Actinoplanes pyxinae sp. nov., a new lichen-derived rare actinobacterium exhibiting antimicrobial and anticancer activity.

A novel lichen-derived actinobacterium, designated Pm04-4T, was isolated from Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. lichen collected from Chaiyaphum, Thailand. A polyphasic approach was used to describe the taxonomic position of the strain. The strain had morphological and chemotaxonomic properties similar to members of the genus Actinoplanes. It produced sporangia on the substrate mycelia. Meso-diaminopimelic acid, galactose, glucose and mannose were detected in the whole-cell hydrolysate of the strain. The major menaquinone was MK-9(H4). The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. Strain Pm04-4T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Actinoplanes akusuensis TRM 8003T (99.0 %). In the phylogenomic tree, strain Pm04-4T was positioned close to A. aksuensis TRM88003T, A. maris M416T, A. polyasparticus TRM66264T, A. hotanensis TRM88002T, A. abujensis DSM 45518T, A. bogorensis NBRC 110975T, A. brasiliensis DSM 43805T, A. lichenicola LDG1-01T and A. ovalisporus LDG1-06T. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain Pm04-4T and its closely related neighbours were below the threshold values for describing new species. Moreover, the strain could be distinguished from its closely related type strains by phenotypic properties. Based on genotypic and phenotypic evidence, it can be concluded that strain Pm04-4T is a representative of a new Actinoplanes species for which the name Actinoplanes pyxinae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Pm04-4T (=TBRC 16207T=NBRC 115836T). The type strain exhibited activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 as well as four yeast strains, namely Candida albicans TISTR 5554, Candida glabrata TISTR 5006, Candida krusei TISTR 5351 and Candida parapsilosis TISTR 5007. It also showed cytotoxicity against Caco-2, MNT-1 and MCF-7 cancer cells.

Pseudarthrobacter humi sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from soil.

A Gram-stain-positive, facultatively aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterial strain designated RMG13T was isolated from the soil near Gaetgol Eco Park and collected in Siheung-si, Republic of Korea. It was taxonomically characterized through polyphasic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene revealed that the novel isolate was most closely related to the type strains of species of the genus Pseudarthrobacter. RMG13T shared the highest similarities with Pseudarthrobacter sulfonivorans ALLT (99.2 %) and Pseudarthrobacter psychrotolerans YJ56T (99.0 %). In silico DNA-DNA hybridization values of RMG13T with P. sulfonivorans ALLT and P. psychrotolerans YJ56T were 28.1 and 41.8 %, respectively. The average nucleotide identities of RMG13T with P. sulfonivorans ALLT and P. psychrotolerans YJ56T were 84.2 and 70.3 %, respectively, whilst the average amino acid identities of RMG13T with P. sulfonivorans ALLT and P. psychrotolerans YJ56T were 90.5 and 74.6 %, respectively. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography showed that the major polar lipids of RMG13T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol, and its major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. MK-9 (H2) was the sole menaquinone. Cells grew at 4-37 °C (optimum 30 °C) and pH 5.0-12.0 (optimum pH 8.0) in Reasoner's 2A (MB cell). The cells tolerated 0-5% NaCl (w/v) but not 6 % NaCl. The DNA G+C content of RMG13T was 65.0 %. The results of phenotypic, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that RMG13T represents a novel member of the genus Pseudarthrobacter, and the proposed name is P. humi sp. nov. The type strain of P. humi is RMG13T (= KACC 22359T = TBRC 15115T).

Nocardioides okcheonensis sp. nov., isolated from riverside soil.

