Défis de la co-construction d'une recherche interventionnelle associant acteurs associatifs et chercheurs : le cas du projet Makasi.

Based on a reflexive approach centered on the co-construction of the Makasi project, involving researchers and associations, this article aims to highlight certain conditions required for co-constructing intervention research. Makasi is a community-based intervention research project carried out with sub-Saharan immigrants in precarious situations to strengthen their sexual health empowerment. It involves three research teams and two associations. Involving the three stakeholders in the various stages of the project and taking into account the diversity of expertise were the guiding principles. Outlining the challenges at each stage of the project and the solutions provided highlights the need to link, throughout the project, mixed decision-making bodies, formalized exchanges, and the utilization of high-level expertise and interpersonal skills. The experience of Makasi highlights the need to collectively discuss the relationship between stakeholders and the subject of study ahead of projects and establish and moderate a participative space for the duration of every project. Finally, the co-construction in the Makasi project was an opportunity for researchers to strengthen their capacity to decentralize and to rely on experiential knowledge, and for association workers to train themselves in research and to share their experiences and knowledge of migration and health.

Participatory development and pilot testing of the Makasi intervention: a community-based outreach intervention to improve sub-Saharan and Caribbean immigrants' empowerment in sexual health.

BACKGROUND: Sub-Saharan and Caribbean immigrants are particularly affected by HIV in Europe, and recent evidence shows that a large portion of them acquired HIV after arrival. There is a need for efficient interventions that can reduce immigrants' exposure to HIV. We describe the pilot phase of a community-based empowerment outreach intervention among sub-Saharan and Caribbean immigrants in the greater Paris area aimed at 1) constructing the intervention, 2) assessing its feasibility, and 3) assessing the feasibility of its evaluation based on a stepped-wedge approach. METHODS: 1) To develop the intervention, a literature review was conducted on existing interventions and participatory approaches developed, including the constitution of peer groups. 2) To assess the intervention's feasibility, a pilot was conducted between April 2018 and December 2018. A daily register was used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics of all persons who visited the mobile team to assess eligibility and acceptability. 3) To assess the feasibility of performing a stepped-wedge trial to evaluate the intervention, we compared eligibility, enrolment and retention at 3 months in two arms (immediate vs deferred). Chi-squared tests were used to compare reach and retention between the two arms. RESULTS: Intervention development. The Makasi intervention was designed as an outreach intervention that starts with the persons' capacities and helps them appropriate existing resources and information and obtain knowledge about sexual health, based upon motivational interviewing techniques. Intervention Feasibility. Between April 2018 and December 2018, a total of 485 persons were identified as eligible. Participation in the intervention was proposed to 79% of eligible persons. When proposed, the persons enrolled in the intervention with a response rate of 69%. Some were lost to follow-up, and 188 persons were finally included. Evaluation Feasibility. The proportions of eligible (45 and 42%) individuals and of enrolled individuals (65 and 74%) were similar and not significantly different in the immediate and deferred arms, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A community-based outreach intervention aimed at improving sub-Saharan and Caribbean immigrants' empowerment in sexual health is feasible. The pilot phase was key to identifying challenges, designing a relevant intervention and validating the stepped-wedge protocol for evaluation.

Deterioration of mental health and insufficient Covid-19 information among disadvantaged immigrants in the greater Paris area.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to provide information on changes in mental health among disadvantaged immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa in the Greater Paris area and their level of information about Covid-19. METHODS: Prior to the Covid-19 epidemic, the Makasi community-based cohort followed 850 immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa in the Greater Paris area. Between the 1st of April and the 7th of June 2020, all participants scheduled for a follow-up survey were systematically included into an additional COVID-19-related wave of data collection (N = 100). We compared participants' type of housing, level of food insecurity, work and mental health (PHQ9) before and during the first COVID-19-related lockdown, using paired-Mc Nemar chi-2 tests. We next described their level of information on Covid-19 and policy measures, broken down by sex. RESULTS: Among the 100 participants, 68% had no legal residence permit. Food insecurity was more often reported during lockdown than before (62% vs 52%). 9% of participants had a score indicative of severe depression (PHQ9) before lockdown and 17% afterwards (p = 0.17). Only 51% knew about the possibility of asymptomatic transmission of the COVID-19 virus. CONCLUSIONS: This study brings original information on a hard-to-reach population group. Our results suggest that the lockdown had a detrimental impact on various economic and mental health aspects among disadvantaged migrants residing in the Greater Paris area.