In vitro evaluation of acaricidal activity of eugenol and benzaldehyde against Rhipicephalus annulatus.

Economic importance of ticks for both humans and animals is significant primarily because of their involvement in disease transmission. The continuous use of synthetic chemical acaricides on animals and/or in the environment has resulted in the emergence of resistant tick populations. Consequently, there is a compelling need to explore newer natural alternatives that can address their adverse effects effectively. Since, there are no earlier reported studies on the acaricidal activity of eugenol and benzaldehyde against Rhipicephalus annulatus, the present study compared the in vitro adulticidal and larvicidal activities of these phytochemicals against R. annulatus. Concentration-dependent mortality and inhibition of fecundity were observed in the adult female ticks treated with both eugenol and benzaldehyde. The LC50 and LC90 values of eugenol against R. annulatus were 162.33 and 467.74 mg/mL for adult female, while it was 1.26 and 1.73 mg/mL for larvae respectively. The LC50 and LC90 values of benzaldehyde against R. annulatus were 178 and 395 mg/mL for adult female and 0.69 and 4.32 mg/mL for larvae respectively.

Estimation of cause-specific mortality in Rakai, Uganda, using verbal autopsy 1999-2019.

BACKGROUND: There are scant data on the causes of adult deaths in sub-Saharan Africa. We estimated the level and trends in adult mortality, overall and by different causes, in rural Rakai, Uganda, by age, sex, and HIV status. OBJECTIVES: To estimate and analyse adult cause-specific mortality trends in Rakai, Uganda. METHODOLOGY: Mortality information by cause, age, sex, and HIV status was recorded in the Rakai Community Cohort study using verbal autopsy interviews, HIV serosurveys, and residency data. We estimated the average number of years lived in adulthood. Using demographic decomposition methods, we estimated the contribution of each cause of death to adult mortality based on the average number of years lived in adulthood. RESULTS: Between 1999 and 2019, 63082 adults (15-60 years) were censused, with 1670 deaths registered. Of these, 1656 (99.2%) had completed cause of death data from verbal autopsy. The crude adult death rate was 5.60 (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.33-5.87) per 1000 person-years of observation (pyo). The crude death rate decreased from 11.41 (95% CI: 10.61-12.28) to 3.27 (95% CI: 2.89-3.68) per 1000 pyo between 1999-2004 and 2015-2019. The average number of years lived in adulthood increased in people living with HIV and decreased in HIV-negative individuals between 2000 and 2019. Communicable diseases, primarily HIV and Malaria, had the biggest decreases, which improved the average number of years lived by approximately extra 12 years of life in females and 6 years in males. There were increases in deaths due to non-communicable diseases and external causes, which reduced the average number of years lived in adulthood by 2.0 years and 1.5 years in females and males, respectively. CONCLUSION: There has been a significant decline in overall mortality from 1999 to 2019, with the greatest decline seen in people living with HIV since the availability of antiretroviral therapy in 2004. By 2020, the predominant causes of death among females were non-communicable diseases, with external causes of death dominating in males.

Main findings: There are significant declines in mortality in people living with HIV. However, mortality in HIV-negative people increased due to non-communicable diseases in females, and injuries and external causes of death among males.Added knowledge: In this HIV-endemic area, decreasing adult mortality has been documented over the last 20 years. This paper benchmarks the changes in cause-specific mortality in this area.Global health impact for policy action: As in many African countries, more effort is needed to reduce mortality for non-communicable diseases, injuries, and external causes of death as these seem to have been neglected.

Mortalidade adulta por nível de escolaridade em São Paulo: análise comparativa a partir de diferentes estratégias metodológicas / Mortalidad adulta por nivel de escolaridad en San Pablo: análisis comparativo a partir de diferentes estrategias metodológicas / Adult mortality by education level in São Paulo: comparative analysis based on different methodological strategies

Neste artigo, são estimados os diferenciais educacionais de mortalidade de adultos residentes em São Paulo. É realizada uma análise comparativa de estimativas a partir de dados do Censo 2010 e do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade (SIM) - Datasus e de três formas distintas de mensuração da escolaridade: registrada no SIM; declarada no Censo para o responsável pelo domicílio; e imputada estatisticamente no Censo para indivíduos que morreram. Para as imputações da escolaridade, utilizou-se o método de Dempester (1977), que propõe o uso do algoritmo esperança-maximização (algoritmo E-M) para lidar com dados faltantes. Foram considerados três níveis de escolaridade (baixo, médio e alto) e estimadas as taxas de mortalidade com base em modelos Poisson. Os resultados indicam que a obtenção de escolaridade pode reduzir em até 77% as taxas de mortalidade entre 25 e 59 anos de idade. Além disso, em um país em que a população tem baixa escolaridade, obter ensino médio representa um ganho significativo do ponto de vista da sobrevivência adulta (cerca de 50%). Encontraram-se padrões de mortalidade por escolaridade semelhantes para as estimativas obtidas com dados registrados no SIM e aqueles imputados no Censo 2010. Além disso, a análise sugere que estimativas assumindo a escolaridade do responsável pelo domicílio resultam em diferenciais de mortalidade atípicos, provavelmente distorcidos pela transição de educação no Brasil. Espera-se que o modelo de imputação proposto aqui possa ser utilizado em futuras análises dos dados de mortalidade a partir do Censo 2010.