An actinobacterial strain designated MMS20-HV4-12T, displaying a high hydrolytic potential for various substrates, was isolated from a riverside soil sample and characterized by polyphasic taxonomic analysis. Growth occurred at 10-37 °C (optimum, 30°C), with NaCl concentrations of 0-4 % (optimum, 0 %) and at pH 7-9 (optimum, pH 8). MMS20-HV4-12T was catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, rod-shaped and formed creamy white-coloured colonies. Based on the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, MMS20-HV4-12T was found to be mostly related to the type strains of Nocardioides alpinus (98.3 % sequence similarity), Nocardioides furvisabuli (98.1 %) and Nocardioides zeicaulis (98.0 %). MMS20-HV4-12T showed optimal growth on Reaoner's 2A agar, forming white-coloured colonies. The diagnostic polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol, the major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, C17 : 1 ω8c and 10-methyl-C17 : 0, the major isoprenoid quinone was MK-8(H4), the diagnostic cell-wall sugar was galactose, and the cell-wall diamino acid was ll-diaminopimelic acid. The genome of MMS20-HV4-12T was 4.47 Mbp in size with a G+C content of 72.9 mol%. The genome based analysis indicated low relatedness between MMS20-HV4-12T and all compared species of Nocardioides, as the highest digital DNA-DNA hybridization and the orthologous average nucleotide identity values were 26.8 and 83.8% respectively. Based on genotypic, phenotypic and phylogenomic characterization, MMS20-HV4-12T evidently represents a novel species of genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides okcheonensis sp. nov. (type strain=MMS20-HV4-12T=KCTC 49651T=LMG 32360T) is proposed.

Streptomyces phytophilus sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium with biosynthesis potential as an antibiotic producer.

An endophytic actinobacterium, strain PIP175T, was isolated from the root sample of a native apricot tree (Pittosporum angustifolium) growing on the Bedford Park campus of Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia. This strain is a Gram stain-positive, aerobic actinobacterium with well-developed substrate mycelia. Aerial mycelia rarely produce spores and the spore chain is spiral. Strain PIP175T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Streptomyces aculeolatus DSM 41644T (99.4 %). Other closely related phylogenetic representatives include Streptomyces synnematoformans DSM 41902T (98.3 %), Streptomyces albospinus NBRC 13846T (97.6 %), Streptomyces cacaoi subsp. cacaoi NRRL B-1220T (97.5 %) and Streptomyces ruber NBRC 14600T (97.4 %). The major cellular fatty acid of this strain was iso-C16 : 0 and the major menaquinone was MK-9(H6). The whole-cell sugar contained galactose, glucose and mannose. Chemotaxonomic data confirmed that strain PIP175T belonged to the genus Streptomyces. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity based on blast and OrthoANIu results between strain PIP175T and S. aculeolatus DSM 41644T were 60.0, 94.1 and 94.9 %, respectively. Genotypic and phenotypic data and genome analysis results allowed the differentiation of strain PIP175T from its closest species with validly published names. Strain PIP175T showed good activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 03120385. Genome mining of strain PIP175T revealed biosynthetic genes encoding proteins relating to antibiotic production, plant growth promotion and biodegradation enzymes. The name proposed for the new species is Streptomyces phytophilus sp. nov. The type strain is PIP175T (=DSM 103379T=TBRC 6026T).

Identification of molecular basis that underlie enzymatic specificity of AzoRo from Rhodococcus opacus 1CP: A potential NADH:quinone oxidoreductase.

Azo dyes are important to various industries such as textile industries. However, these dyes are known to comprise toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic representatives. Several approaches have already been employed to mitigate the problem such as the use of enzymes. Azoreductases have been well-studied in its capability to reduce azo dyes. AzoRo from Rhodococcus opacus 1CP has been found to be accepting only methyl red as a substrate, surmising that the enzyme may have a narrow active site. To determine the active site configuration of AzoRo at atomic level and identify the key residues involved in substrate binding and enzyme specificity, we have determined the crystal structure of holo-AzoRo and employed a rational design approach to generate AzoRo variants. The results reported here show that AzoRo has a different configuration of the active site when compared with other bacterial NAD(P)H azoreductases, having other key residues playing a role in the substrate binding and restricting the enzyme activity towards different azo dyes. Moreover, it was observed that AzoRo has only about 50% coupling yield to methyl red and p-benzoquinone - giving rise to the possibility that NADH oxidation still occurs even during catalysis. Results also showed that AzoRo is more active and more efficient towards quinones (about four times higher than methyl red).

Nocardia coffeae sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from the root of Coffea arabica (L.).

