scATAC-Ref: a reference of scATAC-seq with known cell labels in multiple species.

Chromatin accessibility profiles at single cell resolution can reveal cell type-specific regulatory programs, help dissect highly specialized cell functions and trace cell origin and evolution. Accurate cell type assignment is critical for effectively gaining biological and pathological insights, but is difficult in scATAC-seq. Hence, by extensively reviewing the literature, we designed scATAC-Ref (https://bio.liclab.net/scATAC-Ref/), a manually curated scATAC-seq database aimed at providing a comprehensive, high-quality source of chromatin accessibility profiles with known cell labels across broad cell types. Currently, scATAC-Ref comprises 1 694 372 cells with known cell labels, across various biological conditions, >400 cell/tissue types and five species. We used uniform system environment and software parameters to perform comprehensive downstream analysis on these chromatin accessibility profiles with known labels, including gene activity score, TF enrichment score, differential chromatin accessibility regions, pathway/GO term enrichment analysis and co-accessibility interactions. The scATAC-Ref also provided a user-friendly interface to query, browse and visualize cell types of interest, thereby providing a valuable resource for exploring epigenetic regulation in different tissues and cell types.

Transcriptomics analysis and fed-batch regulation of high astaxanthin-producing Phaffia rhodozyma/Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous obtained through adaptive laboratory evolution.

Astaxanthin has high utilization value in functional food because of its strong antioxidant capacity. However, the astaxanthin content of Phaffia rhodozyma is relatively low. Adaptive laboratory evolution is an excellent method to obtain high-yield strains. TiO2 is a good inducer of oxidative stress. In this study, different concentrations of TiO2 were used to domesticate P. rhodozyma, and at a concentration of 1000 mg/L of TiO2 for 105 days, the optimal strain JMU-ALE105 for astaxanthin production was obtained. After fermentation, the astaxanthin content reached 6.50 mg/g, which was 41.61% higher than that of the original strain. The ALE105 strain was fermented by batch and fed-batch, and the astaxanthin content reached 6.81 mg/g. Transcriptomics analysis showed that the astaxanthin synthesis pathway, and fatty acid, pyruvate, and nitrogen metabolism pathway of the ALE105 strain were significantly upregulated. Based on the nitrogen metabolism pathway, the nitrogen source was adjusted by ammonium sulphate fed-batch fermentation, which increased the astaxanthin content, reaching 8.36 mg/g. This study provides a technical basis and theoretical research for promoting industrialization of astaxanthin production of P. rhodozyma. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY: A high-yield astaxanthin strain (ALE105) was obtained through TiO2 domestication, and its metabolic mechanism was analysed by transcriptomics, which combined with nitrogen source regulation to further improve astaxanthin yield.

[Characterization of electrophysiological properties and changes in gene expression in basket cells during the postnatal development of mouse prefrontal cortex].

This study aims to explore the electrophysiological properties and changes in gene expression of basket cells, a unique population of GABAergic interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV), during the postnatal development of mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC). Toward this goal, we took use of the G42 transgenic mouse line which specifically expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in basket cells. The brain slices of PFC were prepared from the postnatal 7 (P7), 14 (P14) and 21 days (P42) G42 mice and whole-cell patch clamp recording was performed in basket cells. In addition, we sorted the basket cells by flow cytometry and analyzed their transcription profiling on P7, P14, and P21 using RNA-seq technology. The results showed that the resting membrane potential and membrane input resistance decreased gradually from P7 to P21. The amplitude and duration of action potential of basket cells increased and decreased from P7 to P21, respectively. In contrast, the threshold of action potential of basket cells did not have a significant change from P7 to P21. The frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) of basket cells increased gradually, while the amplitudes of sEPSCs of basket cells remained constant from P7 to P21. RNA sequencing from basket cells revealed that the expression of 22 and 660 genes was upregulated and downregulated from P7 to P14, respectively. By contrast, the expression of 107 and 69 genes was upregulated and downregulated from P14 to P21, respectively. The differentially expressed genes in basket cells from P7 to P21 were significantly enriched in pathways such as neuron apoptotic process, mRNA processing, Golgi vesicle transport and axon guidance. Altogether, we characterized electrophysiological properties and changes in gene expression of basket cells during the postnatal development in mouse PFC. These results provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the development of basket cells in mouse cortex.

