Self-Polymerized Spiro-Type Interfacial Molecule toward Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

In the pursuit of highly efficient perovskite solar cells, spiro-OMeTAD has demonstrated recorded power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), however, the stability issue remains one of the bottlenecks constraining its commercial development. In this study, we successfully synthesize a novel self-polymerized spiro-type interfacial molecule, termed v-spiro. The linearly arranged molecule exhibits stronger intermolecular interactions and higher intrinsic hole mobility compared to spiro-OMeTAD. Importantly, the vinyl groups in v-spiro enable in situ polymerization, forming a polymeric protective layer on the perovskite film surface, which proves highly effective in suppressing moisture degradation and ion migration. Utilizing these advantages, poly-v-spiro-based device achieves an outstanding efficiency of 24.54 %, with an enhanced open-circuit voltage of 1.173 V and a fill factor of 81.11 %, owing to the reduced defect density, energy level alignment and efficient interfacial hole extraction. Furthermore, the operational stability of unencapsulated devices is significantly enhanced, maintaining initial efficiencies above 90 % even after 2000 hours under approximately 60 % humidity or 1250 hours under continuous AM 1.5G sunlight exposure. This work presents a comprehensive approach to achieving both high efficiency and long-term stability in PSCs through innovative interfacial design.

Interface Dipole Management of D-A-Type Molecules for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells.

Interfacial engineering of perovskite films has been the main strategies in improving the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, three new donor-acceptor (D-A)-type interfacial dipole (DAID) molecules with hole-transporting and different anchoring units are designed and employed in PSCs. The formation of interface dipoles by the DAID molecules on the perovskite film can efficiently modulate the energy level alignment, improve charge extraction, and reduce non-radiative recombination. Among the three DAID molecules, TPA-BAM with amide group exhibits the best chemical and optoelectrical properties, achieving a champion PCE of 25.29 % with the enhanced open-circuit voltage of 1.174 V and fill factor of 84.34 %, due to the reduced defect density and improved interfacial hole extraction. Meanwhile, the operational stability of the unencapsulated device has been significantly improved. Our study provides a prospect for rationalized screening of interfacial dipole materials for efficient and stable PSCs.

[Transfer energy disposal in collisions of NaK (6(1)sigma+) with H2].

The radiative lifetimes and rate coefficients for deactivation of high lying 6(1)sigma+ state of NaK by collisions with H2 were studied. An OPO laser was set to a particular 2(1)sigma+ <-- 1(1)sigma+ transition. Another single mode Ti sapphire laser was then used to excite molecule from 2(1)sigma+ level to the 6(1)sigma+ state. The predissociation was monitored by the atomic potassium emission at the 3D --> 4P (1.7 microm) or the S --> 4P (1.24 microm), while bound state radiative processes were monitored by total fluorescence from the upper state to the various levels, all studied as a function of H2 density. The values for predissociation, collisional dissociation and collisional depopulation rate coefficients were obtained. The decay signal of the time resolved fluorescence from the 6(1)sigma+ --> 2(1)sigma+, 6(1)sigma+ -->1(1)sigma+ or 2(1)sigma+ --> 1(1)sigma+ transition was monitored. Based on the Stern-Volmer equation, the radiative lifetimes were monitored for 6(1)sigma+ --> 2(1)sigma+ and 2(1)sigma+ --> 1(1)sigma+ transition. The rate coefficients for deactivation of collisions with H2 were monitored for 6(1)sigma+ --> 2(1)sigma+, 6(1)sigma+ --> 1(1)sigma+ and 2(1)sigma+ -->1(1)sigma+. When the density of H2 was 10(19) cm(-3), the total collisional transfer energy (15 426 cm(-1)) and radiative energy (10 215 cm(-1)) were obtained. The relative fraction ((f(v)), (f(R)), (f(T)) of average energy disposal was derived as (0.58, 0.03, 0.39); (f(v)), (f(R)), (f(T)) represent separately the relative fraction of average energy disposal among vibration, rotation and translation. The major vibrational and translational energy release supports the assumption that the 6(1)sigma(+) -H2 collision occurs primarily in a collisional energy transfer mechanism. In this experiment, alkali molecules relative energy population ratio was determined through using the time integrated intensity, so we can get the total transfer energy. That the NaK (6(1)sigma+) energy transfers to the H2 vibrational, rotational and translational energy was quantitatively given for the first time, which illustrates the collisional mechanism.