The polyphasic taxonomic study of a novel endophytic actinobacterium strain (CA2R105T) was carried out. The strain formed fragmented substrate mycelium and showed chemotaxonomic properties typical of members of the genus Nocardia, i.e. the presence of mycolic acid and MK-8 (H4ω-cycl) in its cells. Strain CA2R105T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Nocardia jiangxiensis NBRC 101359T (99.2%). The genome-based taxonomic analysis revealed low average nucleotide identity-blast and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values (<93.7, and <65.2%, respectively) to its closest relative. Moreover, many different phenotypic characteristics were observed between strain CA2R105T and all related Nocardia-type strains. This taxonomic evidence suggested that strain CA2R105T should be judged as representing a novel species of the genus Nocardia and the name, Nocardia coffeae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CA2R105T (=TBRC 11247T=NBRC 114292T).

Nocardioides mangrovi sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinobacterium isolated from root of Kandelia candel.

A novel species of endophytic actinobacterium, designated strain GBK3QG-3T, was isolated from surface-sterilized root of Kandelia candel collected from Beilun Estuary, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, PR China. Cells of strain GBK3QG-3T were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped. Growth of GBK3QG-3T was observed at 10-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-3 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). The G+C content of genomic DNA was determined to be 72.2 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain GBK3QG-3T was most related to the type strain of Nocardioides agrisoli CCTCC AB 2017058T (97.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), followed by Nocardioides ginkgobilobae SYP-A7303T (97.0 %) and Nocardioides aquiterrae GW-9T (96.9 %). Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain GBK3QG-3T and some strains of the genus Nocardioides with publicly available genomes were below 84.3 and 30.0 %, respectively. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained ll-diaminopimelic acid. The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, an unknown phospholipid and an unknown lipid. The major menaquinone was identified as MK-8(H4), and the major fatty acids were identified as iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. Based on evidence collected from the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, we propose a novel species named Nocardioides mangrovi sp. nov. The type strain is GBK3QG-3T (=CGMCC 4.7708T=JCM 34553T).

Nonomuraea aurantiaca sp. nov., a novel cellulase-producing actinobacterium isolated from soil.

A novel cellulase-producing actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-L178T, was isolated from soil sample collected from Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang Province, PR China. A polyphasic study was carried out to determine the taxonomic status of the strain. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain NEAU-L178T should be classified into the genus Nonomuraea and is closely related to Nonomuraea cavernae SYSU K10005T (99.31 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Nonomuraea glycinis NEAU-BB2C19T (98.75 %), Nonomuraea guangzhouensis NEAU-ZJ3T (98.75 %) and 'Nonomuraea rhizosphaerae' NEAU-mq18T (98.34 %). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between them are 27.1, 26.1, 42.0 and 30.9 %, and the whole-genome average nucleotide identity values between them are 83.1, 82.3, 90.3 and 85.8 %, respectively. The whole-cell hydrolysates contained glucose, ribose, arabinose and madurose. The menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H0), MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H2). The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and C17 : 0 10-methyl. The detected polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and three unidentified phospholipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 69.7 mol%. In addition, whole-genome analysis indicated that strain NEAU-L178T had the potential to degrade cellulose. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain NEAU-L178T can be differentiated from its close phylogenetic relatives and represents a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea, for which the name Nonomuraea aurantiaca sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-L178T (=JCM 34799T=CGMCC 4.7741T).

Catellatospora tritici sp. nov., a novel cellulase-producing actinobacterium isolated from rhizosphere soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and emended description of the genus Catellatospora.

A Gram-positive, cellulose-degrading actinobacterium, designed strain NEAU-YM18T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sampled in Langfang, Hebei Province, PR China. The novel strain was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics confirmed that strain NEAU-YM18T belonged to the genus Catellatospora. Cells of strain NEAU-YM18T were observed to contain meso- and 3-hydroxy-diaminopimelic acids as diagnostic cell-wall amino acids. The acyl type of the cell-wall muramic acid was glycolyl. The whole-cell hydrolysates were xylose, glucose and ribose. The phospholipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, C18 : 1 ω9c and summed feature 5 (anteiso-C18 : 0/C18 : 2 ω6,9c). The menaquinones were MK-9(H4), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H2). The DNA G+C content was 71.1 %. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicated that strain NEAU-YM18T was closely related to Catellatospora chokoriensis 2-25(1)T (98.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Catellatospora vulcania NEAU-JM1T (98.3%) and Catellatospora sichuanensis H14505T (98.3 %) and formed a branch with C. sichuanensis H14505T. Furthermore, the whole genome phylogeny of strain NEAU-YM18T showed that the strain formed an independent clade. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization results between NEAU-YM18T and C. chokoriensis 2-25(1)T, C. vulcania NEAU-JM1T and C. sichuanensis H14505T were 25.0, 24.7 and 24.7 %, respectively, and the whole-genome average nucleotide identity values between them were 81.5, 81.4 and 81.4 %, respectively. These genetic results and some phenotypic characteristics could distinguish strain NEAU-YM18T from its reference strains. In addition, genomic analysis confirmed that strain NEAU-YM18T had the potential to decompose cellulose and produce bioactive compounds. Therefore, strain NEAU-YM18T represents a novel species of the genus Catellatospora, for which the name Catellatospora tritici sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-YM18T (=CCTCC AA 2020040T=JCM 33977T).