A five-microRNA signature for individualized prognosis evaluation and radiotherapy guidance in patients with diffuse lower-grade glioma.

Despite the prognostic value of IDH and other gene mutations found in diffuse glioma, markers that judge individual prognosis of patients with diffuse lower-grade glioma (LGG) are still lacking. This study aims to develop an expression-based microRNA signature to provide survival and radiotherapeutic response prediction for LGG patients. MicroRNA expression profiles and relevant clinical information of LGG patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA; the training group) and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA; the test group). Cox regression analysis, random survival forests-variable hunting (RSFVH) screening and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) were used to identify the prognostic microRNA signature. ROC and TimeROC curves were plotted to compare the predictive ability of IDH mutation and the signature. Stratification analysis was conducted in patients with radiotherapy information. Gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed to explore the biological function of the signature. We identified a five-microRNA signature that can classify patients into low-risk or high-risk group with significantly different survival in the training and test datasets (P < 0.001). The five-microRNA signature was proved to be superior to IDH mutation in survival prediction (AUCtraining = 0.688 vs 0.607). Stratification analysis found the signature could further divide patients after radiotherapy into two risk groups. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that microRNAs from the prognostic signature were mainly enriched in cancer-associated pathways. The newly discovered five-microRNA signature could predict survival and radiotherapeutic response of LGG patients based on individual microRNA expression.

A robust two-gene signature for glioblastoma survival prediction.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant brain tumor. We explored the prognostic gene signature in 443 GBM samples by systematic bioinformatics analysis, using GSE16011 with microarray expression and corresponding clinical data from Gene Expression Omnibus as the training set. Meanwhile, patients from The Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas database (CGGA) were used as the test set and The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA) as the validation set. Through Cox regression analysis, Kaplan-Meier analysis, t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding algorithm, clustering, and receiver operating characteristic analysis, a two-gene signature (GRIA2 and RYR3) associated with survival was selected in the GSE16011 dataset. The GRIA2-RYR3 signature divided patients into two risk groups with significantly different survival in the GSE16011 dataset (median: 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.64-0.98, vs median: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.65-1.61 years, logrank test P < .001), the CGGA dataset (median: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.70-1.18, vs median: 1.21, 95% CI: 0.95-2.94 years, logrank test P = .0017), and the TCGA dataset (median: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.86-1.24, vs median: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.04-1.85 years, logrank test P = .0064), validating the predictive value of the signature. And the survival predictive potency of the signature was independent from clinicopathological prognostic features in multivariable Cox analysis. We found that after transfection of U87 cells with small interfering RNA, GRIA2 and RYR3 influenced the biological behaviors of proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioblastoma cells. In conclusion, the two-gene signature was a robust prognostic model to predict GBM survival.

A novel multidimensional signature predicts prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

The abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) or protein-coding genes (PCGs) have been found to be associated with the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Using bioinformatics analysis methods including Cox's proportional hazards regression analysis, the random survival forest algorithm, Kaplan-Meier, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, we mined the gene expression profiles of 469 HCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 379) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE14520; n = 90) public database. We selected a signature comprising one protein-coding gene (PCG; DNA polymerase µ) and three miRNAs (hsa-miR-149-5p, hsa-miR-424-5p, hsa-miR-579-5p) with highest accurate prediction (area under the ROC curve [AUC] = 0.72; n = 189) from the training data set. The signature stratified patients into high- and low-risk groups with significantly different survival (median 27.9 vs. 55.2 months, log-rank test, p < 0.001) in the training data set, and its risk stratification ability were validated in the test data set (median 47.4 vs. 84.4 months, log-rank test, p = 0.03) and an independent data set (median 31.0 vs. 46.0 months, log-rank test, p = 0.01). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that the signature was an independent prognostic factor. And the signature was proved to have a better survival prediction power than tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (AUC signature = 0.72/0.64/0.62 vs. AUC TNM = 0.65/0.61/0.61; p < 0.05). Moreover, we validated the expression of these prognostic genes from the PCG-miRNA signature in Huh-7 cell by real-time polymerase chain reaction. In conclusion, we found a signature that can predict survival of HCC patients and serve as a prognostic marker for HCC.

Citrus Taste Modification Potentials by Genetic Engineering.

