Estimation of linear and mass attenuation coefficients of soy-lignin bonded Rhizophora spp. particleboard as a potential phantom material using caesium-137 and cobalt-60.

In this study, linear and mass attenuation coefficients of fabricated particleboards intended for use as phantom material were estimated using 137Cs and 60Co radiation sources. Particleboards made of Rhizophora spp. wood trunk bonded with soy flour and lignin were fabricated at a target density of 1.0 g cm-3, with and without gloss finish coating. Elemental composition of the particleboards was obtained by means of energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Experimental setups were simulated via the GATE Monte Carlo (MC) package, with particle histories of 1 × 106-1 × 107. Linear and mass attenuation coefficients obtained from measurements and GATE simulations were compared and discussed. The percentage differences between the measured and simulated linear and mass attenuation coefficients of the samples were reasonably small (2.05-4.88% for 137Cs and 3.24-5.38% for 60Co). It is shown that all the particleboards have the potential to be used as phantom materials as the attenuation coefficients measured were in good agreement with those of water (calculated with XCOM) and with those simulated with the GATE toolkit. The use of gloss finish coating also did not show any significant effect on the attenuation coefficient of the phantom material. Verification of experimental results via GATE simulations has been shown crucial in providing reliable data for energy transmission studies. Based on the results achieved in this study, it is concluded that the studied material-Rhizophora spp. wood trunk bonded with soy flour and lignin including gloss finish coating-can be used in radiation dosimetry studies.

Performance of natural product-based materials as adhesives in the fabrication of mangrove wood composites.

Biodegradable adhesives prepared using three different forms of soy protein-based products (defatted soy flour/soy protein concentrate/soy protein isolate), sodium hydroxide, and itaconic acid polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (IA-PAE) with 0 wt%-20 wt% substitution rates were utilized to enhance the production of mangrove wood composites. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, and ultra-high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize the composite samples. Other measurements involved the determination of viscosity, pH, physical, mechanical, dimensional stability, CT numbers, and relative electron density parameters. The ideal curing conditions for the composite bio-adhesives were found to be 15 wt% IA-PAE, 602.50 ± 172.21-391.11 ± 105.82 mPa s, pH 11.0, 180 °C, and 18 min, respectively. The improved physiochemical characteristics of DSF, SPC, and SPI confirmed that NaOH/IA-PAE was integrated into the adhesive system and ameliorated the overall performance of the resulting composites. The results showed that all composite samples, except for those bonded with 0 wt% and 5 wt% IA-PAE, matched up with the quality specification stated in the JIS A-5908 and ASTM D1037. Samples D1, D2, and D3 exhibited optimum characteristics, demonstrating their uses in the development of low-toxicity and sustainable reference tissue substitute phantom in radiological areas.

Radiological and Dosimetric Evaluation of Biomaterial Composite Phantoms with High Energy Photons and Electrons.

ABSTRACT: The current study was undertaken to investigate the radiological and dosimetric parameters of natural product-based composite (SPI/NaOH/IA-PAE/ Rhizophora spp .) phantoms. The radiological properties of the phantoms were measured at different gamma energies from Compton scatter of photons through angles of 0, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 degrees. Ionization chamber (IC) and Gafchromic EBT3 film dosimeters were employed to evaluate the dosimetric characteristics for photons (6-10 MV) and electrons (6-15 MeV). Radiological property results of the composite phantoms were consistent with good quality compared to those of solid water phantoms and theoretical values of water. Photon beam quality index of the SPI15 phantom with p-values of 0.071 and 0.073 exhibited insignificant changes. In addition, good agreement was found between PDD curves measured with IC and Gafchromic EBT3 film for both photons and electrons. The computed therapeutic and half-value depth ranges matched within the limits and are similar to those of water and solid water phantoms. Therefore, the radiological and dosimetric parameters of the studied composite phantom permit its use in the selection of convenient tissue- and water-equivalent phantom material for medical applications.

Dosimetric Characterization of DSF/NaOH/IA-PAE/R. spp. Phantom Material for Radiation Therapy.

Background: Different compositions of DSF/NaOH/IA-PAE/R. spp. composite particleboard phantoms were constructed. Methods: Photon attenuation characteristics were ascertained using gamma rays from 137Cs and 60Co. Absorbed doses at the location of an ionization chamber and Gafchromic EBT3 radiochromic films were calculated for high-energy photons (6 and 10 MV) and electrons (6, 9, 12, and 15 MeV). Results: The calculated TPR20,10 values indicate that the percentage discrepancy for 6 and 10 MV was in the range of 0.29-0.72% and 0.26-0.65%. It was also found that the relative difference in the dmax to water and solid water phantoms was between 1.08-1.28% and 5.42-6.70%. The discrepancies in the determination of PDD curves with 6, 9, 12, and 15 MeV, and those of water and solid water phantoms, ranged from 2.40-4.84%. Comparable results were found using the EBT3 films with variations of 2.0-7.0% for 6 and 10 MV photons. Likewise, the discrepancies for 6, 9, 12, and 15 MeV electrons were within an acceptable range of 2.0-4.5%. Conclusions: On the basis of these findings, the DSF/NaOH/IA-PAE/R. spp. particleboard phantoms with 15 wt% IA-PAE addition level can be effectively used as alternative tissue-equivalent phantom material for radiation therapy applications.