Nocardia albiluteola sp. nov., a novel lignin-degrading actinobacterium isolated from rhizosphere soil of pumpkin.

A novel lignin-degrading actinobacterium, designated NEAU-G5T, was isolated from pumpkin rhizosphere soil collected from field in Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, northeast China, and characterized using polyphasic approach. The prior 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities and phylogenic analysis showed that strain NEAU-G5T exhibited close phylogenetic relatedness to Nocardia miyunensis NBRC 108239T (98.82 %), Nocardia nova NBRC 15556T (98.75 %), Nocardia jiangxiensis NBRC 101359T (98.68 %) and Nocardia macrotermitis RB20T (98.61 %). Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics indicated that strain NEAU-G5T could be assigned to the genus Nocardia. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified lipid. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8(H4, ω-cycl). The major fatty acids (>10 %) were identified as C16 : 0, C18 : 1 ω9c, 10-methyl C18 : 0 and C18 : 0. Mycolic acids were present. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain NEAU-G5T was 68 mol%. Moreover, based on digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values, strain NEAU-G5T could be differentiated from its reference strains. In addition, an azure B plate decolorization test and genomic analysis indicated that strain NEAU-G5T had the ability to degrade lignin. On the basis of polyphasic characteristics, strain NEAU-G5T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardia, with the name Nocardia albiluteola sp. nov. The type strain is NEAU-G5T (=CCTCC AA 2021018T=DSM 110547T).

Streptomyces spinosus sp. nov. and Streptomyces shenzhenensis subsp. oryzicola subsp. nov. endophytic actinobacteria isolated from Jasmine rice and their genome mining for potential as antibiotic producers and plant growth promoters.

Two endophytic actinobacteria, strains SBTS01T and W18L9T, were isolated from leaf sheath and leaf tissue, respectively, of Jasmine rice (Oryza sativa KDML 105) grown in a rice paddy field in Roi Et Province, Thailand. A polyphasic taxonomic study showed that both strains belong to the genus Streptomyces; they are aerobic, forming well-developed substrate mycelia and aerial mycelia with long chains of spores. Strain SBTS01T shares high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Streptomyces rochei NRRL B-2410 T (99.0%) and Streptomyces naganishii NRRL ISP-5282 T (99.0%). Strain W18L9T shares high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Streptomyces shenzhenensis DSM 42034 T (99.7%). The genotypic and phenotypic properties of strains SBTS01T and W18L9T distinguish these two strains from the closely related species with validly published names. The genome analysis showed the dDDH, ANIb and ANIm values of the draft genome between strain SBTS01T and its close neighbour in the phylogenomic tree, Streptomyces corchorusii DSM 40340T to be 54.1, 92.6, and 94.3%, respectively; similarly for strain W18L9T and the closely related species S. shenzhenensis DSM 42034 T values were 72.5, 95.1 and 97.0%. The name proposed for the new species represented by the type strain SBTS01T is Streptomyces spinosus (= NRRL B-65636 T = TBRC 15052T). The name proposed for the novel subspecies of strain W18L9T is Streptomyces shenzhenensis subsp. oryzicola (= NRRL B-65635 T = TBRC 15051T). Recognition of this subspecies also permits the description of Streptomyces shenzhenensis subsp. shenzhenensis. Strains SBTS01T and W18L9T can produce antibiotic against rice and human pathogens and showed plant growth promoting properties such as production of indole acetic acid, cytokinin, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, siderophores and cellulase. Genomic data mining of these two strains confirmed their potential as antibiotic producers and plant growth promoters. Their genomes contain multiple biosynthetic gene clusters including those for terpene, type 1, 2 and 3 polyketide synthase, Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase and lanthipeptides. Genes encoding plant growth promoting traits such; nitrogen fixation, ACC deaminase, siderophore production and stress-related adaption may have ecological significance.

