Mineral Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Capacity of Protein Hydrolysates from Salmon (Salmo salar) and Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) Backbones and Heads.

Information on the bioaccessibility of minerals is essential to consider a food ingredient as a potential mineral fortifier. In this study, the mineral bioaccessibility of protein hydrolysates from salmon (Salmo salar) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus) backbones and heads was evaluated. For this purpose, the hydrolysates were submitted to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (INFOGEST method), and the mineral content was analyzed before and after the digestive process. Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Zn, and Se were then determined using an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer mass detector (ICP-MS). The highest bioaccessibility of minerals was found in salmon and mackerel head hydrolysates for Fe (≥100%), followed by Se in salmon backbone hydrolysates (95%). The antioxidant capacity of all protein hydrolysate samples, which was measured by Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), increased (10-46%) after in vitro digestion. The heavy metals As, Hg, Cd, and Pb were determined (ICP-MS) in the raw hydrolysates to confirm the harmlessness of these products. Except for Cd in mackerel hydrolysates, all toxic elements were below the legislation levels for fish commodities. These results suggest the possibility of using protein hydrolysates from salmon and mackerel backbones and heads for food mineral fortification, as well as the need to verify their safety.

In Vitro Bioactivities of Food Grade Extracts from Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) and Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) Leaves.

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L., AM) and nettle (Urtica dioica L., UD) are bioactive plants used commercially in functional food and supplement applications and traditionally to alleviate gastric disorders. In this work, the effects of food-grade optimized extracts of Finnish early-season AM and UD were tested on bacterial growth including potential beneficial and foodborne pathogens, as well as murine norovirus (MNV). The anti-inflammatory properties of the extracts were also tested in vitro by NF-κB reporter cells. The food-grade extraction was optimized with the response surface modelling in terms of total carotenoid, chlorophyll, and phenolic compounds contents and antioxidant capacities. The optimal food-grade extraction parameters were a 1-h extraction in 70% ethanol at 45 °C for AM, and at 49 °C for UD. There were no significant effects on the beneficial bacteria (Lacticaseibacillus and Bifidobacterium strains), and the extracts were more effective against gram-positive than gram-negative foodborne bacteria and potential pathogens. Listeria innocua was the most susceptible strain in the optimized extracts with a growth rate of 0.059 ± 0.004 for AM and 0.067 ± 0.006 for UD, p < 0.05 compared to control. The optimized extracts showed a logarithmic growth reduction of 0.67 compared to MNV. The hydroethanolic extracts were cytotoxic to both cell lines, whereas aqueous AM and UD extracts induced and reduced TLR4 signalling in a reporter cell line, respectively. The results provide novel food-grade extraction parameters and support the bioactive effects of AM and UD in functional food applications, but more research is needed to elucidate the precise biological activity in vivo for gastric health.

Salmon (Salmo salar) Side Streams as a Bioresource to Obtain Potential Antioxidant Peptides after Applying Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE).

The pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique was used to obtain protein extracts with antioxidant capacity from salmon muscle remains, heads, viscera, skin, and tailfins. A protein recovery percentage ≈28% was obtained for all samples except for viscera, which was ≈92%. These values represented an increase of 1.5-4.8-fold compared to stirring extraction (control). Different SDS-PAGE profiles in control and PLE extracts revealed that extraction conditions affected the protein molecular weight distribution of the obtained extracts. Both TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) and ORAC (oxygen radical antioxidant capacity) assays showed an outstanding antioxidant activity for viscera PLE extract. Through liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple time-of-flight (nanoESI qQTOF) mass spectrometry, 137 and 67 peptides were identified in control and PLE extracts from salmon viscera, respectively None of these peptides was found among the antioxidant peptides inputted in the BIOPEP-UMP database. However, bioinformatics analysis showed several antioxidant small peptides encrypted in amino acid sequences of viscera extracts, especially GPP (glycine-proline-proline) and GAA (glycine-alanine-alanine) for PLE extracts. Further research on the relationship between antioxidant activity and specific peptides from salmon viscera PLE extracts is required. In addition, the salmon side streams studied presented non-toxic levels of As, Hg, Cd, and Pb, as well as the absence of mycotoxins or related metabolites. Overall, these results confirm the feasible use of farmed salmon processing side streams as alternative sources of protein and bioactive compounds for human consumption.

