Wood fly ash and blast furnace slag management by alkali-activation: Trace elements solidification and composite application.

Wood and biomass are burned in many industries as a sustainable energy source. The large quantities of fly ash produced must be landfilled, leading to environmental concerns. Precipitator wood fly ash (PFA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (BFS) have been used in this study to prepare alkali-activated composites to manage and recycle the fly ash. After an essential characterization, the influence of parameters such as PFA and BFS content, alkaline activator content (silica moduli of 0, 0.82, 1.32), curing method, and curing duration on the mechanical, chemical, and microstructural properties of the samples have been studied through compressive strength, density, FTIR, and SEM-EDS investigations. The environmental safety and influence of polycondensation on heavy metal stabilization have been examined through ICP-MS. The results prove that oven and hydrothermal curing obtain the early age strength. Despite the variations of strength with duration and type of curing, the compressive strength of samples after 28 days of curing tends to close values for a constant PFA/BFS ratio, due to which the need for energy-intensive curing methods is addressed. ICP-MS shows that the composites can suitably solidify As, Cd, Ba, Cr, Pb, Mo, Se, Hg, Sr, Cu, and Zn. On the other hand, the composites were almost incapable of stabilizing Co and V. Unlike the case for mechanical properties; higher PFA content favours hazardous metal stabilization through polycondensation.

Adsorption of Cu(II) and Ni(II) from Aqueous Solutions Using Synthesized Alkali-Activated Foamed Zeolite Adsorbent: Isotherm, Kinetic, and Regeneration Study.

Water pollution, particularly from heavy metals, poses a significant threat to global health, necessitating efficient and environmentally friendly removal methods. This study introduces novel zeolite-based adsorbents, specifically alkali-activated foamed zeolite (AAFZ), for the effective adsorption of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The adsorbents' capabilities were comprehensively characterized through kinetic and isotherm analyses. Alkaline activation induced changes in chemical composition and crystalline structure, as observed via XRF and XRD analyses. AAFZ exhibited a significantly larger pore volume (1.29 times), higher Si/Al ratio (1.15 times), and lower crystallinity compared to ZZ50, thus demonstrating substantially higher adsorption capacity for Cu(II) and Ni(II) compared to ZZ50. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of ZZ50 and AAFZ for Cu(II) were determined to be 69.28 mg/g and 99.54 mg/g, respectively. In the case of Ni(II), the maximum monolayer adsorption capacities for ZZ50 and AAFZ were observed at 48.53 mg/g and 88.99 mg/g, respectively. For both adsorbents, the optimum pH for adsorption of Cu(II) and Ni(II) was found to be 5 and 6, respectively. Equilibrium was reached around 120 min, and the pseudo-second-order kinetics accurately depicted the chemisorption process. The Langmuir isotherm model effectively described monolayer adsorption for both adsorbents. Furthermore, the regeneration experiment demonstrated that AAFZ could be regenerated for a minimum of two cycles using hydrochloric acid (HCl). These findings highlight the potential of the developed adsorbents as promising tools for effective and practical adsorption applications.

A microwave irradiation-persulfate-formate system for achieving the detoxification and alkali-activated composite geopolymerization of the chromate-contaminated soil.

A microwave (MA) irradiation-persulfate-formate system was constructed to detoxify Cr contamination and solidify the geopolymerization of the alkali-activated composite material. Three series of experiments were correspondingly conducted to evaluate the treatment for the chromate-contaminated soil. The changes in the molar ratios of formate to persulfate and the mass rates of fortifier to soil led to a significantly greater reduction of CrVI in the detoxification experiments. The increase of blast furnace slag from 50% to 80% in the composite cementitious materials (CCM) intensified the immobilization efficiencies of chromate and the compressive strengths of geopolymer blocks. MA irradiation potentially enhanced the binding of Ca cations to the aluminosilicate compounds. The degree of reaction in the phenomenological kinetics model mathematically verified the geopolymerization process. Ettringite was formed within the structure of the geopolymer in the coupling system. Sulfate radicals released from persulfate not only contributed to the detoxification process but also strengthened the immobilization process.

Adsorption of Azo Dye Methyl Orange from Aqueous Solutions Using Alkali-Activated Polypyrrole-Based Graphene Oxide.