A New Saharan Strain of Streptomyces sp. GSB-11 Produces Maculosin and N-acetyltyramine Active Against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria.

Multi-resistant bacterial pathogens are a major public health problem for treating nosocomial infections owing to their high resistance to antibiotics. The objective of this research was to characterize the bioactive molecules secreted by a novel moderately halophilic actinobacterium strain, designated GSB-11, exhibiting a strong antagonistic activity against several multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. This potential strain was identified by phenotypic, genotypic (16S rRNA), and phylogenetic analyses. GSB-11 was related to "Streptomyces acrimycini" NBRC 12736 T with 99.59% similarity. Molecular screening by PCR assay demonstrated that the strain possesses two biosynthetic genes coding for NRPS and PKS-II. Two active compounds GSB11-6 and GSB11-7 were extracted from the cell-free culture supernatant of Bennett medium and purified using reversed-phase HPLC. According to spectrometric (mass spectrum) and spectroscopic (1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY, and 1H-13C HMBC) spectra analyses, the compounds GSB11-6 and GSB11-7 were identified to be maculosin and N-acetyltyramine, respectively. Their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) revealed interesting values against certain multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. They were between 5 and 15 mg/mL for GSB11-6, 10 and 30 mg/mL for GSB11-7. To our best knowledge, this is the first study of these active substances isolated from "Streptomyces acrimycini" showing an interesting antibacterial activity. Therefore, these essential compounds could be candidates for future research against multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Streptomyces adelaidensis sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from the root of Callitris preissii with potential for plant growth-promoting properties.

An endophytic actinobacterium, strain CAP261T was isolated from the surface sterilized root of Callitris preissii (Australian native pine tree). As a result of a polyphasic taxonomy study, this strain was identified as a member of the genus Streptomyces. This strain was an aerobic actinobacterium with well-developed substrate mycelia with loop spore chains and the spore surfaces are verrucose. The closest phylogenetic members which shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequences similarity was Streptomyces bottropensis ATCC 25435 T at 98.1%. Chemotaxonomic data including cell wall components, major menaquinones, and major fatty acids confirmed the affiliation of strain CAP261T to the genus Streptomyces. The results of the phylogenetic analysis, including physiological and biochemical studies in combination with genome comparison study, allowed the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain CAP261T and the closest species with validly published names. ANIb, ANIm and dDDH values of strain CAP261T and S. bottropensis ATCC 25435 T were 86.7%, 89.2% and 33.9%, respectively. The name proposed for the new species is Streptomyces adelaidensis sp. nov. The type strain is CAP261T (= DSM 42026 T = NRRL B-24814 T).

Micromonospora veneta sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium with potential for nitrogen fixation and for bioremediation.

Strain CAP181T, an endophytic actinobacterium, was isolated from a surface sterilized root sample of a native pine tree, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia. Chemotaxonomic data including cell wall components, major fatty acids, and major menaquinones confirmed the affiliation of strain CAP181T to the genus Micromonospora. This strain was Gram stain positive with well-developed substrate mycelia to form a single spore with hairy surface. The phylogenetic tree showed that M. coerulea NBRC 13504 T is the closest phylogenetic neighbour, sharing 99.2% 16S rRNA gene similarity and the next closest neighbor is M. chaiyaphumensis DSM 45246 T (98.7%). Genome mining of this strain revealed genes encoding to enzymes relating to nitrogen fixation and bioremediation. Based on genotypic and phenotypic studies including DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain CAP181T was different from any of the closely related species with valid names. The name proposed for the new species is Micromonospora veneta sp. nov. The type strain is CAP181T (= DSM 109713 T = NRRL B-65535 T).

Pseudonocardia pini sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from roots of the pine tree Callitris preissii.