Citrus fruits are mainly consumed as fresh fruit and processed juice products. They serve as nutritional and a tasty diet in our daily life. However, the formidable bitterness and delayed bitterness significantly impact the citrus industry attributable to the two major bitter compounds naringin and limonin. The extremely sour and acidic also negatively affects the sensory quality of citrus products. Citrus breeding programs have developed different strategies to improve citrus quality and a wealth of studies have aimed to uncover the genetic and biochemical basis of citrus flavor. In this minireview, we outline the major genes characterized to be involved in pathways shaping the sweet, bitter, or sour taste in citrus, and discuss briefly about the possible approaches to modify citrus taste by genetic engineering.

PLD1 Negatively Regulates Dendritic Branching.

Neurons have characteristic dendritic arborization patterns that contribute to information processing. One essential component of dendritic arborization is the formation of a specific number of branches. Although intracellular pathways promoting dendritic growth and branching are being elucidated, the mechanisms that negatively regulate the branching of dendrites remain enigmatic. In this study, using gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies, we show that phospholipase D1 (PLD1) acts as a negative regulator of dendritic branching in cultured hippocampal neurons from embryonic day 18 rat embryos. Overexpression of wild-type PLD1 (WT-PLD1) decreases the complexity of dendrites, whereas knockdown or inhibition of PLD1 increases dendritic branching. We further demonstrated that PLD1 acts downstream of RhoA, one of the small Rho GTPases, to suppress dendritic branching. The restriction of dendritic branching by constitutively active RhoA (V14-RhoA) can be partially rescued by knockdown of PLD1. Moreover, the inhibition of dendritic branching by V14-RhoA and WT-PLD1 can be partially ameliorated by reducing the level of phosphatidic acid (PA), which is the enzymatic product of PLD1. Together, these results suggest that RhoA-PLD1-PA may represent a novel signaling pathway in the restriction of dendritic branching and may thus provide insight into the mechanisms of dendritic morphogenesis.

The DREAM protein negatively regulates the NMDA receptor through interaction with the NR1 subunit.

Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity has been implicated in the etiology of stroke, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases. NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play a pivotal role in excitotoxic injury; however, clinical trials testing NMDAR antagonists as neuroprotectants have been discouraging. The development of novel neuroprotectant molecules is being vigorously pursued. Here, we report that downstream regulatory element antagonist modulator (DREAM) significantly inhibits surface expression of NMDARs and NMDAR-mediated current. Overexpression of DREAM showed neuroprotection against excitotoxic neuronal injury, whereas knockdown of DREAM enhanced NMDA-induced toxicity. DREAM could directly bind to the C0 domain of the NR1 subunit. Although DREAM contains multiple binding sites for the NR1 subunit, residues 21-40 of the N terminus are the main binding site for the NR1 subunit. Thus, 21-40 residues might relieve the autoinhibition conferred by residues 1-50 and derepress the DREAM core domain by a competitive mechanism. Intriguingly, the cell-permeable TAT-21-40 peptide, constructed according to the critical binding site of DREAM to the NR1 subunit, inhibits NMDAR-mediated currents in primary cultured hippocampal neurons and has a neuroprotective effect on in vitro neuronal excitotoxic injury and in vivo ischemic brain damage. Moreover, both pretreatment and posttreatment of TAT-21-40 is effective against excitotoxicity. In summary, this work reveals a novel, negative regulator of NMDARs and provides an attractive candidate for the treatment of excitotoxicity-related disease.

Both the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity require the activity of protein kinase D in the Golgi apparatus.

Neuronal polarization requires coordinated regulation of membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal dynamics. Several signaling proteins are involved in neuronal polarization via modulation of cytoskeletal dynamics in neurites. However, very little is known about signaling proteins in the neuronal soma, which regulate polarized membrane trafficking and neuronal polarization. Protein kinase D (PKD) constitutes a family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases and is important in regulating Golgi dynamics and membrane trafficking. Here, we show that two members of the PKD family, PKD1 and PKD2, are essential for the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity. Loss of function of PKD with inhibitor, dominant negative, and short interfering RNA disrupts polarized membrane trafficking and induces multiple axon formation. Gain of function of PKD can rescue the disruption of polarized membrane trafficking and neuronal polarity caused by cytochalasin D, which results in F-actin depolymerization. PKD1 and PKD2 are also found to be involved in the maintenance of neuronal polarity, as evidenced by the conversion of preexisting dendrites into axons on PKD inhibition. Unlike other polarity proteins, PKD does not interact with the cytoskeleton in neurites. Instead, PKD regulates neuronal polarity through its activity in the Golgi apparatus. These data reveal a novel mechanism regulating neuronal polarity in the Golgi apparatus.