Development of Antioxidant Protein Extracts from Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Side Streams Assisted by Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE).

The pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique was used, for the first time, to obtain protein extracts with antioxidant activity from side streams (muscle, heads, viscera, skin, and tailfins) of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) in order to give added value to these underutilized matrices. Extraction conditions previously optimized for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) side streams were applied. Protein recovery percentages were 22% (muscle), 33% (heads), 78% (viscera), 24% (skin), and 26% (tailfins), which represented an increase of 1.2-4.5-fold compared to control samples (extraction by stirring). The SDS-PAGE profiles revealed that PLE-assisted extraction influenced protein molecular weight distribution of the obtained extracts. PLE conditions also allowed increasing the antioxidant capacity measured by both Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC; 1.3-2.4 fold) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC; 1.9-6.4) assays for all fish extracts. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-qTOF-MS) were used to investigate the presence of toxic metals and mycotoxins in sea bream side streams. The levels of As, Hg, Cd, and Pb were below those established by authorities for fish muscle for human consumption (except for Cd in viscera samples). Through a nontargeted screening approach, no mycotoxins or related metabolites were detected for all sea bream side streams. This study contributes to the research on the valorization of fish processing side streams using environmentally friendly technology.

The rs1862513 Variant in Resistin Gene-Modified Insulin Resistance and Insulin Levels after Weight Loss Secondary to Hypocaloric Diet.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Polymorphisms of a single nucleotide in RETN have been associated with indexes of insulin resistance. Our aim was to analyze the effects of the rs1862513 RETN gene polymorphism on insulin resistance, insulin levels, and resistin levels changes after 3 months of a low-fat hypocaloric diet. DESIGN: A Caucasian population of 133 obese patients was analyzed before and after 3 months on a low-fat hypocaloric diet. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients (42.1%) had the genotype GG (wild group) and 77 (57.9%) patients had the other genotypes; GC (59 patients, 44.4%) or CC (18 patients, 13.5%; mutant group). In wild and mutant genotype groups, weight, body mass index, fat mass, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure decreased. In the wild genotype group, the decrease in total cholesterol was -13.1 ± 25.3 mg/dL (vs. -4.4 ± 13.7 mg/dL in mutant group: p = 0.004 for group deltas), low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol was -13.0 ± 21.5 mg/dL (-4.3 ± 10.5 mg/dL: p = 0.007), glucose -7.2 ± 3.5 mg/dL (-0.8 ± 0.2 mg/dL: p = 0.01), insulin -5.6 ± 2.5 mUI/L (-2.9 ± 1.2 mUI/L: p = 0.03) and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) -2.5 ± 1.1 (-0.6 ± 1.4: p = 0.02). Leptin levels decreased in both genotypes (-10.1 ± 9.5 ng/dL in wild type group vs. -13.1 ± 0.2 ng/dL in mutant type group: p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that the G/G genotype of RETN rs1862513 could be a predictor of the reduction of HOMA-IR, insulin, fasting glucose and LDL cholesterol secondary to a hypocaloric diet in obese subjects.

rs1501299 Polymorphism in the Adiponectin Gene and Their Association with Total Adiponectin Levels, Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Subjects.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the association of single nucleotide polymorphism rs1501299 in the ADIPOQ gene with body weight, insulin resistance, serum adipokine levels and metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS: The study involved a population of 1,007 adult obese subjects. Parameters like body weight, fat mass, waist circumferences, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, C-reactive protein, insulin concentration, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile and adipocytokines levels (leptin, adiponectin and resistin) were all measured. The genotype of ADIPOQ gene polymorphism (rs1501299) was evaluated. RESULTS: Insulin levels (GG: 13.6 ± 5.1 mUI/l vs. GT: 14.1 ± 5.2 mUI/l vs. TT: 16.6 ± 5.2 mUI/l; p < 0.05) and HOMA-IR (GG: 3.3 ± 1.5 units vs. GT: 4.1 ± 1.1 units vs. TT: 4.5 ± 1.3 units; p < 0.05) were higher in T-allele carriers than they were in non-T-allele carriers. Total adiponectin levels (GG: 20.2 ± 2.4 ng/dl vs. GT: 15.8 ± 3.4 ng/dl vs. TT: 13.7 ± 1.4 ng/dl; p < 0.05) were lower in T-allele carriers than they were in non-T-allele carriers. Logistic regression analysis indicated that subjects with T allele were associated with an increased risk of MetS (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.08-1.25, p = 0.033) and an increased risk of hyperglycemia (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.37-2.55, p = 0.028) after adjusting by age and gender. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest an important role of this ADIPOQ variant at position +276 on insulin resistance, total adiponectin levels and MetS.