The adsorption of methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solutions onto a KOH-activated polypyrrole-based adsorbent (PACK) was investigated using batch and fixed-bed column techniques. The structural, thermal, and morphological properties of the PACK, analyzed by various methods, support its applicability as an adsorbent. An adsorption kinetic study revealed a preferably pseudo-second-order (R2 = 0.9996) and rate-limiting step controlled by both film and intra-particle diffusions. The thermodynamic adsorption tests resulted in negative ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° values, which decreased as the temperature and concentration increased, indicating the spontaneous and exothermic adsorption over 25-45 °C. The adsorption isotherms fit the experimental data in the order of Langmuir ≈ Freundlich > Temkin, with evidence of adsorption operating well via the monolayer physical adsorption process, and maximum monolayer adsorption ranging from 520.8 to 497.5 mg/g. The breakthrough curve of the fixed-bed column experiment was modeled using the Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, and Hill models, resulting in an equilibrium capacity of 57.21 mg/g. A 73% MO recovery was achieved, indicating the possibility of column regeneration. Compared to other adsorbents reported, PACK had comparable or even superior capacity toward MO. For cost-effectiveness, similar nitrogen-containing polymeric wastes could be exploited to obtain such excellent materials for various applications.

Use of ancient copper slags in Portland cement and alkali activated cement matrices.

Some Chilean copper slag dumps from the nineteenth century still remain, without a proposed use that encourages recycling and reduces environmental impact. In this paper, the copper slag abandoned in landfills is proposed as a new building material. The slags studied were taken from Playa Negra and Púquios dumps, both located in the region of Atacama in northern Chile. Pozzolanic activity in lime and Portland cement systems, as well as the alkali activation in pastes with copper slag cured at different temperatures, was studied. The reactivity of the slag was measured using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical conductivity and pH in aqueous suspension and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, copper slag-Portland cement mortars with the substitution of 25% (by weight) of cement by copper slag and alkali-activated slag mortars cured at 20 and 65 °C were made, to determine the compressive strength. The results indicate that the ancient copper slags studied have interesting binding properties for the construction sector.

Dyeing sludge-derived biochar for efficient removal of antibiotic from water.

Adsorption is one of the most effective methods for ecotoxic antibiotics removal, while developing high-performance adsorbents with excellent adsorption capacity is indispensable. As the unavoidable by-product of wastewater, sewage sludge has dual properties of pollution and resources. In this study, dyeing sludge waste was converted to biochar by KOH activation and pyrolysis, and used as an efficient adsorbent for aqueous antibiotics removal. The optimized dyeing sludge-derived biochar (KSC-8) has excellent specific surface area (1178.4 m2/g) and the adsorption capacity for tetracycline (TC) could reach up to 1081.3 mg/g, which is four and five times higher than those without activation, respectively. The PSO (pseudo-second-order) kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model fitted better to the experimental data. The obtained KSC-8 has stabilized adsorption capacity for long-term fixed-bed experiments, and maintained 86.35% TC removal efficiency after five adsorption-regeneration cycles. The adsorption mechanism involves electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions and pore filling. This work is a green and eco-friendly way as converting the waste to treat waste in aiming of simultaneous removal of antibiotics and resource recovery of dyeing sludge.

Sodium alginate-modified alkali-activated eggshell/Fe3O4 nanoparticles: A magnetic bio-based spherical adsorbent for cationic dyes adsorption.

Herein, a mixture of eggshell (ES) and magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) was alkali-activated using NaOH/Na2SiO3 solution and then, impregnated with sodium alginate (SA) to prepare a magnetic bio-based adsorbent (namely SAAES/SA/MNPs) for the decontamination of water containing basic dyes, in particular, methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV). The physicochemical properties of magnetic spheres of SAAES/SA/MNPs were characterized using XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, elemental mapping, TEM, and zeta potential techniques. Dye adsorption equilibrium was studied experimentally at pH 8.0 and 25-55 °C, and a statistical physics multilayer model was applied to understand the removal mechanism of these dyes including the adsorption orientations on the adsorbent surface. The number of adsorbed dye molecules per functional group (n) of this bio-based adsorbent ranged from 0.70 to 0.91, indicating the presence of vertical and horizontal adsorption orientations for these organic molecules at all tested solution temperatures. The calculated saturation adsorption capacities (Qsat) were 332.57-256.62 mg/g for CV and 304.47-240.62 mg/g for MB, and an exothermic adsorption was observed for both adsorbates. The estimated adsorption energies (∆E) were < 25 kJ/mol, confirming that the SAAES/SA/MNPs-dye interactions were governed by physical forces as electrostatic interactions. This bio-based adsorbent was effectively regenerated using ethanol and it can be reused showing a removal of 71 and 74 % of MB and CV, respectively, after fourth adsorption-desorption cycles. Overall, the results of this article suggest the attractive performance of SAAES/SA/MNPs for removing basic dyes from aqueous solutions, thus highlighting the promising potential of this magnetic bio-based adsorbent for sustainable wastewater treatment at an industrial level.

