic MSCT. Compared with MSCT, the sensitivity and specificity of fat-suppressed 3D VIBE images in detecting bony Bankart lesions were 95.7%-100% and 93.9%-97.0%, respectively (kappa value = 0.926), and those in predicting glenoid bone loss were 95.0% and 93.8%, respectively. For quantification of glenoid bone loss, there was a high correlation between fat-suppressed 3D VIBE and MSCT (r = 0.921, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Fat-suppressed 3D VIBE MR arthrography is a promising substitute for MSCT as a reliable method for evaluating bony Bankart lesion and glenoid bone loss.

[Cockayne syndrome].

Cockayne syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease. This paper reports a case of Cockayne syndrome confirmed by gene analysis. The baby (male, 7 years old) was referred to Peking University Third Hospital with recurrent desquamation, pigmentation and growth and development failure for 6 years, and recurrent dental caries and tooth loss for 2 years. Physical examination showed very low body weight, body length and head circumference, yellow hair, a lot of fawn spots on the face, skin dry and less elastic, and subcutaneous lipopenia. He had an unusual appearance with sunken eyes, sharp nose, sharp mandible, big auricle and dental caries and tooth loss. Crura spasticity and ataxia with excessive tendon reflexion, and ankle movement limitation while bending back were observed. He had slured speech. The level of serum insulin like growth factor I was low, and the results of blood and urinary amino acid analysis suggested malnutrition. The results of blood growth hormone, thyroxin, parathyroxin, liver function, renal function, lipoprotein profile and blood glucose and electrolytes were all within normal limit. An electronic hearing examination showed moderate neural hearing loss. The sonogram of eyes revealed small eye axis and vitreous body opacity of right side. MRI of brain revealed bilateral calcification of basal ganglia and generalized cerebral and cerebellar atrophy, and brainstem and callus were also atrophic. Genetic analysis confirmed with CSA gene mutation. So the boy was definitely diagnosed with Cockayne syndrome. He was discharged because of no effective treatment.

Fat-suppressed 3D T1-weighted gradient-echo imaging of the cartilage with a volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the feasibility of using fat-suppressed 3D volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) as a substitute for fat-suppressed 3D FLASH in cartilage MRI. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fat-suppressed 3D VIBE and fat-suppressed 3D FLASH were prospectively performed in 82 patients. The acquisition time of these two sequences were 2 minutes 42 seconds and 3 minutes 53 seconds, respectively. Quantitative comparisons were made by calculating signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and qualitative comparisons were made on the basis of two subjective scoring systems evaluating image artifacts and cartilage conspicuousness. In addition, in a subgroup of the 43 patients who underwent arthroscopy with cartilage grading, sensitivity and specificity of these two sequences for cartilage lesions were determined in comparison. RESULTS: Fat-suppressed 3D VIBE provided significantly higher cartilage SNR, cartilage-to-synovial fluid CNR, cartilage-to-meniscus CNR, and cartilage-to-bone marrow CNR than fat-suppressed 3D FLASH. Significantly less pulsation artifact and more severe truncation artifact were seen with fat-suppressed 3D VIBE. Deep cartilage surface conspicuousness in fat-suppressed 3D VIBE was better than that in fat-suppressed 3D FLASH, but superficial conspicuousness was relatively worse. In the patients who underwent arthroscopy, sensitivity and specificity for detecting cartilage lesions of grade 2 or higher were comparable for both sequences, with fat-suppressed 3D VIBE at 78.3% and 97.8% and fat-suppressed 3D FLASH at 79.7% and 97.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Fat-suppressed 3D VIBE is a promising substitute for fat-suppressed 3D FLASH as a more effective T1-weighted sequence in cartilage imaging.

MRI signal changes in completely healed meniscus confirmed by second-look arthroscopy after meniscal repair with bioabsorbable arrows.

