Submerged cultivation of medicinal mushroom in hydrolysate of ligno-cellulosic material.

Ganoderma lucidum belongs to the family Ganodermataceae and found in Japan, China and some other parts of Asia. Traditionally it is used in herbal medicine as anti-diabetic, cancer prevention agent, antitumor, an immunomodulatory, antimicrobial and antiviral agent. Due to difficulty in field cultivation, submerged fermentation was employed as a promising method for efficient and large-scale production of mycelia biomass and bioactive metabolites. Cellulose was used in the form of a lignocellulosic substrate. The Ganoderma lucidum which is medicinal and edible mushrooms were successfully grown in the form of mycelial biomass in static submerged culture in Petri plates and flasks. The present study is based on the utilization of hydrolyzates of lignocellulosic materials such as Peanut cort, Sugarcane bagasse, and Wheat Straw was used after hydrolysis. A Static Fermentation Technique was employed to investigate the mycelial growth, instead of Fruiting Body. Ganoderma lucidum was kept up on PDA (potato dextrose agar) medium in Petri dishes at 4°C and brooded at 25°C for 5 days for the development of G. lucidum and generation of Ganoderic Acid. Morphology of G. lucidum on various Hydrolysates was white and delicate like cotton unpredictable shape, Cloud-like appearance spread in general plate and multiple little sporadic white cotton-like shape with string-like projections. We got a Ganoderic Acid from the Hydrolysates of Peanut cort concentrate, Sugarcane bagasse concentrate and Wheat straw concentrate at a concentration of 0.006g/L, 0.011g/L and 0.017g/L respectively.

Deadly outbreak of chickenpox at district Faisalabad, Pakistan: possible causes, and preventive way forward.

This article details our recommendations for the deadly outbreak of chickenpox to consider the additional referral of the absence of a monitoring system of prevention and control along with poor vaccination system for children in low-resource settings. The recent spread of chickenpox outbreak in Pakistan has claimed dozens of lives. The deaths in this current outbreak in quick successions are beyond understanding. Re-emergence of chickenpox in the area has raised many questions. Keeping in view the spread of chickenpox mainly in Faisalabad and its international reputation in trading, chickenpox breakout needs international attention to control its spread. It should be taken as an eye opener for the Government of Pakistan and government should develop and implement Centralized Infectious Disease Reporting Information Management System that will help to narrow down the pathogens as far as the epidemics are concerned and also for early preventive and countermeasure response.

Rabies molecular virology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment.

Rabies is an avertable viral disease caused by the rabid animal to the warm blooded animals (zoonotic) especially human. Rabies occurs in more than 150 countries and territories. According to an estimation by WHO, almost 55,000 people die because of rabies every year. The Dogs are the major reason behind this, approximately 99% human deaths caused by dog's bites. Developing and under developing countries, both are the victims of rabies. With the post-exposure preventive regimes, 327,000 people can prevent this disease annually.The current article mainly covers the genome, virology, symptoms, epidemiology, diagnostic methods, and the high risk countries around the globe.

The epidemic of HIV/AIDS in developing countries; the current scenario in Pakistan.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency virus) causes (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) AIDS, in which the immune system of body totally fails to develop any defense against the foreign invaders. Infection with HIV occurs by transfer of blood, semen, and breast milk. HIV/AIDS is a global problem and it results nearly 25 million deaths worldwide. Developing countries like Pakistan have issues regarding Public Health. Currently, epidemic of HIV/AIDS is established in Pakistan and there is a threat of an expanded HIV/AIDS outbreak in the country. The major reason is that population is engaging in high-risk practices, low awareness about HIV/AIDS, and treacherous blood transfusion practices. A supplementary threat to Pakistan is India because both sharing a border and India is facing a rapidly growing HIV/AIDS epidemic. Local NGOs, National and International organizations are warning that in near future Pakistan may experiences bad situation regarding HIV/AIDS.In the present article we focused current situation of surveillance of HIV/AIDS, its virology, genotype, diagnostics, high-risk groups, reasons of vulnerability in Pakistani population, and the role of different national and international organizations in this situation.