Use of pumice stone and silica fume as precursor material for the design of a geopolymer.

Background: Geopolymers are alternative materials to cement because they require less energy in their production process; hence, they contribute to the reduction in CO 2 emissions. This study aims to evaluate the possibility of using industrial residues such as silica fume (SF) to improve the physical and mechanical properties of a pumice stone (PS)-based geopolymer. Methods: Through an experimental methodology, the process starts with the extraction, grinding, and sieving of the raw material to carry out the physical and chemical characterization of the resulting material, followed by the dosage of the geopolymer mixture considering the factors that influence the resistance mechanical strength. Finally, the physical and mechanical properties of the geopolymer were characterized. This research was carried out in four stages: characterization of the pumice stone, design of the geopolymer through laboratory tests, application according to the dosage of the concrete, and analysis of the data through a multi-criteria analysis. Results: It was determined that the optimal percentage of SF replacement is 10%, which to improves the properties of the geopolymer allowing to reach a maximum resistance to compression and flexion of 14.10 MPa and 4.78 MPa respectively, showing that there is a direct relationship between the percentage of SF and the resistance. Conclusions: Geopolymer preparation involves the use of PS powder with a composition rich in silicon and aluminum. The factors influencing strength include the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide, water content, temperature, curing time, molarity of sodium hydroxide, and binder ratio. The results showed an increase in the compression and flexural strength with 10% SF replacement. The geopolymer's maximum compressive strength indicates its non-structural use, but it can be improved by reducing the PS powder size.

Adsorption of Heavy Metals on Alkali-Activated Zeolite Foams.

Elevated concentrations of heavy metals in natural waters can cause significant ecological problems. It is therefore essential to ensure their removal from any water discharged into the environment immediately, especially in case of an accident, where there is a risk of releasing large quantities or high concentrations. The aim of this paper is to test a newly developed adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions-in particular, it is very fast adsorption, and thus efficiency, during clean-ups. The alkali-activated foamed zeolite adsorbent was laboratory-prepared and -tested in both batch and flow-through arrangements on single and multi-component solutions and compared with natural zeolite. The experimental setup for batch adsorption consisted of a set of samples and solutions containing iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc and nickel. The samples were put on a horizontal shaker with a 500 mg adsorbent loading in a 50 mL solution. The column adsorption experimental setup consisted of a glass column with an inside diameter of 15 mm and a bed length of 165 mm. A measured amount of each adsorbent was added to the column to achieve a filter fixed-bed height of 160 mm. The high efficiency of the tested adsorbent on various heavy metals was confirmed. The adsorbent has a high potential for use in decontamination processes, water protection and landscape revitalization. Due to its rapid precipitation and subsequent fixation of metal cations in the form of insoluble oxide or hydroxide, it can be used as an emergency adsorbent, the great advantage of which is its low production cost and natural origin.

Applying the Alkali-Activation Method to Encapsulate Silicon Nitride Particles in a Bioactive Matrix for Augmented Strength and Bioactivity.

The development of bioactive ceramics still poses challenges in finding a good compromise between bioactivity and mechanical robustness. Moreover, a facile, low-cost and energy-saving synthesis technique is still needed. This study concerns the synthesis of a bioactive material by growing a bioactive Na-Ca-Mg-Si-based ceramic matrix produced using the alkali-activation method on silicon nitride (Si3N4) particles. This technique simultaneously forms the matrix precursor and functionalizes the Si3N4 particles' surface. The optimal strength-bioactivity compromise was found for the composition containing 60 wt.% Si3N4 and 40 wt.% of the matrix exhibiting good compressive strength of up to 110 MPa and extensive precipitation of hydroxyapatite on the sample surface after 7 days of soaking in simulated body fluid. This innovative approach merging strong non-oxide binary ceramics with the versatile and low-cost alkali-activation method holds great expectations for the future in biomaterials.

