Incorporation of a modified temporal cepstrum smoothing in both signal-to-noise ratio and speech presence probability estimation for speech enhancement.

Numerous advanced and lightweight signal processing methods have been presented for single-channel speech enhancement (SE). It is imperative to carefully explore how to efficiently combine, integrate, and balance these methods. This paper proposes a more effective and less resource-intensive SE system, focused on the integration and adaptation of several approaches, especially the temporal cepstrum smoothing (TCS). First, a more robust fundamental frequency estimator is employed within TCS, mitigating the performance limitations caused by the inaccuracy of the original estimator. Additionally, a harmonic enhancement mechanism is introduced, effectively recovering the weak harmonic components. By incorporation of the modified TCS in the a posteriori speech presence probability estimation, the unbiased minimum mean square error noise power spectral density estimator can be refined. The modified TCS is also utilized for the a priori signal-to-noise ratio estimation. Moreover, this paper enhances the log-spectral amplitude estimator by applying both super-Gaussian speech priors and speech presence uncertainty for further improvement. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that the proposed method yields an improvement in speech quality while maintaining modest computational and storage requirements. Furthermore, the proposed system exhibits comparable performance to several baseline systems based on lightweight deep neural networks.

An online decoupling-whitening frequency domain filtered-error least mean square algorithm for active road noise control.

Active road noise control (ARNC) systems have been widely investigated for low-frequency road noise attenuation in vehicle cabins. Multiple reference and error sensors are usually required to ensure noticeable noise reduction. However, this tends to slow down the convergence speed of adaptive algorithms due to the coupling of secondary paths and the cross correlation of reference signals. Furthermore, the high computational burden of normally utilized multichannel control algorithms exacerbates the difficulty of practical implementations. In this paper, an online decoupling-whitening frequency domain filtered-error least mean square (ODW-FDFeLMS) algorithm is proposed to address the aforementioned problems. Secondary path decoupling through inner-outer product decomposition and online reference whitening through spectral factorization effectively accelerate the convergence rate. Additionally, the utilization of the filtered-error algorithm based on frequency domain processing mitigates the computational complexity. Simulations with measured road noise data confirm the superiority of the ODW-FDFeLMS algorithm over existing algorithms in terms of convergence speed and computational complexity. Real-time experiments in a vehicle cabin further confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Semi-blind source separation using convolutive transfer function for nonlinear acoustic echo cancellation.

The recently proposed semi-blind source separation (SBSS) method for nonlinear acoustic echo cancellation (NAEC) outperforms adaptive NAEC in attenuating the nonlinear acoustic echo. However, the multiplicative transfer function (MTF) approximation makes it unsuitable for real-time applications, especially in highly reverberant environments, and the natural gradient makes it hard to balance well between fast convergence speed and stability. In this paper, two more effective SBSS methods based on auxiliary-function-based independent vector analysis (AuxIVA) and independent low-rank matrix analysis (ILRMA) are proposed. The convolutive transfer function approximation is used instead of the MTF so that a long impulse response can be modeled with a short latency. The optimization schemes used in AuxIVA and ILRMA are carefully regularized according to the constrained demixing matrix of NAEC. The experimental results validate significantly better echo cancellation performances of the proposed methods.

Niobium-Based Oxides Toward Advanced Electrochemical Energy Storage: Recent Advances and Challenges.

Niobium-based oxides including Nb2 O5 , TiNbx O2+2.5x compounds, M-Nb-O (M = Cr, Ga, Fe, Zr, Mg, etc.) family, etc., as the unique structural merit (e.g., quasi-2D network for Li-ion incorporation, open and stable Wadsley- Roth shear crystal structure), are of great interest for applications in energy storage systems such as Li/Na-ion batteries and hybrid supercapacitors. Most of these Nb-based oxides show high operating voltage (>1.0 V vs Li+ /Li) that can suppress the formation of solid electrolyte interface film and lithium dendrites, ensuring the safety of working batteries. Outstanding rate capability is impressive, which can be derived from their fast intercalation pseudocapacitive kinetics. However, the intrinsic poor electrical conductivity hinders their energy storage applications. Various strategies including structure optimization, surface engineering, and carbon modification are effectively used to overcome the issues. This review provides a comprehensive summary on the latest progress of Nb-based oxides for advanced electrochemical energy storage applications. Major impactful work is outlined, promising research directions, and various performance-optimizing strategies, as well as the energy storage mechanisms investigated by combining theoretical calculations and various electrochemical characterization techniques. In addition, challenges and perspectives for future research and commercial applications are also presented.

Toward High Power-High Energy Sodium Cathodes: A Case Study of Bicontinuous Ordered Network of 3D Porous Na3 (VO)2 (PO4 )2 F/rGO with Pseudocapacitance Effect.