Dosimetric Analysis of Rhizophora-based Phantom Material in Radiation Therapy Applications Using Monte Carlo GATE Simulation.

Purpose: This study aims to determine the percentage depth dose (PDD) of a phantom material made from soy-lignin bonded Rhizophora spp. particleboard coated with a gloss finish by using Monte Carlo Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) simulation. Materials and Methods: The particleboard was fabricated using a hot pressing technique at target density of 1.0 g·cm-3 and the elemental fraction was recorded for the simulation. The PDD was simulated in the GATE simulation using the linear accelerator Elekta Synergy model for the water phantom and Rhizophora phantom, and the results were compared with the experimental PDD performed by several studies. Beam flatness and beam symmetry were also measured in this study. Results: The simulated PDD for Rhizophora and water was in agreement with the experimental PDD of water with overall discrepancies of 0% to 8.7% at depth ranging from 1.0 to 15.0 cm. In the GATE simulation, all the points passed the clinical 3%/3 mm criterion in comparison with water, with the final percentage of 2.34% for Rhizophora phantom and 2.49% for the water phantom simulated in GATE. Both the symmetries are all within the range of an acceptable value of 2.0% according to the recommendation, with the beam symmetry of the water phantom and Rhizophora phantom at 0.58% and 0.28%, respectively. Conclusions: The findings of this study provide the necessary foundation to confidently use the phantom for radiotherapy purposes, especially in treatment planning.

Racial/ancestral diversity in 174 toxicity-related radiogenomic studies: A systematic review.

PURPOSE: This study systematically reviews the distribution of racial/ancestral features and their inclusion as covariates in genetic-toxicity association studies following radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Original research studies associating genetic features and normal tissue complications following radiation therapy were identified from PubMed. The distribution of radiogenomic studies was determined by mining the statement of country of origin and racial/ancestrial distribution and the inclusion in analyses. Descriptive analyses were performed to determine the distribution of studies across races/ancestries, countries, and continents and the inclusion in analyses. RESULTS: Among 174 studies, only 23 with a population of more one race/ancestry which were predominantly conducted in the United States. Across the continents, most studies were performed in Europe (77 studies averaging at 30.6 patients/million population [pt/mil]), North America (46 studies, 20.8 pt/mil), Asia (46 studies, 2.4 pt/mil), South America (3 studies, 0.4 pt/mil), Oceania (2 studies, 2.1 pt/mil), and none from Africa. All 23 studies with more than one race/ancestry considered race/ancestry as a covariate, and three studies showed race/ancestry to be significantly associated with endpoints. CONCLUSION: Most toxicity-related radiogenomic studies involved a single race/ancestry. Individual Participant Data meta-analyses or multinational studies need to be encouraged.

Influence of Different Percentages of Binders on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Rhizophora spp. Particleboard as Natural-Based Tissue-Equivalent Phantom for Radiation Dosimetry Applications.

Rhizophora spp. particleboard with the incorporation of lignin and soy flour as binders were fabricated and the influence of different percentages of lignin and soy flour (0%, 6% and 12%) on the physico-mechanical properties of the particleboard were studied. The samples were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and internal bonding. The results stipulated that the addition of binders in the fabrication of the particleboard did not change the functional groups according to the FTIR spectrum. For XRD, addition of binders did not reveal any major transformation within the composites. SEM and EDX analyses for all percentages of binders added showed no apparent disparity; however, it is important to note that the incorporation of binders allows better bonding between the molecules. In XRF analysis, lower percentage of chlorine in the adhesive-bonded samples may be advantageous in maintaining the natural properties of the particleboard. In internal bonding, increased internal bond strength in samples with binders may indicate better structural integrity and physico-mechanical strength. In conclusion, the incorporation of lignin and soy flour as binders may potentially strengthen and fortify the particleboard, thus, can be a reliable phantom in radiation dosimetry applications.

Characterization of soy-lignin bonded Rhizophora spp. particleboard as substitute phantom material for radiation dosimetric studies - Investigation of CT number, mass attenuation coefficient and effective atomic number.

Experimental particleboards are made from Rhizophora spp. wood trunk with three different percentages of lignin and soy flour (0%, 6% and 12%) as adhesives. The objective was to investigate the equivalence of Rhizophora spp. particleboard as phantom material with human soft tissue using Computed Tomography (CT) number. The linear and mass attenuation coefficient of Rhizophora spp. particleboard at low energy range was also explored using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) configuration technique. Further characterization of the particleboard was performed to determine the effective atomic number, Zeff using Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) method. Adhesive-bonded Rhizophora spp. particleboard showed close similarities with water, based on the average CT numbers, electron density calibration curve and the analysis of CT density profile, compared to the binderless particleboard. The effective atomic number obtained from the study indicated that the attenuation properties of all the particleboards at different percentages of adhesives were almost similar to water. The mass attenuation coefficient calculated from XRF configuration technique showed good agreement with water from XCOM database, suggesting its potential as phantom material for radiation study.