This study evaluated the MRI signal characteristics and MRI diagnostic accuracy in identifying completely healed menisci repaired with bioabsorbable arrows. A total of 34 patients (38 menisci), with a mean age of 26.0 years, underwent arthroscopic meniscal repair with bioabsorbable arrows and concomitant anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Of the 34 patients, 27 were male and 7 were female. Of the 38 menisci, 27 were medial and 11 were lateral. Second-look arthroscopy was performed for each patient while taking out the hardware for ACL reconstruction of the tibial side to evaluate the healing status of the repaired menisci. Postoperative MRI was done 2 days before or after second-look arthroscopy. Sagittal T1, T2 and PD images and coronal T2 and PD images were used as the main diagnostic serials. Second-look arthroscopy showed that surfaces of the repaired sites of all 38 menici were almost smooth. In all 38 cases the tail ends of meniscus arrows disappeared and in four patients new overlying injury of compartmental cartilage at the repaired side was detected. MRI results revealed that different serials had different diagnostic accuracy. Sagittal: T1 28.9%, PD 34.2%, T2 60.5%. Coronal: PD 36.8%, T2 65.8%. The double sides Grade 3 signal had a higher proportion in saggital T1 and PD serials, 47.4 and 39.5%, respectively, while lower in sagittal and coronal T2 serials, both 5.3%. MRI diagnostic accuracy was correlated positively with the follow-up time (P < 0.05). MRI has its limitation in evaluating the status of menisci repaired with bioabsorbable arrows, especially for PD and T1 serials. T2 serials have higher diagnostic accuracy than other serials. MRI diagnostic accuracy can be improved by prolonging follow-up time and might be improved by further classifying Grade 3 signal in terms of signal intensity and the shape of the signal margin.

[Investigation in vivo of effect of ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction on entrance of feridex into the aortal wall].

OBJECTIVE: To explore feasibility for entrance of the contrast agent Sonovue and Feridex into the aortal wall. METHODS: 17 male Japanese giant ears rabbits (common grade), including 11 atherosclerosis (AS) animal models fed with food containing high-content lipid and normal animals fed with common food as control. Respectively, 10 animals in the AS group and 6 animals in the normal group were selected in a random way to undergo ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction (UMMD) and no ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction (-UMMD) half and half. One animal was administrated with double doses of Feridex. After general anesthesia, MR plain scan and intravenous injection of Feridex 100 micromol Fe/kg, immediately ultrasound focused on the front wall of the aortic arch, which underwent UMMD at the pressure of 3.5 Mpa with MI1.2 while 10 ml solution (Sonovue + normal saline)was injected intravenously at the speed of 0.5 ml/min FOR 20 min. 3T magnetic resonance (MR) was performed with a moderately T2* weighted gradient sequence. Enhanced scan were performed for 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and after killing the animal. then the specimen were delivered to conduct optical and electronic microscope examination. Variance test for the re-measured data was adopted to verify the data obtained in every group. RESULTS: The effect of UMMD group on SPIO particles entrance into the aortal wall is of marked significance (P = 0.0004) statistically. The effect of UMMD on distribution in the vessel wall is of statistical significance (P = 0.01), more particles in the dventitia. Gas or microbubbles were found to enter into the intima, media of the aorta, and verified by Oil Red O staining. After staining the findings of iron particle in the cell and out of the cell are different. CONCLUSIONS: UMMD may facilitate entrance of those SPIO particles with a bigger diameter and microbubbles into the aortal wall. This discovery may provide a new solution for penetration of complex macromolecule probes and gene-carried drug through the tunica intima of the aorta.

MRI Detectable Polymer Microspheres Embedded With Magnetic Ferrite Nanoclusters For Embolization: In Vitro And In Vivo Evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to develop magnetic embolic microspheres that could be visualized by clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners aiming to improve the efficiency and safety of embolotherapy. METHODS AND DISCUSSION: Magnetic ferrite nanoclusters (FNs) were synthesized with microwave-assisted solvothermal method, and their morphology, particle size, crystalline structure, magnetic properties as well as T2 relaxivity were characterized to confirm the feasibility of FNs as an MRI probe. Magnetic polymer microspheres (FNMs) were then produced by inverse suspension polymerization with FNs embedded inside. The physicochemical and mechanical properties (including morphology, particle size, infrared spectra, elasticity, etc.) of FNMs were investigated, and the magnetic properties and MRI detectable properties of FNMs were also assayed by vibrating sample magnetometer and MRI scanners. Favorable biocompatibility and long-term MRI detectability of FNMs were then studied in mice by subcutaneous injection. FNMs were further used to embolize rabbits' kidneys to evaluate the embolic property and detectability by MRI. CONCLUSION: FNMs could serve as a promising MRI-visualized embolic material for embolotherapy in the future.