Role of Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 2 Ala54Thr Genotype on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors after a High-Protein/Low-Carbohydrate versus a Standard Hypocaloric Diet during 9 Months.

BACKGROUND: It has been found that the expression of fatty acid-binding protein 2 gene mRNA is under dietary control. The polymorphism Ala54Thr of this protein was associated with high insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of Thr54 polymorphism on metabolic response, weight loss and serum adipokine levels secondary to high-protein/low-carbohydrate vs. standard hypocaloric diets during 9 months. DESIGN: A population of 193 obese subjects was analyzed in a randomized trial. A nutritional evaluation was performed at the beginning and at the end of a 9-month period in which subjects received 1 of 2 diets (diet HP: high-protein/low-carbohydrate vs. diet S: standard diet). RESULTS: With both diets and in both genotype groups, body mass index, weight, fat mass, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and leptin levels decreased. With both diets and only in wild genotype (diet HP vs. diet S), glucose (-6.2 ± 2.1 vs. -4.9 ± 2.0 mg/dl; p < 0.05), insulin levels (-5.0 ± 3.9 vs. -2.0 ± 2.1 UI/l; p < 0.05), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-R) (-1.1 ± 0.9 vs. -0.7 ± 1.0 units; p < 0.05) decreased. The improvement in these parameters was higher with diet HP than HS. With both diets and only in the wild genotype, total cholesterol and LDL-total cholesterol levels decreased. CONCLUSION: Carriers of Thr54 allele have a different metabolic response after weight loss than wild type non-A carriers obese, with a lack of decrease of LDL-cholesterol, glucose, insulin levels and HOMA-R.

Relation of the rs6923761 gene variant in glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor to metabolic syndrome in obese subjects.

BACKGROUND: The role of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) variants in metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components remains unclear in obese subjects. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship of rs6923761 with MS and its components in obese subjects. DESIGN: A population of 1,122 obese subjects was analyzed in a cross-sectional survey. To estimate the prevalence of MS, we considered the definitions of the Adult Treatment Panel III. RESULTS: Five hundred and forty-eight patients (48.8%) had the GG genotype (wild-type group), whereas 487 patients (43.4%) had the GA genotype and 87 patients (7.8%) the AA genotype. The mean age was 48.9 ± 12.8 years. The prevalence of MS was 47.4% (532 patients), and 52.6% of patients had no MS (n = 590). The odds ratio of MS for the wild-type versus the mutant genotype was 1.02, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.88-1.12. Body mass index, weight, fat mass, waist circumference, and waist to hip ratio were lower in the mutant than in the wild-type group in patients with and without MS. CONCLUSION: The GLP-1 receptor variant rs6923761 was found to be associated with decreased weight and anthropometric parameters in A allele carriers with and without MS. MS or its components were not associated with this polymorphism in obese adults.

Nano-TiO2/TiN Systems for Electrocatalysis: Mapping the Changes in Energy Band Diagram across the Semiconductor|Current Collector Interface and the Study of Effects of TiO2 Electrochemical Reduction Using UV Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

