Chemical profiling of Fritillariae thunbergii Miq prepared by different processing methods reveals two new quality markers: Zhebeininoside and imperialine-3-ß-D-glucoside.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Fritillariae thunbergii Miq (FTM)exhibit versatile biological activities including the significant antitussive and expectorant activities. As a herbal medicine, the therapeutic effects of FTM may be expressed by multi-components which have complicated integration effects on multi-targets. With the time going, the different processing methods of FTM has been changed a lot. Thus，the study described the effect of processing methods to FTM and its quality. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Studies were undertaken by using UHPLC-LTQ Orbitrap MS and pharmacodynamic models. All reagents were involved of analytical grade. While a HPLC-ELSD's method has been developed and validated, a certified Quality System is conformed to ICH requirements. The experimental animals followed the animal welfare guidelines. AIM OF THE STUDY: We aimed to found the differences after the different processing methods of FTM, and to demonstrate the changes could be selected as quality control indicators, and established a method for simultaneous determination of these for quality control. RESULTS: we have previously found two new steroidal alkaloids: zhebeininoside and imperialine-3-ß-D-glucoside from the different processing methods of FTM, which is the difference between the different processing methods of FTM, mainly on the steroidal alkaloids. The activity analysis of zhebeininoside, imperialine-3-ß-D-glucoside, verticine and verticinone showed that the mouse model of cough expectorant has antitussive effect. The positive drug selected was dextromethorphan syrup. The positive group showed biological activity, but the blank group showed nothing. The model group showed illness which means that the model was effective. There are two ways of the mechanism of action of the expectorant action which can make sputum thin, reduce its viscosity, and be easy to cough up, or can accelerate the movement of mucous cilia in the respiratory tract and promote the discharge of sputum. In our study, the content of phenol red was significantly reduced in the administration group. CONCLUSIONS: To sum up, our results suggest that zhebeininoside and other three components cloud be selected as quality control indicators, and a method for simultaneous determination of zhebeininoside and other three components was established for quality control.

[Treatment of PTA Wastewater by Modified Anode Microbial Fuel Cell].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different modified anodes on the microbial fuel cell(MFC) and the effect of MFC on the treatment of refractory wastewater. Based on a single room air cathode, the anode of MFC was modified by 0.10 g of tourmaline, 75% manganese bioxide/halloysite nanotube(MnO2/HNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotube-carboxyl(MWCNT-COOH), respectively. The results showed that, the removal rate of purified terephthalic acid(PTA) was higher than 70%, and the chemical oxygen demand(COD) removal rate was more than 79% in MFC with different modified anodes. Compared with others, MFC with MWCNT-COOH modified anode obtained the maximum output voltage and maximum power density, which were 529 mV and 252.73 mW·m-2, respectively.

[Electricity generation using high concentration terephthalic acid solution by microbial fuel cell].

The high concentration terephthalic acid (TA) solution as the substrate of microbial fuel cell (MFC) was studied to generate electricity. The open circuit voltage was 0.54 V after inoculating for 210 h with anaerobic activated sludge, which proved that TA can be the substrate of microbial fuel cell to generate electricity. The influence of pH and substrate concentration on generating electricity was studied deeply. The voltage output of external resistance (R = 1,000 Omega) was the highest when pH was 8.0. It increased as the substrate concentration increasing and tended towards a maximum value. The maximum voltage output Umax was 0.5 V and Ks was 785.2 mg/L by Monod equation regression. When the substrate concentration (according to COD) was 4000 mg/L, the maximum power density was 96.3 mW/m2, coulomb efficiency was 2.66% and COD removal rate was 80.3%.

[Influences of inorganic anions on oxidation of phenol by CuO-H2O2].

Phenol was selected as a model pollution substrate. The influences and mechanism of inorganic anions on its oxidation were investigated in neutral solution at low temperature and atmospheric pressure. Results showed that phenol could be removed efficiently by CuO and H2O2 with 94.7% removal rate in 10 min, which followed hydroxyl radical oxidation mechanism. Inorganic anions influenced the oxidation with different mechanisms. Higher concentration would lead to more significant influences. HCO3(-) accelerated the inefficient decomposing of H2O2. The decomposing rate constants increased from 0.3738 min(-1) at concentration of 0 mmol x L(-1) to 0.5347 min(-1) at concentration of 20 mmol x L(-1). The TOC removal rate constants decreased from 0.267 min(-1) to 0.0194 min(-1) correspondingly. HPO4(2-) retarded the H2O2 decomposing and inhibited the phenol oxidation. The decomposing rate constants of H2O2 and the removal rate constants of TOC decreased from 0.3738 min(-1), 0.267 min(-1) to 0.0338 min(-1), 0.0338 min(-1) respectively. Cl(-) was good at H2O2 decomposing and phenol removal with simultaneously increasing the H2O2 decomposing rate constants and the TOC removal rate constants from 0.3738 min(-1), 0.267 min(-1) to 0.6040 min(-1), 0.3879 min(-1) respectively. NO3(-) and SO4(2-) had few influences on H2O2 decomposing and phenol removal.