Significance of Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Vastus Medialis Oblique in Recurrent Patellar Dislocation.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have investigated the influence of osseous factors on patellofemoral joint instability, but research on the influence of dynamic muscle factors in vivo is still in the exploratory stage. This study aimed to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to evaluate vastus medialis oblique (VMO) fiber bundles in patients with recurrent patellar dislocation to explore the changes in muscle morphology and function. METHODS: This prospective study involved 30 patients (7 males and 23 females; average age, 21.4 ± 3.8 years) clinically diagnosed with recurrent patellar dislocation in Peking University Third Hospital and 30 healthy volunteers matched for age, sex, and body mass index in our medical school between January 2014 and October 2014. None of the patients had a recent history of traumatic patellar dislocation or transient patellar dislocation. All patients underwent conventional MRI and DTI of the knee. The cross-sectional area of the VMO on MRI and the fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and primary (λ1), secondary (λ2), and three-level characteristic (λ3) values on DTI were measured. The independent-samples t-test was used to compare these parameters between the two groups. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the patient group showed significantly higher FA values (0.39 ± 0.05 vs. 0.33 ± 0.03) and significantly lower ADC (1.51 ± 0.13 vs. 1.58 ± 0.07), λ2 (4.96 ± 0.13 vs. 5.04 ± 0.07), and λ3 values (4.44 ± 0.14 vs. 4.58 ± 0.07; t = 5.99, t = -2.58, t = -3.02, and t = -4.88, respectively; all P < 0.05). Cross-sectional VMO area and λ1 values did not differ between the two groups (t = -1.82 and t = 0.22, respectively; both P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The functional status of the VMO is closely associated with recurrent patellar dislocation. MRI, especially DTI (FA, ADC, λ2, and λ3), can detect early changes in VMO function and might facilitate the noninvasive monitoring of the functional status of the VMO in patients with recurrent patellar dislocation.

Poly(acrylic acid) microspheres loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for transcatheter arterial embolization and MRI detectability: In vitro and in vivo evaluation.

To develop embolic microspheres with MRI detectability, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were synthesized and mixed with monomer of acrylic acid to prepare SPIONs-loaded polymerized microspheres (SPMs) by inverse suspension polymerization method. The SPMs were evaluated for the ability of embolization by investigating the morphology, particle size, elasticity and renal arterial embolization to rabbits. Meanwhile, the loading of SPIONs was verified by optical microscope, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, vibrating sample magnetometer, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the content of SPIONs in SPMs was measured quantitatively. Furthermore, the MRI detectability of SPMs was testified in gel phantom, mice and rabbits respectively by a clinical 3.0T MRI scanner. The results revealed the SPMs were potential MRI detectable embolic microspheres for improving the effectiveness and safety of embolotherapy in the future.

Non-concomitant cortical structural and functional alterations in sensorimotor areas following incomplete spinal cord injury.

Brain plasticity, including anatomical changes and functional reorganization, is the physiological basis of functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). The correlation between brain anatomical changes and functional reorganization after SCI is unclear. This study aimed to explore whether alterations of cortical structure and network function are concomitant in sensorimotor areas after incomplete SCI. Eighteen patients with incomplete SCI (mean age 40.94 ± 14.10 years old; male:female, 7:11) and 18 healthy subjects (37.33 ± 11.79 years old; male:female, 7:11) were studied by resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Gray matter volume (GMV) and functional connectivity were used to evaluate cortical structure and network function, respectively. There was no significant alteration of GMV in sensorimotor areas in patients with incomplete SCI compared with healthy subjects. Intra-hemispheric functional connectivity between left primary somatosensory cortex (BA1) and left primary motor cortex (BA4), and left BA1 and left somatosensory association cortex (BA5) was decreased, as well as inter-hemispheric functional connectivity between left BA1 and right BA4, left BA1 and right BA5, and left BA4 and right BA5 in patients with SCI. Functional connectivity between both BA4 areas was also decreased. The decreased functional connectivity between the left BA1 and the right BA4 positively correlated with American Spinal Injury Association sensory score in SCI patients. The results indicate that alterations of cortical anatomical structure and network functional connectivity in sensorimotor areas were non-concomitant in patients with incomplete SCI, indicating the network functional changes in sensorimotor areas may not be dependent on anatomic structure. The strength of functional connectivity within sensorimotor areas could serve as a potential imaging biomarker for assessment and prediction of sensory function in patients with incomplete SCI. This trial was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration number: ChiCTR-ROC-17013566).