Genetic labeling reveals temporal and spatial expression pattern of D2 dopamine receptor in rat forebrain.

The D2 dopamine receptor (Drd2) is implicated in several brain disorders such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and drug addiction. Drd2 is also the primary target of both antipsychotics and Parkinson's disease medications. Although the expression pattern of Drd2 is relatively well known in mouse brain, the temporal and spatial distribution of Drd2 is lesser clear in rat brain due to the lack of Drd2 reporter rat lines. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 techniques to generate two knockin rat lines: Drd2::Cre and Rosa26::loxp-stop-loxp-tdTomato. By crossing these two lines, we produced Drd2 reporter rats expressing the fluorescence protein tdTomato under the control of the endogenous Drd2 promoter. Using fluorescence imaging and unbiased stereology, we revealed the cellular expression pattern of Drd2 in adult and postnatal rat forebrain. Strikingly, the Drd2 expression pattern differs between Drd2 reporter rats and Drd2 reporter mice generated by BAC transgene in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. These results provide fundamental information needed for the study of Drd2 function in rat forebrain. The Drd2::Cre rats generated here may represent a useful tool to study the function of neuronal populations expressing Drd2.

Enhancement of the thermostability of Aspergillus niger α-l-rhamnosidase based on PoPMuSiC algorithm.

α-l-Rhamnosidase is a biotechnologically important enzyme in food industry and in the preparation of drugs and drug precursors. To expand the functionality of our previously cloned α-l-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus niger JMU-TS528, 14 mutants were constructed based on the changes of the folding free energy (ΔΔG), predicted by the PoPMuSiC algorithm. Among them, six single-site mutants displayed higher thermal stability than wild type (WT). The combinational mutant K573V-E631F displayed even higher thermostability than six single-site mutants. The spectra analyses displayed that the WT and K573V-E631F had almost similar secondary and tertiary structure profiles. The simulated protein structure-based interaction analysis and molecular dynamics calculation were further implemented to assess the conformational preferences of the K573V-E631F. The improved thermostability of mutant K573V-E631F may be attributed to the introduction of new cation-π and hydrophobic interactions, and the overall improvement of the enzyme conformation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The stability of enzymes, particularly with regards to thermal stability remains a critical issue in industrial biotechnology and industrial processing generally tends to higher ambient temperature to inhibit microbial growth. Most of the α-l-rhamnosidases are usually active at temperature from 30 to 60°C, which are apt to denature at temperatures over 60°C. To expand the functionality of our previously cloned α-l-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus niger JMU-TS528, we used protein engineering methods to increase the thermal stability of the α-l-rhamnosidase. Practically, conducting reactions at high temperatures enhances the solubility of substrates and products, increases the reaction rate thus reducing the reaction time, and inhibits the growth of contaminating microorganisms. Thus, the improvement on the thermostability of α-l-rhamnosidase on the one hand can increase enzyme efficacy; on the other hand, the high ambient temperature would enhance the solubility of natural substrates of α-l-rhamnosidase, such as naringin, rutin, and hesperidin, which are poorly dissolved in water at room temperature. Protein thermal resistance is an important issue beyond its obvious industrial importance. The current study also helps in the structure-function relationship study of α-l-rhamnosidase.

Development and characterization of an α-l-rhamnosidase mutant with improved thermostability and a higher efficiency for debittering orange juice.

The glycoside hydrolase, α-l-rhamnosidase, could remove the bitter taste of naringin from citrus juices. However, most α-l-rhamnosidases are easily deactivated at high temperatures, limiting the practice in debittering citrus juices. The V529A mutant of the α-l-rhamnosidase r-Rha1 from Aspergillus niger JMU-TS528 was developed with improved thermostability using directed evolution technology and site-directed mutagenesis. The enzyme mutant had a half-live of thermal inactivation T(1/2) of 1.92 h, 25.00 min, and 2 min at 60, 65, and 70 °C, respectively. In addition, it had improved substrate affinity and better resistance to the inhibition of glucose. The improved substrate affinity was related to its lowered binding energy. Most significantly, the naringin content was reduced to below the bitter taste threshold by treatment with 75 U/mL of the mutant during the preheating process of orange juice production. The comprehensive results indicate that thermostability improvement could promote the practical value of α-l-rhamnosidase in citrus juice processing.