Developing high power-high energy electrochemical energy storage systems is an ultimate goal in the energy storage field, which is even more difficult but significant for low-cost sodium ion batteries. Here, fluoride is successfully prepared by the electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) technique, which greatly expands the application scope of ESD. A two-step strategy (solvothermal plus ESD method) is proposed to construct a bicontinuous ordered network of 3D porous Na3 (VO)2 (PO4 )2 F/reduced graphene oxide (NVOPF/rGO). This two-step strategy makes sure that NVOPF can be prepared by ESD, since it avoids the loss of F element during synthesis. The obtained NVOPF particles are as small as 15 nm, and the carbon content is only 3.5% in the final nanocomposite. Such a bicontinuous ordered network and small size of electroactive particles lead to the significant contribution of the pseudocapacitance effect to sodium storage, resulting in real high power-high energy sodium cathodes. The cathode exhibits excellent rate capability and cycling stability, whose rate performance is one of the best ever reported in both half cells and full cells. Moreover, this work provides a general and promising strategy for developing high power-high energy electrode materials for various electrochemical energy storage systems.

Carbon-coated Na3V2(PO4)3 embedded in porous carbon matrix: an ultrafast Na-storage cathode with the potential of outperforming Li cathodes.

Sodium ion batteries are one of the realistic promising alternatives to the lithium analogues. However, neither theoretical energy/power density nor the practical values reach the values of Li cathodes. Poorer performance is expected owing to larger size, larger mass, and lower cell voltage. Nonetheless, sodium ion batteries are considered to be practically relevant in view of the abundance of the element Na. The arguments in favor of Li and to the disadvantage of Na would be completely obsolete if the specific performance data of the latter would match the first. Here we present a cathode consisting of carbon-coated nanosized Na3V2(PO4)3 embedded in a porous carbon matrix, which not only matches but even outshines lithium cathodes under high rate conditions. It can be (dis)charged in 6 s with a current density as high as 22 A/g (200 C), still delivering a specific capacity of 44 mAh/g, while up to 20 C, the polarization is completely negligible.

Lithium potential variations for metastable materials: case study of nanocrystalline and amorphous LiFePO4.

Much attention has been paid to metastable materials in the lithium battery field, especially to nanocrystalline and amorphous materials. Nonetheless, fundamental issues such as lithium potential variations have not been pertinently addressed. Using LiFePO4 as a model system, we inspect such lithium potential variations for various lithium storage modes and evaluate them thermodynamically. The conclusions of this work are essential for an adequate understanding of the behavior of electrode materials and even helpful in the search for new energy materials.

A new ultrafast superionic Li-conductor: ion dynamics in Li11Si2PS12 and comparison with other tetragonal LGPS-type electrolytes.

We report on a new ultrafast solid electrolyte of the composition Li11Si2PS12, which exhibits a higher room-temperature Li ion diffusivity than the present record holder Li10GeP2S12. We discuss the high-pressure synthesis and ion dynamics of tetragonal Li11Si2PS12, and comparison is made with our investigations of related members of the LMePS family, i.e. electrolytes of the general formula Li11-xMe2-xP1+xS12 with Me = Ge, Sn : Li10GeP2S12, Li7GePS8, Li10SnP2S12. The structure and dynamics were studied with multiple complementary techniques and the macroscopic diffusion could be traced back to fast Li ion hopping in the crystalline lattice. A clear correlation between the diffusivity and the unit cell volume of the LGPS-type electrolytes was observed.

Single-layered ultrasmall nanoplates of MoS2 embedded in carbon nanofibers with excellent electrochemical performance for lithium and sodium storage.

The preparation and electrochemical storage behavior of MoS2 nanodots--more precisely single-layered ultrasmall nanoplates--embedded in carbon nanowires has been studied. The preparation is achieved by an electrospinning process that can be easily scaled up. The rate performance and cycling stability of both lithium and sodium storage were found to be outstanding. The storage behavior is, moreover, highly exciting from a fundamental point of view, as the differences between the usual storage modes--insertion, conversion, interfacial storage--are beneficially blurred. The restriction to ultrasmall reaction domains allows for an almost diffusion-less and nucleation-free "conversion", thereby resulting in a high capacity and a remarkable cycling performance.

Phase boundary propagation in large LiFePO4 single crystals on delithiation.

Large single crystals of LiFePO(4) have been chemically delithiated. The relevance of chemical oxidation in comparison with electrochemical delithiation is discussed. Analyses of the Li content and profiles were done by electron energy loss spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry. The propagation of the FePO(4) phase growing on the surface of the large single crystal was followed by in situ optical microscopy as a function of time. The kinetics were evaluated in terms of linear irreversible thermodynamics and found to be characterized by an induction period followed by parabolic growth behavior of the FePO(4) phase indicating transport control. The growth rate was shown to depend on the crystallographic orientation. Scanning electron microscopy images showed cracks and a high porosity of the FePO(4) layer due to the significant changes in the molar volumes. The transport was found to be greatly enhanced by the porosity and crack formation and hence greatly enhanced over pure bulk transport, a result which is supposed to be very relevant for battery research if coarse-grained powder is used.