Research on Alkali-Activated Slag Stabilization of Dredged Silt Based on a Response Surface Method.

To improve the resource utilization of dredged silt and industrial waste, this study explores the efficacy of using ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), active calcium oxide (CaO), and sodium silicate (Na2O·nSiO2) as alkali activators for silt stabilization. Through a combination of addition tests, response surface method experiments, and microscopic analyses, we identified key factors influencing the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of stabilized silt, optimized material ratios, and elucidated stabilization mechanisms. The results revealed the following: (1) CaO exhibited the most pronounced stabilization effect, succeeded by Na2O·nSiO2, whereas GGBS alone displayed marginal efficacy. CaO-stabilized silt demonstrated rapid strength augmentation within the initial 7 d, while Na2O·nSiO2-stabilized silt demonstrated a more gradual strength enhancement over time, attributable to the delayed hydration of GGBS in non-alkaline conditions, with strength increments noticeably during later curing phases. (2) Response surface analysis demonstrated substantial interactions among GGBS-CaO and GGBS-Na2O·nSiO2, with the optimal dosages identified as 11.5% for GGBS, 4.1% for CaO, and 5.9% for Na2O·nSiO2. (3) X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses clarified that the hydration reactions within the GGBS-Na2O·nSiO2 composite cementitious system synergistically enhanced one another, with hydration products wrapping, filling, and binding the silt particles, thereby rendering the microstructure denser and more stable. Based on these experimental outcomes, we propose a microstructural mechanism model for the stabilization of dredged silt employing GGBS-CaO-Na2O·nSiO2.

Long-term performance: strength and metal encapsulation in alkali-activated iron ore tailings.

Understanding the strength behavior and leaching characteristics of mining tailings stabilized with alkali-activated cements in the short, medium, and long term is crucial for the feasibility of material applications. In this context, this study assessed the stabilization/solidification of iron ore tailings (IOT) using alkali-activated binder (AAB) composed of sugarcane bagasse ash and eggshell lime at curing times of 7, 28, 60, 90, 180, and 365 days. Additionally, leaching tests were conducted, along with the examination of possible changes in the chemical and mineralogical composition resulting from exposure to acidic environments. Tests included unconfined compression strength (UCS), leaching, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the IOT-AAB mixtures. The highest increase in UCS was observed between 7 and 60 days, reaching 6.47 MPa, with minimal variation thereafter. The AAB-bonded IOT exhibited no metal toxicity over time. Elements Ba, Mn, Pb, and Zn present in IOT and ash were encapsulated in the cemented matrix, with complete encapsulation of all metals observed from 90 days of curing time. The mineralogy of the stabilized/solidified tailings showed no changes resulting from leaching tests. Characteristic bands associated with the presence of N-A-S-H gel were identified in both pre-leaching and post-leaching samples for all curing times analyzed. Exposure to acidic environments altered bands related to carbonate bonds formed in the IOT-AAB mixture.

Manufacturing non-sintered ceramsite from dredged sediment, steel slag, and fly ash for lightweight aggregate: production and characterization.

Green and low-carbon materialization for dredged sediment (DS) is limited due to its low pozzolanic activity. In this study, a novel DS-based non-sintered lightweight aggregate (LWA) is developed by steel slag (SS) and fly ash (FA) activation. Process optimization is performed by the response surfaces, and the basic properties and characterization of the optimal product are investigated. Results indicated that the optimized design ceramic aggregate (ODCA) was prepared as follows: raw pellets comprising of 59.2% DS, 5% SS, 35.8% FA, 5% MK, 5% H2O2, and 2‰ foam stabilizer were activated by alkali activator (1.5 weight ratio of 14 M NaOH to water glass) and then cured at 80 °C and 95% humidity for 24 h. The basic and environmental performances of ODCA were in accordance with standards, whose bulk density was as low as 665.8 kg/m3, the high cylinder compressive strength was 6.143 MPa, and leaching concentrations of heavy metals were controllable. The regulation mechanism of LWA performances could be summarized as follows. SS and FA additives played the role for the mechanical strength enhancement and passivation of heavy metals, which promoted the formation of sillimanite, chabazite, and C-S-H / C-S-A-H gels in ODCA. The bulk density of ODCA was greatly reduced by H2O2 addition, where ODCA had an open-pore structure with a median pore size of 4969.75 nm. Note that C-S-H/C-S-A-H were the key hydration products to give ODCA light density and high mechanical strength, simultaneously.

