RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Facial paralysis has a profound impact on the brow, and currently static procedures are the mainstay of treatment. The deep temporal branches of the trigeminal nerve, given their proximity to the brow, may serve as possible donor nerves for both potential innervation of a free muscle transfer in patients with prolonged facial palsy or nerve transfers in acute or subacute palsy. As such, the authors present the detailed surgical anatomy of the deep temporal nerve, assessing feasibility for both functional muscle and nerve transfers, including a proposed surgical technique. METHODS: Thirty cadaver hemifaces were dissected to establish deep temporal nerve anatomy and perform axonal analysis. RESULTS: Two (53 percent) or three (47 percent) divisions of the deep temporal nerve were noted, with the most consistent division being the middle division (30 of 30 specimens). This division was consistently found approximately 4.1 cm (range, 3.7 to 4.5 cm) anterior to the tragus at the level of the zygomatic arch. For each 1 cm cranial to the arch, the nerve courses approximately 1 mm posteriorly. The number of axons in the proposed temporal branch is 1469 as it emerges from behind the zygomatic arch, 889 at 1 cm, 682 at 2 cm, 534 at 3 cm, 355 at 4 cm, 377 at 5 cm, and 256 at 6 cm. CONCLUSION: Given its anatomical consistency, and expendability, the middle division of the deep temporal nerve is a viable donor nerve for dynamic upper facial reanimation with either nerve transfer or functional muscle transfer, depending on the length of facial palsy. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, V.
Assuntos
Nervos Cranianos/patologia , Nervos Cranianos/transplante , Paralisia Facial/cirurgia , Testa/inervação , Transferência de Nervo/métodos , Estudos de Viabilidade , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Few cases have been reported in children and adolescents of sigmoid diverticulitis. Most of the case reports in medical literature are associated with true congenital diverticula and genetic diseases of collagen synthesis. CLINICAL CASE: 13 year-old female who was admitted to General and Endoscopic Surgery service with diagnosis of complicated appendicitis. Laparotomy was performed finding complicated sigmoid diverticular disease. Lavage, sigmoidectomy and primary anastomosis were performed. The histopathological findings reported a perforated pseudo-diverticulum of the sigmoid colon with peritonitis. The patient was discharged 72 hours after surgery and no complications were reported. CONCLUSION: There are only case reports about colonic diverticulitis in children and adolescents, and its etiology has not yet been well established. This patient had sigmoid pseudo-diverticula and did not present genetic concomitant disease. This case is an exception to data reported on literature about diverticular disease in this population.
Antecedentes: la enfermedad diverticular colónica en niños y adolescentes es poco frecuente y sólo existen reportes de casos aislados en la bibliografía. La mayoría de los casos reportados se asocian con divertículos verdaderos congénitos y enfermedades genéticas de producción de la colágena. Caso clínico: paciente femenina de 13 años de edad, que ingresó a la División de Cirugía General y Endoscópica con diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda complicada. En la laparotomía se encontró enfermedad diverticular complicada de colon sigmoides. Se le practicó sigmoidectomía y colorrecto-anastomosis. El reporte histopatológico evidenció perforación de pseudodivertículo de colon sigmoides y peritonitis. La paciente fue dada de alta del hospital 72 horas posteriores a la cirugía, sin complicaciones. Conclusión: existen sólo reportes de casos aislados de niños y adolescentes con diverticulitis colónica, y su etiología no ha sido aún debidamente establecida. Esta paciente tuvo diverticulitis de sigmoides, similar a la enfermedad en adultos, sin padecimientos genéticos concomitantes. El caso es una excepción a lo reportado en la bibliografía de las diverticulitis en niños y adolescentes.