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Background: The treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a protracted and arduous process. Medication, being a universally crucial therapeutic measure, underscores the significance of medication adherence in managing the disease effectively. Medication beliefs have emerged as a significant predictor of adherence, attracting considerable scholarly attention in recent years. However, there remains a paucity of research utilizing individual-centered approaches to explore medication beliefs among the T2DM population during the hospital-home transition, leaving the relationship between these beliefs and medication adherence unclear. Purpose: To investigate latent categories of medication beliefs among patients with T2DM during the transition from hospital to home, and to analyze variations in medication adherence across these categories of patients. Patients and methods: Between August 2022 and September 2023, this study selected 304 patients with a pre-discharge diagnosis of T2DM as study subjects from a tertiary hospital in Dongguan City. The patients' profiles were assessed comprehensively via the Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics Questionnaire, alongside the Chinese version of Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire-Specific and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8. The present study conducted latent profile analysis using Mplus 7.4 software and analyzed the influencing factors of different medication belief categories and their differences in medication adherence using SPSS 26.0 software. Results: The medication beliefs of 304 patients were rated at 3.36±5.24 points, while medication adherence scored 6.23±1.56 points. The medication beliefs were classified into four categories: moderate necessity - low to moderate concern group (40.13%), high necessity - low concern group (9.54%), moderate necessity - moderate to high concern group (19.08%), and moderate necessity - high concern group (31.25%). Age, monthly per capita household income, and place of residence emerged as influential factors for the four categories. Moreover, the disparity in medication adherence among these categories demonstrated statistical significance (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The medication beliefs of patients were classified into four distinct categories, and variations in medication adherence were evident across these categories. The high necessity - low concern group demonstrated the highest medication adherence scores, while the moderate necessity - high concern group exhibited the lowest scores. Healthcare providers are advised to tailor personalized medication belief enhancement programs based on patients' homogeneous beliefs, addressing specific issues encountered by each category. This approach aims to ensure optimal medication adherence across diverse medical and social environments, effectively improving patient prognosis and enhancing quality of life.
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Purpose: To establish the relationship between medication literacy and medication beliefs among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients and methods: A cross-sectional survey of 246 patients with T2DM was conducted between April and November 2022 at a tertiary hospital in Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, China. Subsequently, these patients were administered the General Information Questionnaire, the Chinese version of Medication Literacy Assessment Scale, and the Chinese version of Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire-Specific via survey. Results: The medication literacy score of patients with T2DM was 7.82±3.007, and the medication beliefs score was 2.26±4.011. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed a statistically significant but weakly positive correlation (r = 0.271, P < 0.001) between medication literacy and beliefs among patients diagnosed with T2DM. However, there was no significant correlation found between medication literacy and necessity (r = -0.021, P > 0.05), while a lowly negative correlation was observed between medication literacy and concerns (r = -0.307, P < 0.001). Moreover, the multiple linear regression analysis indicated that medication literacy, age, education level, and duration of medication usage were all significant factors influencing patients' medication beliefs (all P < 0.05). Together, these variables accounted for 15.3% of the total variance observed in the regression equation. Conclusion: The study found a positive correlation between medication literacy and beliefs, and a negative correlation between medication literacy and concerns. These results indicate that enhancing medication literacy can improve medication adherence among individuals with T2DM by reducing concerns and strengthening medication beliefs.
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Homologous booster, heterologous booster, and Omicron variants breakthrough infection (OBI) could improve the humoral immunity against Omicron variants. Questions concerning about memory B cells (MBCs) and T cells immunity against Omicron variants, features of long-term immunity, after booster and OBI, needs to be explored. Here, comparative analysis demonstrate antibody and T cell immunity against ancestral strain, Delta and Omicron variants in Omicron breakthrough infected patients (OBIPs) are comparable to that in Ad5-nCoV boosted healthy volunteers (HVs), higher than that in inactivated vaccine (InV) boosted HVs. However, memory B cells (MBCs) immunity against Omicron variants was highest in OBIPs, followed by Ad5-nCoV boosted and InV boosted HVs. OBIPs and Ad5-nCoV boosted HVs have higher classical MBCs and activated MBCs, and lower naïve MBCs and atypical MBCs relative to both vaccine boosted HVs. Collectively, these data indicate Omicron breakthrough infection elicit higher MBCs and T cells against SARS-CoV-2 especially Omicron variants relative to homologous InV booster and heterologous Ad5-nCoV booster.