TiO2 is the most widely used material in photoelectrocatalytic systems. A key parameter to understand its efficacy in such systems is the band bending in the semiconductor layer. In this regard, knowledge on the band energetics at the semiconductor/current collector interface, especially for a nanosemiconductor electrode, is extremely vital as it will directly impact any charge transfer processes at its interface with the electrolyte. Since direct investigation of interfacial electronic features without compromising its structure is difficult, only seldom are attempts made to study the semiconductor/current collector interface specifically. This work utilizes ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) to determine the valence band maximum (EVBM) and Fermi level (EF) at different depths in a nano-TiO2/TiN thin-film system reached using an Ar gas-clustered ion beam (GCIB). By combining UPS with GCIB depth profiling, we report an innovative approach for truly mapping the energy band structure across a nanosemiconductor/current collector interface. By coupling it with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), correlations among chemistry, chemical bonding, and electronic properties for the nano-TiO2/TiN interface could also be studied. The effects of TiO2 in situ electrochemical reduction in aqueous electrolytes are also investigated where UPS confirmed a decrease in the semiconductor work function (WF) and an associated increase in n-type Ti3+ centers of nano-TiO2 electrodes post use in a 0.2 M potassium chloride solution. We report the use of UPS to precisely determine the energy band diagrams for a nano-TiO2/TiN thin-film interface and confirm the increase in TiO2 n-type dopant concentrations during electrocatalysis, promoting a much more comprehensive and intuitive understanding of the TiO2 activation mechanism by proton intercalation and therefore further optimizing the design process of efficient photocatalytic materials for solar conversion.

Evaluation of weight loss and adipocytokine levels after two hypocaloric diets with different macronutrient distribution in obese subjects with the rs6923761 gene variant of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor.

BACKGROUND: The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) variants on body weight response after dietary intervention has not been evaluated so far. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate weight loss and adipocytokine levels after two hypocaloric diets with different macronutrient distribution in obese subjects with rs6923761. DESIGN: A sample of 280 obese subjects was randomized to two hypocaloric diets. RESULTS: 124 patients (44.3%) had the genotype GG (wild-type) and 156 (55.7%) had another genotype (mutant), i.e. GA (n = 132, 47.1%) or AA (n = 24, 8.6%). With the type I diet (low in carbohydrates) in the wild-type and mutant groups, BMI, weight, fat mass, waist circumference, insulin levels, insulin resistance and triglycerides decreased. Anthropometric parameters were higher in non-A-allele carriers than A-allele carriers. With the type II diet (low in fats) in all genotypes, BMI, weight, fat mass, waist circumference, insulin levels, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol decreased. CONCLUSION: Our data showed better anthropometric parameters in obese subjects with the mutant allele (A) of the rs6923761 GLP-1R polymorphism. A lack of association of this polymorphism with weight loss or biochemical parameters after two different hypocaloric diets was observed.

Genome sequence of the necrotrophic fungus Penicillium digitatum, the main postharvest pathogen of citrus.

BACKGROUND: Penicillium digitatum is a fungal necrotroph causing a common citrus postharvest disease known as green mold. In order to gain insight into the genetic bases of its virulence mechanisms and its high degree of host-specificity, the genomes of two P. digitatum strains that differ in their antifungal resistance traits have been sequenced and compared with those of 28 other Pezizomycotina. RESULTS: The two sequenced genomes are highly similar, but important differences between them include the presence of a unique gene cluster in the resistant strain, and mutations previously shown to confer fungicide resistance. The two strains, which were isolated in Spain, and another isolated in China have identical mitochondrial genome sequences suggesting a recent worldwide expansion of the species. Comparison with the closely-related but non-phytopathogenic P. chrysogenum reveals a much smaller gene content in P. digitatum, consistent with a more specialized lifestyle. We show that large regions of the P. chrysogenum genome, including entire supercontigs, are absent from P. digitatum, and that this is the result of large gene family expansions rather than acquisition through horizontal gene transfer. Our analysis of the P. digitatum genome is indicative of heterothallic sexual reproduction and reveals the molecular basis for the inability of this species to assimilate nitrate or produce the metabolites patulin and penicillin. Finally, we identify the predicted secretome, which provides a first approximation to the protein repertoire used during invasive growth. CONCLUSIONS: The complete genome of P. digitatum, the first of a phytopathogenic Penicillium species, is a valuable tool for understanding the virulence mechanisms and host-specificity of this economically important pest.

Evaluation of weight loss and adipocytokines levels after two hypocaloric diets with different macronutrient distribution in obese subjects with rs9939609 gene variant.