Preparation and evaluation of MRI detectable poly (acrylic acid) microspheres loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for transcatheter arterial embolization.

To monitor the spatial distribution of embolic particles inside the target tissues during and after embolization, blank poly (acrylic acid) microspheres (PMs) were initially prepared by inverse suspension polymerization method and then loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles by in situ precipitation method to obtain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detectable SPIO-loaded poly (acrylic acid) microspheres (SPMs). The loading of SPIO nanoparticles in SPMs was confirmed by vibrating sample magnetometer, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectrum, respectively. The results showed that SPMs exhibited excellent superparamagnetism and the SPIO embedded in SPMs were proved to be inverse spinel magnetite. The content of SPIO loaded in wet SPMs of subgroups of 100-300, 300-500, 500-700 and 700-900µm was measured to be 11.84±0.07, 10.20±0.05, 9.98±0.00 and 8.79±0.01mg/ml, corresponding to the weight percentage in freeze-dried SPMs to be 18.07±0.28%, 18.54±0.13%, 18.66±0.01% and 18.50±0.07%, respectively. The SPMs were spherical in shape, had smooth surface, and were within the size range of clinical demands for embolization. The compression tests indicated that SPMs were more rigid than PMs and commercially used Embospheres (P<0.01). The MRI detectability of SPMs was evaluated with the SPMs embedded in gel phantom in vitro and injected subcutaneously into the back of mice in vivo. Both the results demonstrated that the SPMs could provide distinct negative contrast enhancement and be sensitively detected by T2-weighted MR imaging. All the results show that SPMs are potential MRI detectable embolic microspheres for the future embolotherapy.

In vitro study of novel gadolinium-loaded liposomes guided by GBI-10 aptamer for promising tumor targeting and tumor diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging.

Novel gadolinium-loaded liposomes guided by GBI-10 aptamer were developed and evaluated in vitro to enhance magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis of tumor. Nontargeted gadolinium-loaded liposomes were achieved by incorporating amphipathic material, Gd (III) [N,N-bis-stearylamidomethyl-N'-amidomethyl] diethylenetriamine tetraacetic acid, into the liposome membrane using lipid film hydration method. GBI-10, as the targeting ligand, was then conjugated onto the liposome surface to get GBI-10-targeted gadolinium-loaded liposomes (GTLs). Both nontargeted gadolinium-loaded liposomes and GTLs displayed good dispersion stability, optimal size, and zeta potential for tumor targeting, as well as favorable imaging properties with enhanced relaxivity compared with a commercial MRI contrast agent (CA), gadopentetate dimeglumine. The use of GBI-10 aptamer in this liposomal system was intended to result in increased accumulation of gadolinium at the periphery of C6 glioma cells, where the targeting extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C is overexpressed. Increased cellular binding of GTLs to C6 cells was confirmed by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and MRI, demonstrating the promise of this novel delivery system as a carrier of MRI contrast agent for the diagnosis of tumor. These studies provide a new strategy furthering the development of nanomedicine for both diagnosis and therapy of tumor.

Preparation and evaluation of biocompatible long-term radiopaque microspheres based on polyvinyl alcohol and lipiodol for embolization.