En este artículo estimamos los diferenciales educativos de la mortalidad de adultos en San Pablo. Ofrecemos un análisis comparativo de estimaciones con base en datos del censo de 2010 y el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) - Datasus, y tres formas diferentes de medir la escolaridad: registrada en el SIM, declarada en el censo por el jefe de hogar e imputado estadísticamente en el censo para las personas fallecidas. Para las imputaciones de escolaridad se utilizó el método de Dempester (1977), que propone el uso del algoritmo de maximización de esperanza (algoritmo E-M) para tratar los datos faltantes. Consideramos tres niveles de educación (bajo, medio y alto) y estimamos las tasas de mortalidad con base en los modelos de Poisson. Los resultados indican que la escolarización puede reducir las tasas de mortalidad entre los 25 y 59 años hasta en un 77 %. Además, en un país donde la población tiene bajo nivel de educación, completar la educación secundaria representa una ganancia significativa desde el punto de vista de la supervivencia de los adultos (alrededor del 50%). Encontramos patrones similares de mortalidad por educación para las estimaciones obtenidas con datos registrados en el SIM y datos imputados en el Censo de 2010. Además, nuestro análisis sugiere que las estimaciones asumiendo la educación del jefe de hogar dan como resultado diferenciales de mortalidad atípicos, probablemente distorsionados por la transición de educación en Brasil. Esperamos que el modelo de imputación propuesto aquí se pueda utilizar en futuros análisis de mortalidad del Censo de 2010.

In this article, we estimate adult mortality by education level in São Paulo. We compare estimates based on deaths from the 2010 Census and the 2013 Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade - SIM) - DATASUS, and three different ways of measuring education level: recorded in the SIM, reported in the census for the household heads and imputed statistically in the census for individuals who died. For the statistical imputation, we use the Dempester (1977) method, which proposes using the expectation-maximization algorithm (EM algorithm) to deal with missing data. We consider three education levels (low, medium, and high) and estimate mortality rates based on Poisson models. The results indicate that between ages 25 and 59, more years of schooling are associated with mortality rates up to 77% lower. Secondary (medium) education level provides most of the mortality gains at adult ages (about 50%). The mortality differentials calculated with death records from the SIM and census deaths with education imputed statistically are similar. However, estimates based on the assumption that the deceased's education is equal to the household head's in the census resulted in atypical mortality patterns. We hope that the imputation model we propose in the current study can be used in future mortality analyses by SES using census deaths.

Mortalidad según tipos de ocupación en México, 2014 / Mortality by kind of occupation in Mexico, 2014

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los niveles de la mortalidad tomando en cuenta el tipo de ocupación de la población empleada en México. Método: se estimaron tablas de vida para cuatro grupos de ocupación: manual de baja calificación, manual de alta calificación, no manual de baja calificación y no manual de alta calificación, a partir de estas se estimaron las esperanzas de vida según ocupación para el año 2014. Resultados: la mortalidad se concentra en ocupaciones de alta calificación y mejor pagadas que se asocian con un mayor estrés y una vida sedentaria, relacionadas con la nueva dinámica de la globalización, flexibilidad y precariedad laboral.

Abstract The objective of this article is to analyze the levels of useful life in the account, the type of occupation of the employed population in Mexico. Method: see the tables of life for four groups of occupation: manual of low qualification, manual of high qualification, not manual of low qualification and not manual of high qualification, from these estimations of the life expectancies according to the correction for the year 2014. Results: mortality is concentrated in highly qualified occupations and the best pages are associated with greater stress and a sedentary life, are related to the new dynamics of globalization, flexibility and job insecurity.

La calidad de los datos de mortalidad del Censo 2010 de Argentina

OBJETIVO: evaluar las variables disponibles en el censo de población de 2010 para Argentina en lo que a mortalidad refiere.MÉTODOS: Con base en métodos indirectos de estimación demográfica se ofrece una lectura de la calidad de estas estadísticas en comparación con censos previos y estadísticas vitales.RESULTADOS: La comparación de las tasas de mortalidad infantil y adulta con las tasas calculadas a partir de los nacimientos y las defunciones permite dilucidar, en principio, que estos datos no revelan problemas serios de calidad o cobertura y que el nivel (y la tendencia) indicado por las fuentes es ampliamente compatible.DISCUSIÓN: a pesar de que los resultados parecen mostrar coherencia, la posibilidad de detectar y cuantificar los errores se mantiene como un punto ciego del artículo hasta tanto no se publique la totalidad de la información necesaria para realizar un examen cabal, dado el universo limitado de publicaciones por parte del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos.CONCLUSIONES: las estimaciones de población en cuanto a mortalidad son consistentes con los datos del censo previo de 2001 y con las series de nacimientos y muertes del período intercensal a nivel total del país.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the available variables of mortality from the last population census in Argentina.METHODS:it is based on indirect estimation methods which provide a reading of the quality of these statistics in comparison with previous censuses and vital statistics.RESULTS:The rates of child and adult mortality compared with birth and death rates show that this data does not reveal serious problems of quality or coverage and the level (and trend) indicated by the sources is widely supported.DISCUSION:although the results seem to show consistency, the ability to detect and quantify the errors remains a blind spot until all of the necessary information is published for a thorough examination, given the limited universe of publications by the National Institute of Statistics of Argentina.CONCLUSION:the mortality population estimates are consistent with previous census data from 2001 and with estimates of births and deaths from the intercensal period.