BACKGROUND: Common polymorphisms of the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) have been linked to obesity in some populations. One of these genetic variants (rs9939609) has been related to an increased risk of obesity. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate weight loss and adipocytokine levels after two hypocaloric diets with different macronutrient distribution in obese subjects with RS9939609 gene variant. DESIGN: 305 obese patients were enrolled in a prospective way. In the basal visit, patients were randomly allocated during 3 months to low carbohydrates and low fat. RESULTS: After treatment with both diets and in both genotypes, weight, fat mass, waist circumference and systolic blood pressures decreased. With the diet type I and in TT genotype, insulin (-6.6 ± 9.8 IU/L) and homeostasis model assessment (-2.9 ± 6.1 units) decreased. With the diet type II and in both genotypes (wild and mutant type), insulin (-5.2 ± 6.1 vs. -3.8 ± 6.1 IU/L; p < 0.05) and homeostasis model assessment (-2.4 ± 4.8 vs. -1.1 ± 3.8 kg; p < 0.05) decreased. In the A allele group, a significant decrease was detected in total cholesterol levels (-11.5 ± 20.1 mg/dL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (-13.2 ± 20.9 mg/dL) and c-reactive protein levels (-1.3 ± 3.8 mg/dL) secondary to weight loss after treatment with diet II. The decrease of leptin levels was higher in mutant type group than wild type group with low fat diet (-10.3 ± 36.1 vs. -28.6 ± 53.7 ng/mL; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Metabolic improvement secondary to weight loss was better in A carriers with a low fat hypocaloric diet.

Relation of leptin and adiponectin with cardiovascular risk factors, intact parathormone, and vitamin D levels in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship of leptin and adiponectin levels with cardiovascular risk factors and anthropometric parameters in patients with PHTP with and without metabolic syndrome (MS). METHODS: A total of 62 patients with PHPT were enrolled. Weight, blood pressure, basal glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, HOMA-R, intact parathormone, vitamin D, calcium, leptin, and adiponectin levels were measured in fasting condition. RESULTS: Prevalence of MS with ATP III definition was 32.3% (20 patients; 15 females (75%) and 5 males (25%)) and 67.7% patients without MS (n = 42 patients; 35 females (83.3%) and 7 males (16.7%)). In the analysis with leptin as dependent variable, the weight and HOMA-R levels remained in the model (F = 9.2; P < 0.05), with an increase of 1.31 (CI 95%: 0.24-2.31) ng/ml with each one unit of HOMA-R and an increase of 0.4 (CI 95%: 0.01-0.84) ng/ml with each 1 kg of weight. In a second model with adiponectin as dependent variable, the HOMA-R and HDL-cholesterol levels remained in the model (F = 7.37; P < 0.05), with a decrease of -0.62 (CI 95%: 0.01-1.1) ng/ml with each one point of HOMA-R and an increase of 0.18 (CI 95%: 0.04-0.38) ng/ml with each 1 mg/dl of HDL-cholesterol. In the multivariate, PTH I was not associated with other variables. CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of MS-32.3% of patients with PHPT presented an MS. Serum levels of leptin and adiponectin are not related with PTH I, vitamin D, and calcium levels in patients with PHPT.

Relationship of fat distribution with adipokines in patients with acquired immunodeficiency virus infection.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to examine the relationship of fat distributions with adipokines concentrations in HIV-infected patients. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analysis of 36 HIV (free of lipodystrophy) infected patients. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used. RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis, basal adiponectin concentration was a dependent variable, whereas waist to hip ratio and abdominal fat mass were independent predictors in the model (F = 5.1; P < 0.05). Adiponectin concentration decreases by 5.541.2 µg/ml (CI 95%: 8,071.9-3,029.1) for each unit of waist to hip ratio and 561.9 ng/ml (CI 95%: 918.2-213.4) for each kilogram of fat mass of abdominal area. In the multivariate analysis, basal leptin concentration was a dependent variable, whereas waist circumference remained an independent predictor in the model (F = 6.3; P < 0.05), with a direct correlation. Leptin concentration increases by 0.067 ng/ml (CI 95%: 0.001-0.12) for each centimeter of waist circumference. CONCLUSIONS: Leptin and adiponectin are related with adiposity in HIV-infected patients.