The aim of this work was to develop long-term radiopaque microspheres (LRMs) by entrapping lipiodol in biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol with multiple emulsions chemical crosslinking method. The high content of lipiodol (0.366 g/mL) was hardly released from LRMs in vitro and the radiopacity could maintain at least 3 months after subcutaneous injection in mice without weakening. A series of tests was performed to evaluate the feasibility of LRMs for embolization. LRMs were proved to be smooth, spherical, and well dispersed with diameter range of 100-1200 µm. Young's modulus of LRMs was 55.39 ± 9.10 kPa and LRMs could be easily delivered through catheter without aggregating or clogging. No toxicity of LRMs was found to mouse L929 fibroblasts cells and only moderate inflammatory in surrounding tissue of mice was found after subcutaneous injection of LRMs. After LRMs were embolized in renal artery of a rabbit, the distribution and radiopacity of LRMs in vivo were easily detectable by X-ray fluoroscopy and computed tomography (CT) imaging, respectively. More accurate distribution of LRMs in embolized kidney and vessels could be detected by high-revolution visualization of micro-CT ex vivo. In conclusion, the LRMs were proved to be biocompatible and provide long-term radiopacity with good physical and mechanical properties for embolization.

Comparative study on immediate versus delayed meniscus allograft transplantation: 4- to 6-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Meniscus allograft transplantation (MAT) is generally used for patients who sustain symptoms after meniscectomy, which could be called delayed MAT. Meniscus allograft transplantation for patients immediately after meniscectomy has not been reported. HYPOTHESIS: Compared with the conventional delayed MAT, immediate MAT might provide better clinical results and reduce joint degeneration. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: The study was performed with 18 transplanted menisci (6 medial, 12 lateral) from 16 patients. Eight menisci were transplanted immediately after meniscectomy (IM group); 10 menisci, from patients who complained of knee symptoms at a mean time of 35 months (range, 9-92 months) after total meniscectomy, underwent delayed transplantation (DE group). Fourteen patients undergoing meniscectomy during the same period were included as controls (ME group). Degenerative changes in knee joints were evaluated by plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Allograft extrusion and relative percentage of extrusion were measured on MRI. Other outcome assessments included preoperative and postoperative International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Tegner, and Lysholm scores; visual analog scale (VAS) for pain; and range of motion and isokinetic muscle strength evaluation. RESULTS: The mean length of follow-up was 50.8 months (range, 44-62 months) for the IM group, 72.0 months (range, 44-94 months) for the DE group, and 54.3 months (range, 45-62 months) for the ME group. A statistically significant difference in favor of the IM and ME groups was found on the VAS (0.4 [IM group] vs 1.1 [ME group] vs 2.5 [DE group]) and muscle strength (P < .05). The mean IKDC score in the IM group was significantly higher than that in the DE group (93 [range, 85-99] vs 74 [range, 38-95], respectively; P < .05). The IM group showed significantly less preoperative to postoperative cartilage degeneration changes on radiographs and MRI when compared with the DE and ME groups (Kellgren-Lawrence score changes: 0.25 [IM group] vs 1.0 [DE group] vs 1.7 [ME group]; Yulish score changes: 0.25 [IM group] vs 1.0 [DE group] vs 1.1 [ME group]; P < .05). Extrusion of the allograft was observed in the body of the menisci in all patients. No significant difference was found in terms of the Lysholm score, Tegner score, joint narrowing, or meniscus extrusion (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Compared with delayed MAT, immediate MAT led to more satisfactory subjective results, less joint degeneration, and less muscle strength deficits. The short-term results of delayed meniscus transplantation were close to those of meniscectomy.

Comparative study of sex differences in distal femur morphology in osteoarthritic knees in a Chinese population.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate sex differences in resected distal femoral morphology in Chinese osteoarthritic knees. METHODS: The study included 130 osteoarthritic knees in 65 men and 65 women in China. None had anterior femoral osteophyte or serious patellar femoral joint degeneration. The following were measured using computed tomography and analyzed to identify morphological differences according to sex in the resected distal femurs: anterior lateral condylar height (ALCH), anterior medial condylar height (AMCH), and mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior (AP) dimensions. The ML/AP aspect ratio was calculated. RESULTS: The average ALCH and AMCH were 8.2±1.8 mm, 3.1±1.5 mm for men and 7.4±1.7 mm, 3.6±1.5 mm for women. There were significant differences between men and women in ALCH values (P = 0.014) but not in AMCH values (P = 0.09). Women had smaller ML/AP aspect ratios than men for a given AP dimension. This indicated that the femoral ML dimension of a prosthesis with a given AP dimension may have overhang in women. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that sex differences should be taken into account in the design of femoral prosthesis for Chinese men and women.