Priming of the Cells: Hypoxic Preconditioning for Stem Cell Therapy.

OBJECTIVE: Stem cell-based therapies are promising in regenerative medicine for protecting and repairing damaged brain tissues after injury or in the context of chronic diseases. Hypoxia can induce physiological and pathological responses. A hypoxic insult might act as a double-edged sword, it induces cell death and brain damage, but on the other hand, sublethal hypoxia can trigger an adaptation response called hypoxic preconditioning or hypoxic tolerance that is of immense importance for the survival of cells and tissues. DATA SOURCES: This review was based on articles published in PubMed databases up to August 16, 2017, with the following keywords: "stem cells," "hypoxic preconditioning," "ischemic preconditioning," and "cell transplantation." STUDY SELECTION: Original articles and critical reviews on the topics were selected. RESULTS: Hypoxic preconditioning has been investigated as a primary endogenous protective mechanism and possible treatment against ischemic injuries. Many cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of hypoxic preconditioning have been identified. CONCLUSIONS: In cell transplantation therapy, hypoxic pretreatment of stem cells and neural progenitors markedly increases the survival and regenerative capabilities of these cells in the host environment, leading to enhanced therapeutic effects in various disease models. Regenerative treatments can mobilize endogenous stem cells for neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the adult brain. Furthermore, transplantation of stem cells/neural progenitors achieves therapeutic benefits via cell replacement and/or increased trophic support. Combinatorial approaches of cell-based therapy with additional strategies such as neuroprotective protocols, anti-inflammatory treatment, and rehabilitation therapy can significantly improve therapeutic benefits. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress regarding cell types and applications in regenerative medicine as well as future applications.

Finding the optimal dose of vitamin K1 to treat vitamin K deficiency and to avoid anaphylactoid reactions.

Vitamin K1 injection induces severe dose-related anaphylactoid reactions and overdose for the treatment of vitamin K deficiency. We aimed to find an optimal and small dose of vitamin K1 injection to treat vitamin K deficiency and avoid anaphylactoid reactions in animal. Rats were administered a vitamin K-deficient diet and gentamicin to establish vitamin K deficiency model. Behaviour tests were performed in beagle dogs to observe anaphylactoid reactions. The results showed an increased protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II (PIVKA-II) levels, a prolonging of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and a decrease in vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor (F) II, VII, IX and X activities in the model group. In vitamin K1 0.01 mg/kg group, the liver vitamin K1 levels increased fivefold and the liver vitamin K2 levels increased to the normal amount. Coagulation markers PT, APTT, FVII and FIX activities returned to normal. Both in the 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg vitamin K1 groups, coagulation functions completely returned to normal. Moreover, the amount of liver vitamin K1 was 40 (0.1 mg/kg) or 100 (1.0 mg/kg) times as in normal. Vitamin K2 was about 4 (0.1 mg/kg) or 5 (1.0 mg/kg) times as the normal amount. There was no obvious anaphylactoid symptom in dogs with the dose of 0.03 mg/kg, which is equivalent to the dose of 0.01 mg/kg in rats. These results demonstrated that a small dose of vitamin K1 is effective to improve vitamin K deficiency and to prevent anaphylactoid reactions, simultaneously.

Intracranial Transplantation of Hypoxia-Preconditioned iPSC-Derived Neural Progenitor Cells Alleviates Neuropsychiatric Defects After Traumatic Brain Injury in Juvenile Rats.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of mortality and long-term morbidity in children and adolescents. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently develops in these patients, leading to a variety of neuropsychiatric syndromes. Currently, few therapeutic strategies are available to treat juveniles with PTSD and other developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. In the present investigation, postnatal day 14 (P14) Wistar rats were subjected to TBI induced by a controlled cortical impact (CCI) (velocity = 3 m/s, depth = 2.0 mm, contact time = 150 ms). This TBI injury resulted in not only cortical damages, but also posttrauma social behavior deficits. Three days after TBI, rats were treated with intracranial transplantation of either mouse iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells under normal culture conditions (N-iPSC-NPCs) or mouse iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells pretreated with hypoxic preconditioning (HP-iPSC-NPCs). Compared to TBI animals that received N-iPSC-NPCs or vehicle treatment, HP-iPSC-NPC-transplanted animals showed a unique benefit of improved performance in social interaction, social novelty, and social transmission of food preference tests. Western blotting showed that HP-iPSC-NPCs expressed significantly higher levels of the social behavior-related genes oxytocin and the oxytocin receptor. Overall, HP-iPSC-NPC transplantation exhibits a great potential as a regenerative therapy to improve neuropsychiatric outcomes after juvenile TBI.