Relationship of -55C/T polymorphism of uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) gene with metabolic syndrome by ATP III classification.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The relation of -55C/T polymorphism of uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) with metabolic syndrome (MS) has been evaluated only in one previous study with contradictory results. The aim of our study was to investigate the association of -55C/T polymorphism of UCP3 gene with MS. DESIGN: A population of 817 obese Caucasian patients was analyzed in a cross-sectional survey. Genotype of UCP3 gene -55C/T was studied. To estimate the prevalence of MS , the definitions of the ATPIII were considered. RESULTS: Five hundred and ninety-four patients (72.7%) had the genotype -55CC (wild group), whereas 223 patients (27.3%) had the genotype -55C/T. Genotype -5TT was not detected. Prevalence of mutant UCP genotypes was similar in patients with MS (75.7% wild genotype and 24.3% mutant genotype) and without MS (69.7% wild genotype and 30.3% mutant genotype). Odds ratio of MS wild vs. mutant genotype was 1.17 CI 95%: 0.99-1.38). Total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations were lower in mutant-type group than wild-type group in patients with MS. No differences in other parameters were detected between genotypes in the same group of MS. CONCLUSION: -55C/T UCP polymorphism is not major risk factor for the MS. However, in mutant group of -55CC UCP3 gene in patients with MS, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were lower than wild-type patients.

Nutritional and bioactive oils from salmon (Salmo salar) side streams obtained by Soxhlet and optimized microwave-assisted extraction.

The efficiency of the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique on recovering nutritional and bioactive oils from salmon (Salmo salar) side streams was evaluated and compared to Soxhlet extraction. The response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with a central composite rotatable design was used to optimize time, microwave power, and solid/liquid ratio of the MAE process in terms of oil yield. The optimal MAE conditions were 14.6 min, 291.9 W, 80.1 g/L for backbones, 10.8 min, 50.0 W, 80.0 g/L for heads, and 14.3 min, 960.6 W, 99.5 g/L for viscera, which resulted in a recovery of 69% of the total lipid content for backbones and heads and 92% for viscera. The oils obtained under optimal MAE conditions showed a healthy lipid profile as well as cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or antimicrobial properties. These results highlight that oils from underutilized salmon by-products could be exploited by different industrial sectors under the circular economy approach.

An Integrated Approach for the Valorization of Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Side Streams: Evaluation of Contaminants and Development of Antioxidant Protein Extracts by Pressurized Liquid Extraction.

In this study, the presence of As, Hg, Cd, Pb, and mycotoxins in sea bass side streams (muscle, head, viscera, skin, and tailfin) was evaluated as a preliminary step to assess the effect of an innovative extraction technique (Pressurized Liquid Extraction; PLE) to obtain antioxidant protein extracts. Then, a response surface methodology-central composite design was used to evaluate and optimize the PLE extraction factors (pH, temperature, and extraction time) in terms of total protein content and total antioxidant capacity (TEAC and ORAC). Heavy metals were found in all samples while DON mycotoxin only in viscera, both far below the safe limits established by authorities for fish muscle tissue and fish feed, respectively. The selected optimal PLE extraction conditions were pH 7, 20 °C, 5 min for muscle, pH 4, 60 °C, 15 min for heads, pH 7, 50 °C, 15 min for viscera, pH 7, 55 °C, 5 min for skin, and pH 7, 60 °C, 15 min for tailfins. Optimal PLE conditions allowed increasing protein content (1.2-4.5 fold) and antioxidant capacity (1-5 fold) of sea bass side stream extracts compared to controls (conventional extraction). The highest amount of protein was extracted from muscle while the highest protein recovery percentage was found in viscera. Muscle, head, and viscera extracts showed higher antioxidant capacity than skin and tailfin extracts. Moreover, different SDS-PAGE patterns were observed among samples and a greater quantity of protein fragments of lower molecular weight were found in optimal than control extracts.

Evaluation of fermentation assisted by Lactobacillus brevis POM, and Lactobacillus plantarum (TR-7, TR-71, TR-14) on antioxidant compounds and organic acids of an orange juice-milk based beverage.