A Gram-positive, aerobic, actinobacterial strain with rod-shaped spores, CAP47RT, which was isolated from the surface-sterilized root of a native pine tree (Callitris preissii), grown in South Australia is described. The major cellular fatty acid of this strain was iso-H-C16:1 and major menaquinone was MK-8(H4). The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was identified as meso-diaminopimelic acid. These chemotaxonomic data confirmed the affiliation of strain CAP47RT to the genus Pseudonocardia. Phylogenetic evaluation based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis placed this strain in the family Pseudonocardiaceae, being most closely related to Pseudonocardia xishanensis JCM 17906T (98.8%), Pseudonocardia oroxyli DSM 44984T (98.7%), Pseudonocardia thailandensis CMU-NKS-70T (98.7%), and Pseudonocardia ailaonensis DSM 44979T (97.9%). The results of the polyphasic study which contain genome comparisons of ANIb, ANIm, and digital DNA-DNA hybridization revealed the differentiation of strain CAP47RT from the closest species with validated names. This strain represents a novel species and the name proposed for this microorganism is Pseudonocardia pini sp. nov., indicating the source of this actinobacterium from a pine tree. The type strain is CAP47RT (= DSM 108967T = NRRL B-65534T). Genome mining revealed that this strain contained a variety of genes encoding enzymes that can degrade hazardous chemicals.

Streptomyces coffeae sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from the root of Coffea arabica (L.).

An endophytic actinobacterium, designated strain CA1R205T, was isolated from the surface-sterilized root of Coffea arabica L. collected from Ratchaburi province, Thailand. The taxonomic position of this strain was evaluated using a polyphasic approach. The strain produced light yellowish brown to dark brownish black substrate mycelium and greyish white aerial mycelium. The spiral spore chains were produced directly on aerial mycelium. CA1R205T was found to have ll-diaminopimelic acid in the cell peptidoglycan, galactose, glucose, mannose and ribose as whole-cell reducing sugars, MK-10(H4), MK-9(H6), MK-10(H2), MK-9(H4), MK-10(H6) and MK-10(H8) as menaquinones and iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0 as major fatty acids. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol were detected in the cells. These characteristics were consistent the typical chemotaxonomic properties of members the genus Streptomyces. The taxonomic affiliation at the genus level of this strain could be confirmed using its 16S rRNA gene sequence data. CA1R205T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value to Streptomyces rapamycinicus NRRL B-5491T (98.9 %), followed by Streptomyces iranensis HM 35T (98.8 %). Digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity-by blast (ANIb) values between CA1R205T and S. rapamycinicus NRRL B-5491T were 27.2 and 81.5 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of genomic DNA was 70.7 mol%. Due to the differences in physiological, biochemical and genotypic data, CA1R205T could be discriminated from its closest neighbour. Thus, CA1R205T should be recognized as representing a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces coffeae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CA1R205T (=TBRC 11244T=NBRC 114295T).

Phycicoccus flavus sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinobacterium isolated from branch of Kandelia candel.

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile, non-endospore-forming and rod-shaped actinobacterium, designated strain CMS6Z-2T, was isolated from a surface-sterilized branch of Kandelia candel collected from the Maowei Sea, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, PR China. Strain CMS6Z-2T grew at 10-37 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0) and in the presence of 0-10.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0-1.0 %). Strain CMS6Z-2T possessed meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid of the peptidoglycan and MK-8 (H4) as the predominant menaquinone. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and C18 : 1 ω9c. The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and two unknown phospholipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 74.1 mol%. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed that strain CMS6Z-2T should be assigned to the genus Phycicoccus and its closest relative was Phycicoccus endophyticus IP6SC6T with 98.3 % similarity. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenomic analysis based on core proteomes alignment revealed that strain CMS6Z-2T belonged to the genus Phycicoccus and formed a robust cluster with Phycicoccus endophyticus IP6SC6T within the genus Phycicoccus. The average nucleotide identity value and estimated digital DNA-DNA hybridization value between strain CMS6Z-2T and the type strain of Phycicoccus endophyticus were 81.5 and 23.9 %, respectively. On the basis of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain CMS6Z-2T represents a novel species of the genus Phycicoccus, for which the name Phycicoccus flavus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CMS6Z-2T (=KCTC 49240T=CGMCC4.7549T).

Nocardia acididurans sp. nov., an acid-tolerant actinobacterium isolated from bio-fertilizer of Musa species.