High Energy, Long Cycle, and Superior Low Temperature Performance Aqueous Na-Zn Hybrid Batteries Enabled by a Low-Cost and Protective Interphase Film-Forming Electrolyte.

A hybrid aqueous Na-Zn ion battery derived from the Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode is one of the most promising systems among aqueous batteries because it exhibits higher energy density than a pure Zn ion battery due to different ion intercalation mechanisms related to various electrolytes. However, it is more difficult to improve the electrochemical performance of the hybrid aqueous Na-Zn ion battery versus Zn ion battery. In addition, searching for suitable protective interphase film-forming electrolyte additives in order to increase cycling stability and developing a new electrolyte recipe to improve the low temperature performance are significant and still big challenges for the hybrid aqueous Na-Zn battery. Herein, the introduction of protective interphase film-forming additives (VC), an economical 10 M NaClO4-0.17 M Zn(CH3COO)2-2 wt % VC electrolyte, was proposed. Based on such an electrolyte, the carbon-coated single crystalline Na3V2(PO4)3 nanofiber//Zn aqueous Na-Zn hybrid battery involving high energy, long cycle, and outstanding low temperature performance was successfully obtained. For example, it delivered a remarkable output voltage of 1.48 V and excellent cycle stability (retained 84% after 1000 cycles). The capacities were 94.4 mA h/g at 0.2 A/g at -10 °C and 90.0 mA h/g at 0.2 A/g at -20 °C, respectively.

Direct observation of lithium staging in partially delithiated LiFePO4 at atomic resolution.

Lithium ions in LiFePO(4) were observed directly at atomic resolution by an aberration-corrected annular-bright-field scanning transmission electron microscopy technique. In addition, it was found in partially delithiated LiFePO(4) that the remaining lithium ions preferably occupy every second layer, along the b axis, analogously to the staging phenomenon observed in some layered intercalation compounds. This new finding challenges previously proposed LiFePO(4)/FePO(4) two-phase separation mechanisms.

Low-Temperature Synthesis of Amorphous FePO4@rGO Composites for Cost-Effective Sodium-Ion Batteries.

The dramatic growth of the sodium-ion battery market evokes a high demand for high-performance cathodes. In this work, a nanosized amorphous FePO4@rGO composite is developed using coprecipitation combined with low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis, which registered a surface area of 179.43 m2 g-1. The composites maintain three-dimensional mesoporous morphology with a pore size in the range of 3-4 nm. Uniform distribution of amorphous FePO4 allows a reversible capacity of 175.4 mA h g-1 at 50 mA g-1 while maintaining a stable cycle life of 500 cycles at 200 mA g-1. The amorphous FePO4@rGO, obtained by energy-efficient synthesis, significantly improved the rate performance compared to the crystalline material prepared at high temperatures. Cyclic voltammetry tests reveal that the fast reaction kinetics can be attributed to the pseudocapacitive behavior of the electrode. In addition, we demonstrated the promise of FePO4@rGO cathodes for low-temperature sodium-ion batteries.

Bicontinuous transition metal phosphides/rGO binder-free electrodes: generalized synthesis and excellent cycling stability for sodium storage.

Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have received considerable attention owing to their great potential in energy conversion and storage technologies. Elaborate design and synthesis of various TMPs with abundant structures in order to meet the requirements of various applications is one of the major goals and challenges of sustainable chemistry. In this work, an electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) approach has been developed and has been demonstrated to be a general strategy to fabricate TMPs for the first time. Various bicontinuous TMPs/carbon nanocomposites can be constructed by this approach. This novel architecture, when applied in energy storage systems, can provide an efficient electron/ion mixed-conducting network, thereby inducing fast electron/ion transfer kinetics and enhancing the structural stability upon long term cycling. As proof of concept application, 3D porous Cu3P/rGO nanocomposites as modeling anodes for Na-ion storage show excellent cycling performance and remarkable rate capacities. The sodium storage mechanism is proposed to be a reversible conversion reaction. The microstructural evolution of the electrodes upon cycling correlates well with the capacity variation. The facile and versatile ESD technique is quite universal and can be further extended to various TMPs. This opens exciting opportunities for the incorporation of TMPs in a variety of new applications.

Tin nanoparticles encapsulated in porous multichannel carbon microtubes: preparation by single-nozzle electrospinning and application as anode material for high-performance Li-based batteries.