The impact of fermentation assisted by four different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on polyphenols, carotenoids, organic acids, and antioxidant capacity of orange-juice milk based beverages was evaluated. Lactobacillus brevis POM, and Lactobacillus plantarum (TR-7, TR-71, TR-14) were used to promote the fermentation of the beverages for 72 h at 37 °C. The bacteria population increased with the elapse of fermentation period, except for beverages inoculated with L. plantarum TR-7. After fermentation period, total polyphenols, total carotenoids and total antioxidant capacity were increased compared to the control ones (non-fermented). Two phenolic acids (DL-3-phenylactic acid and 3-4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid) and lactic acid were identified after 72 h fermentation. Overall, it is possible to conclude that orange-juice milk beverages are a good medium for the growth of L. brevis POM, and L. plantarum (TR-71, TR-14), observing higher antioxidant properties in the fermented beverages compared to the control ones.

Influence of Removing or Leaving the Prosthesis after Regenerative Surgery in Peri-Implant Defects: Retrospective Study: 32 Clinical Cases with 2 to 8 Years of Follow-Up.

PURPOSE: The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the influence of removing or not removing a prosthesis after regenerative surgery on peri-implant defects. METHODS: Two different groups were compared (Group 1: removing the prosthesis; Group 2: maintaining the prosthesis), analyzing radiographic bone filling (n = 32 implants) after regenerative treatment in periapical radiographs. The peri-implant defects were measured before and after regenerative treatment using Bio-Oss® (Geistlich Pharma, Wohhusen, Switzerland) and a reabsorbable collagen membrane (Jason®, Botis, Berlin, Germany), the healing period was two years after peri-implant regenerative surgery. Statistical analysis was performed, and a Chi square test was carried out. To determine the groups that made the difference, corrected standardized Haberman residuals were used, and previously a normality test had been applied; therefore, an ANOVA or Mann-Whitney U test was used for the crossover with the non-normal variables in Group 1 and Group 2. RESULTS: The results obtained suggest that a regenerative procedure with xenograft, resorbable membrane, and detoxifying the implant surface with hydrogen peroxide form a reliable technique to achieve medium-term results, obtaining an average bone gain at a radiographic level of 2.84 mm (±1.78 mm) in patients whose prosthesis was not removed after peri-implant bone regenerative therapy and 2.18 mm (±1.41 mm) in patients whose prosthesis was removed during the healing period. CONCLUSIONS: There are no statistically significant differences in the response to treatment when removing or keeping the prosthesis after regenerative surgery in peri-implant defects.

Curative activity of postharvest GRAS salt treatments to control citrus sour rot caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii.

The effectiveness of the "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) salts potassium sorbate (PS), sodium benzoate (SB), sodium ethylparaben (SEP) and sodium methylparaben (SMP) to control sour rot, caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii, was assessed by dipping economically important citrus species and cultivars in aqueous solutions for 30, 60 or 150 s at 20 °C, followed by examination after 8 d of storage at 28 °C. Curative activity was determined because the fruit were inoculated 24 h prior to treatment. Dipping fruit for 60 s in SMP (200 mM), SEP (200 mM) or SB (3% w/v) were very effective and reduced sour rot incidence and severity by up to 90%. Their effectiveness was similar or superior to that of the conventional fungicide propiconazole (PCZ). In contrast, PS (200 mM) did not control sour rot on 'Oronules' or 'Ortanique' mandarins, but it reduced sour rot incidence on 'Barnfield' oranges by 50% compared to inoculated, water-treated control fruit. Sour rot was better controlled on oranges than on mandarins. Furthermore, heating the solutions to 50 °C enhanced their effectiveness, while post-treatment rinsing of the fruit with tap water reduced their effectiveness. Dipping 'Valencia Late' oranges in SB (3% w/v) or SMP (200 mM) for 60 s followed by long storage for up to 8 weeks at 5 °C and 90% RH, reduced sour rot incidence from 55% among water-treated control fruit to 2 to 6%, and matched the effectiveness of PCZ. No fruit in any test were visibly harmed. Both SB and SMP salts could be potential alternatives to conventional fungicides, such as PCZ or guazatine, for the integrated postharvest management of citrus sour rot.