Astrocyte-derived phosphatidic acid promotes dendritic branching.

Astrocytes play critical roles in neural circuit formation and function. Recent studies have revealed several secreted and contact-mediated signals from astrocytes which are essential for neurite outgrowth and synapse formation. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of dendritic branching by astrocytes remain elusive. Phospholipase D1 (PLD1), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline, has been implicated in the regulation of neurite outgrowth. Here we showed that knockdown of PLD1 selectively in astrocytes reduced dendritic branching of neurons in neuron-glia mixed culture. Further studies from sandwich-like cocultures and astrocyte conditioned medium suggested that astrocyte PLD1 regulated dendritic branching through secreted signals. We later demonstrated that PA was the key mediator for astrocyte PLD1 to regulate dendritic branching. Moreover, PA itself was sufficient to promote dendritic branching of neurons. Lastly, we showed that PA could activate protein kinase A (PKA) in neurons and promote dendritic branching through PKA signaling. Taken together, our results demonstrate that astrocyte PLD1 and its lipid product PA are essential regulators of dendritic branching in neurons. These results may provide new insight into mechanisms underlying how astrocytes regulate dendrite growth of neurons.

The severe adverse reaction to vitamin k1 injection is anaphylactoid reaction but not anaphylaxis.

The severe adverse reaction to vitamin K1 injection is always remarkable and is thought to result from anaphylaxis. Paradoxically, however, some patients administered vitamin K1 injection for the first time have adverse reactions. Using beagle dogs, the present study tested the hypothesis that the response to vitamin K1 is an anaphylactoid reaction. The results showed that serious anaphylaxis-like symptoms appeared in beagle dogs after the administration of vitamin K1 injection for the first time. The plasma histamine concentration increased, and blood pressure decreased sharply. After sensitization, dogs were challenged with vitamin K1 injection and displayed the same degree of symptoms as prior to sensitization. However, when the vitamin K1 injection-sensitized dogs were challenged with a vitamin K1-fat emulsion without solubilizers such asTween-80, the abnormal reactions did not occur. Furthermore, there was no significant change in the plasma immunoglobulin E concentration after vitamin K1 challenge. Following treatment with vitamin K1 injection, the release of histamine and ß-hexosaminidase by rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cells as well as the rate of apoptosis increased. The Tween-80 group displayed results similar to those observed following vitamin K1 injection in vivo. However, the dogs in the vitamin K1-fat emulsion group did not display any abnormal behavior or significant change in plasma histamine. Additionally, degranulation and apoptosis did not occur in rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cells. Our results indicate that the adverse reaction induced by vitamin K1 injection is an anaphylactoid reaction, not anaphylaxis. Vitamin K1 injection induces the release of inflammatory factors via a non-IgE-mediated immune pathway, for which the trigger may be the solubilizer.

Beta-integrin mediates WSSV infection.

White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is a virulent and widespread dsDNA virus with a wide range of hosts. Although remarkable progress has been made on virus characterization, however, its mechanism of infection is poorly understood. In this study, by analyzing the phage display library of the WSSV genome, a WSSV envelope protein VP187 (wsv209) was found to interact with shrimp integrin. VP187 possesses the RGD motif. The interaction between integrin and VP187 was confirmed with coimmunoprecipitation. These results demonstrate for the first time an interaction between the WSSV envelope protein and a cell surface molecule. Soluble integrin, integrin-specific antibody and an RGD-containing peptide were found to block the WSSV infection in vivo and in vitro. Gene silencing using a sequence-specific dsRNA targeting beta-integrin effectively inhibited the virus infection. These findings suggest that beta-integrin may function as a cellular receptor for WSSV infection.