3.0 T conventional hip MR and hip MR arthrography for the acetabular labral tears confirmed by arthroscopy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of hip MR for diagnosing acetabular labrum tears, and to further compare the diagnostic performances of conventional MR with MR arthrography in acetabular labrum tears. METHODS: 90 patients undergoing both hip MR examination and subsequent hip arthroscopy were retrospectively evaluated. Of these patients, 34 accepted both conventional MR and MR arthrography; while the other 56 only underwent conventional MR examination. All hip MR images were independently reviewed by two radiologists, and further compared with the results of hip arthroscopy. RESULTS: 59 of 90 patients were confirmed with acetabular labral tears by hip arthroscopy and 31 without tears. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of conventional MR for evaluating the acetabular labral tears were 61.0%, 77.4%, 83.7% and 51.1% (radiologist A), and 66.1%, 74.2%, 82.9% and 53.4% (radiologist B), respectively, with good consistency between the two observers (K=0.645). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of MR arthrography for assessing the acetabular labral tears were 90.5%, 84.6%, 90.5% and 84.6% (radiologist A), and 95.2%, 84.6%, 90.9% and 91.7% (radiologist B), respectively, with excellent good consistency between the two observers (K=0.810). The sensitivity and NPV of MR arthrography for diagnosing the acetabular labral tears were significantly higher than those of conventional MR (both P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Hip MR arthrography is a reliable evaluation modality for diagnosing the acetabular labral tears, and its diagnostic performance is superior to that of conventional MR at 3.0 T.

Repair of large full-thickness cartilage defect by activating endogenous peripheral blood stem cells and autologous periosteum flap transplantation combined with patellofemoral realignment.

Minimal-invasive procedure and one-step surgery offer autologous mesenchymal stem cells derived from peripheral blood (PB-MSCs) a promising prospective in the field of cartilage regeneration. We report a case of a 19-year-old male athlete of kickboxing with ICRS grade IV chondral lesions at the 60° region of lateral femoral trochlea, which was repaired by activating endogenous PB-MSCs plus autologous periosteum flap transplantation combined with correcting the patellofemoral malalignment. After a 7.5 year follow-up, the result showed that the patient returned to competitive kickboxing. Second-look under arthroscopy showed a smooth surface at 8 months postoperation. The IKDC 2000 subjective score, Lysholm score and Tegner score were 95, 98 and 9 respectively at the final follow up. CT and MRI evaluations showed a significant improvement compared with those of pre-operation.

Development and evaluation of liquid embolic agents based on liquid crystalline material of glyceryl monooleate.

New type of liquid embolic agents based on a liquid crystalline material of glyceryl monooleate (GMO) was developed and evaluated in this study. Ternary phase diagram of GMO, water and ethanol was constructed and three isotropic liquids (ILs, GMO:ethanol:water=49:21:30, 60:20:20 and 72:18:10 (w/w/w)) were selected as potential liquid embolic agents, which could spontaneously form viscous gel cast when contacting with water or physiological fluid. The ILs exhibited excellent microcatheter deliverability due to low viscosity, and were proved to successfully block the saline flow when performed in a device to simulate embolization in vitro. The ILs also showed good cytocompatibility on L929 mouse fibroblast cell line. The embolization of ILs to rabbit kidneys was performed successfully under monitoring of digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and embolic degree was affected by the initial formulation composition and used volume. At 5th week after embolization, DSA and computed tomography (CT) confirmed the renal arteries embolized with IL did not recanalize in follow-up period, and an obvious atrophy of the embolized kidney was observed. Therefore, the GMO-based liquid embolic agents showed feasible and effective to embolize, and potential use in clinical interventional embolization therapy.