Comparative evaluation of amino acid profiles, fatty acid compositions, and nutritional value of two varieties of head water Porphyra yezoensis: "Jianghaida No. 1" and "Sutong No.1".

Comparative nutritional analysis of Porphyra yezoensis strains "Jianghai No. 1" and "Sutong No.1" revealed significant differences in crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, crude ash, and total sugar. Both strains contained 16 amino acids, with alanine as the highest and histidine the lowest content. Methionine was determined to be the first limiting amino acid for both strains in both amino acid score and chemical score assessment. They also featured 24 fatty acids, differing notably in four saturated fatty acids and five unsaturated fatty acids. All 12 mineral elements were present, notably differing in sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron, and zinc. The "Jianghai No. 1" strain stands out with its nutrient-rich profile, featuring high protein content, low fat, and abundant minerals, which could potentially command higher market prices and generate greater economic benefits due to its superior nutritional, and set a strong foundation for its future large-scale promotion and cultivation.

Comprehensive investigation of differentially expressed ncRNAs, mRNAs, and their ceRNA networks in the regulation of shell color formation in clam, Cyclina sinensis.

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their crucial roles in various biological processes. However, our understanding of the expression and functions of ncRNAs in Cyclina sinensis, an economically important marine bivalve, remains limited. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap by systematically identifying ncRNAs in the mantles of C. sinensis with purple and white shells. Through our analysis, we identified a differential expression of 1244 mRNAs, 196 lncRNAs, 49 circRNAs, and 23 miRNAs between purple- and white-shell clams. Functional enrichment analysis revealed the involvement of these differentially expressed ncRNAs in biomineralization and pigmentation processes. To gain further insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying shell color formation, we established competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks. These networks allowed us to identify targeted differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMis) and genes associated with shell color formation. Based on the ceRNA networks, we obtained an up-down-up lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network consisting of 13 upregulated lncRNAs and a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network comprising three upregulated circRNAs (novel_circ_0004787, novel_circ_0001165, novel_circ_0000245). Through these networks, we identified and selected an upregulated novel gene (evm.TU.Hic_asm_7.988) and a downregulated sponge miRNA (hru-miR-1985) as potential contributors to shell color regulation. In summary, the present investigation offers a comprehensive analysis of ncRNA catalogs expressed in the clam mantle of C. sinensis. The findings enhance our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms governing shell coloration and offer new perspectives for selective breeding of C. sinensis in the future.

H2O2/Glucose Sensor Based on a Pyrroloquinoline Skeleton-Containing Molecule Modified Gold Cavity Array Electrode.

H2O2-related metabolites are essential indicators in clinical diagnosis because the accumulation of such reactive oxygen species could cause the risk of cardiovascular disease. Herein, we reported an electrochemical sensor to determine H2O2 and glucose. The pyrroloquinoline skeleton containing molecules (PQT) were used as the electrocatalyst and the gold cavity array (GCA) electrodes as the supporting electrode. The GCA electrode was fabricated by electrodeposition using high-ordered two-dimensional polystyrene spheres as the template. The strong absorbability of iodide ions (I-) displaced adventitious materials from the metal surface and the I- monolayer was subsequently removed by electrochemical oxidation to get a clean electrode surface. PQT molecules were firmly immobilized on the GCA electrode and performed an excellent electrocatalytic effect on H2O2/glucose detection, manifested by a small overpotential and a significantly increased reduction current. A good linear correlation was observed over a wide range of 0.2 µmol/L-1.0 mmol/L with the limit of detection of 0.05 µmol/L. Moreover, the sensor can realize sensitive, accurate, and the highly selective detection of actual samples, proving its application prospect in clinical diagnosis.