Tin nanoparticles encapsulated in porous multichannel carbon microtubes (denoted as SPMCTs) were prepared by carbonization of electrospun PAN-PMMA-tin octoate nanofibers fabricated using a single-nozzle electrospinning technique. This material exhibited excellent characteristics for lithium ion battery anode applications in terms of reversible capacities, cycling performance, and rate capability. Undertaking such a production configuration allows the long-existing problem of obtaining a high packing density of tin particles while retaining sufficient spare space to buffer the volume variation during lithium alloying and dealloying processes to be properly addressed. Furthermore, the porous carbon shell preserves both the mechanical and chemical stability of the function-active Sn metal, which also serves as a highly conductive medium allowing Li(+) to access.

Designed Nanoarchitectures by Electrostatic Spray Deposition for Energy Storage.

The development of advanced electrode materials for various energy-storage systems, especially the fabrication of designed structures and morphologies of electrode materials, has attracted intense interest in both the academic and industrial fields. Among the various synthesis methods, electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) is a simple but versatile approach, by which materials can be fabricated with various morphologies, such as granular, dense, and porous, in an easily controllable manner. Herein, motivated by the rapid advancements of the given technology, a comprehensive introduction of ESD is provided, with emphasis on the kinds of materials and the types of morphology that can be obtained, along with the important control parameters. The progress on electrode materials, which are applied in a great variety of energy-storage systems, such as Li-ion batteries, Na-ion batteries, supercapacitors, Li-S batteries, and Li-O2 batteries, prepared by ESD is also summarized. How the specific morphologies designed by ESD improve the electrochemical performance for different types of electrode materials is also discussed. The aim is to promote the collaborative efforts among different communities to optimize and develop the ESD technique and to explore advanced electrode materials for energy storage.

The nanoscale circuitry of battery electrodes.

Developing high-performance, affordable, and durable batteries is one of the decisive technological tasks of our generation. Here, we review recent progress in understanding how to optimally arrange the various necessary phases to form the nanoscale structure of a battery electrode. The discussion begins with design principles for optimizing electrode kinetics based on the transport parameters and dimensionality of the phases involved. These principles are then used to review and classify various nanostructured architectures that have been synthesized. Connections are drawn to the necessary fabrication methods, and results from in operando experiments are highlighted that give insight into how electrodes evolve during battery cycling.

Challenges and Perspectives for NASICON-Type Electrode Materials for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted increasing attention in the past decades, because of high overall abundance of precursors, their even geographical distribution, and low cost. Apart from inherent thermodynamic disadvantages, SIBs have to overcome multiple kinetic problems, such as fast capacity decay, low rate capacities and low Coulombic efficiencies. A special case is sodium super ion conductor (NASICON)-based electrode materials as they exhibit - besides pronounced structural stability - exceptionally high ion conductivity, rendering them most promising for sodium storage. Owing to the limiting, comparatively low electronic conductivity, nano-structuring is a prerequisite for achieving satisfactory rate-capability. In this review, we analyze advantages and disadvantages of NASICON-type electrode materials and highlight electrode structure design principles for obtaining the desired electrochemical performance. Moreover, we give an overview of recent approaches to enhance electrical conductivity and structural stability of cathode and anode materials based on NASICON structure. We believe that this review provides a pertinent insight into relevant design principles and inspires further research in this respect.

Low-expression of miR-7 promotes cell proliferation and exhibits prognostic value in osteosarcoma patients.

AIM: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in occurrence and development of osteosarcoma. Previous studies had verified the role of microRNA-7 (miR-7) in various diseases, especially in cancers. Our purpose in this study was to investigate the values of miR-7 in development and prognosis of osteosarcoma. METHODS: QRT-PCR was used to measure the expression of miR-7 in osteosarcoma tissues, adjacent tissues and healthy tissues as well as in osteosarcoma cell lines MG63, U2OS and normal osteoblastic cell line hFOB1.19. CCK-8 and siRNA assays were performed to estimate the effect of miR-7 in the process of cell proliferation. The Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis were performed to detect the prognostic values of the miR-7 in osteosarcoma patients. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that miR-7 expression decreased in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines compared with the controls. Proliferation assay declared that the cell proliferation was accelerated by down-regulation of miR-7. Kaplan-Meier exhibited that the overall survival time of low-miR-7 expression was shorter than those with high-miR-7 expression (P=0.001). Cox regression analysis revealed that Enneking, distant metastasis and recurrence were all prognostic factors just like low-miR-7. CONCLUSION: The expression of miR-7 was lower in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines and miR-7 acted as a tumor suppressor. The low-expression of miR-7 was associated with clinicopathologic characteristics (age, tumor site, Enneking, therapies). Moreover, miR-7 might be an independent prognostic marker and promote cell proliferation in osteosarcoma.