A novel acid-tolerant actinobacterium (strain LPG 2T), which formed fragmented substrate mycelia, was isolated from bio-fertiliser of Musa spp. collected from Lampang Province, Thailand. Its morphological and chemotaxonomic properties, e.g., the presence of mycolic acid and MK-8 (H4ω-cycl) in the cells, showed that strain LPG 2T was a member of the genus Nocardia. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that this strain was closely related to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum NBRC 14405T (98.7 %). The low average nucleotide identity-blast and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values (<78.6 and <24.0 %, respectively), and several phenotypic differences between strain LPG 2T and its related Nocardia type strains, indicated that the strain merits classification as representing a novel species of the genus Nocardia, for which we propose the name Nocardia acididurans sp. nov. The type strain is LPG 2T (=TBRC 11242T=NBRC 114293T).

Nocardioides acrostichi sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinobacterium isolated from leaf of Acrostichum aureum.

A short-rod-shaped, non-spore-forming endophytic actinobacterium, was isolated from a surface-sterilized leaf of Acrostichum aureum in Fangchenggang, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, designated strain CBS4Y-1T and examined by a polyphasic approach to determine its taxonomic position. This actinobacterium was Gram-staining-positive and aerobic. Substrate mycelia and aerial mycelia were not observed, and no diffusible pigments were observed on the media tested. Strain CBS4Y-1T grew optimally with 0-1.0% (w/v) NaCl at 30 °C, pH 7.0-8.0. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed that strain CBS4Y-1T shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Nocardioides marinus CL-DD14T (96.7%) and Nocardioides terrae BX5-10T (96.7%). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenomic analysis based on core proteomes alignment revealed that strain CBS4Y-1T belonged to the genus Nocardioides and formed a distinct cluster within the genus Nocardioides. The DNA G + C content of strain CBS4Y-1T was 71.1 mol%. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained LL-diaminopimelic acid and MK-8(H4) was the predominant menaquinone. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylinositol (PI) were detected in the polar lipid extracts. The major fatty acids were iso-C16:0, C18:1ω9c and iso-C17:0. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain CBS4Y-1T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides acrostichi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CBS4Y-1T (= KCTC 49238T = CGMCC 4.7548T).

Genome mining and description of Streptomyces albidus sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium with antibacterial potential.

An endophytic actinobacterium, strain CAP215T was isolated from the root sample of a native pine tree (Callitris preissii), Adelaide, South Australia. This strain was a Gram stain-positive, aerobic actinobacterium with well-developed substrate mycelia. It produced spiral chains of spores. The closest phylogenetic members which shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity were Streptomyces marinus DSM 41968T, Streptomyces haliclonae DSM 41970T and Streptomyces karpasiensis K413T at 98.2%, 98.0% and 97.9%, respectively. The major cellular fatty acid of this strain was anteiso-C15:0 and major menaquinone was MK-9(H4). Polar lipids of strain CAP215T contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol dimannoside and two unknown glycolipids. Chemotaxonomic data confirmed strain CAP215T belonged to the genus Streptomyces. Genome of strain CAP215T was 6.65 Mb with 69.8% DNA G + C content and contains 5992 coding sequences (CDS). Biosynthesis Genes Clusters (BGCs) comprised post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) cluster, genes encoding enzyme relating to antibiotic production; actinorhodin, surfactin and tetracenomycin. Genome mining of this strain identified genes encoding proteins relating to plant growth promotion such as pyrophosphatase, ectoine synthase, superoxide dismutase and siderophore production; penibactin and desferrioxamine E. Genes encoding beneficial enzymes; amylase, ß-xylosidase, chitinase, lipase and protease were detected. The genome of this strain contained genes encoding enzymes degrading xenobiotic compounds such as 2,4-dichlorophenol 6-monooxygenase, nitroreductase and epoxide hydrolase. Also, genes encoding squalene, hopene and betacarotenoid production were observed. Digital DNA-DNA (dDDH) hybridization, Average Nucleotide Identity BLAST (ANIb), ANI-MUMmer (ANIm) between strain CAP215T and S. marinus DSM 41968T were 25.4 %, 82% and 86.4%, respectively. The data on the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics and genome analysis recognized the differentiation of strain CAP215T with the closest species with valid names. The name Streptomyces albidus sp. nov. was proposed for which the type strain is CAP215T (= DSM 42025T = NRRL B-24815T).