Improvements in Hydrolytic Stability of Alkali-Activated Mine Tailings via Addition of Sodium Silicate Activator.

Over 14 billion tons of mine tailings are produced throughout the world each year, and this type of waste is generally stored onsite indefinitely. Alkali activation is a promising strategy for the reuse of mine tailings to produce construction materials, converting this waste stream into a value-added product. One major problem with alkali-activated mine tailings is their low durability in water (i.e., low hydrolytic stability). In this article, the influence of a mixed sodium hydroxide/sodium silicate alkali activator on the compressive strength, hydrolytic stability, and microstructure of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) were systematically investigated. XRD, FTIR, NMR, and NAD were used to investigate microstructural changes, and a water immersion test was used to show improvements in hydrolytic stability. For gold mine tailings activated with pure sodium hydroxide, the compressive strength was 15 MPa and a seven-day water immersion test caused a strength loss of 70%. With an addition of 1 M sodium silicate in the activator, the AAMs achieved a compressive strength of over 30 MPa and strength loss of only 45%. This paper proposes a mechanism explaining why the strength and hydrolytic stability of AAMs are dependent on the dosage of soluble silicate. A high dosage of sodium silicate inhibits the depolymerization of the source material, which results in a sample with less amorphous aluminosilicate gel and, therefore, lower hydrolytic stability.

Exploring the Utilization of Activated Volcanic Ash as a Substitute for Portland Cement in Mortar Formulation: A Thorough Experimental Investigation.

The manufacture of natural pozzolans as cement products is economically affordable and contributes to CO2 mitigation in the cement-based materials industry. Through two experimental stages, this study evaluates the feasibility of using volcanic ash (VA) to partially substitute portland cement (PC) in mortar production. In Stage 1, the effectiveness of different activation methods, such as calcination, alkali activation, and lime addition, in enhancing VA reactivity was assessed when the mortars were produced using 35% VA. The compressive strength (fcm) and physical properties of the mortars produced were determined at 7 and 28 days and compared with those of mortars without activated VA. In Stage 2, the most effective treatments obtained from Stage 1 were applied to produce mortars with 50% and 75% of VA replacements, focusing on their physical and mechanical properties. The findings revealed promising results, particularly when mortars were produced with up to 50% calcined VA (CVA) at 700 °C and 20 wt% lime addition, reaching a higher fcm than 45 MPa. Chemical activation with 2% CaCl or 1% NSi enhanced early-age strength in 35% VA-based mortars. Additionally, NSi-activated CVA-lime-based mortar at 50% VA achieved a notable fcm of 40 MPa at 28 days. Even mortars with 75% VA replacement achieved an adequate compressive strength of 33MPa at 28 days. This study determined that VA-based mortars have the potential for construction applications.

Upcycling waste derived glass into high-performance photocatalytic scaffolds by alkali activation and direct ink writing.

Novel and eco-friendly solutions are extensively needed for wastewater treatment. This work capitalizes on the combination of waste vitrification and additive manufacturing to produce an efficient photocatalyst for the specific purpose. Fine powders of waste-derived glass, containing Fe3O4 inclusions, by simple suspension (for a solid loading of 65 wt %) in alkaline solution (5 M NaOH), were transformed into pastes for direct ink writing. 3D-printed reticulated scaffolds were stabilized by the progressive hardening of a zeolite-like gel, formed by glass/solution interaction, at nearly room temperature. The printed scaffolds were successfully tested for the removal of methylene blue, realized by combining the high sorption capacity of the gel with the catalytic activity of magnetite inclusions, under UV light. A complete degradation of methylene blue is achieved by 90 min exposure, comparing favorably with other reported photocatalytic materials, requiring from 60 to 360 min. The photocatalytic activity was tested for several cycles, with no significant degradation. In other words, a waste-derived material can be reused for multiple times, to remediate wastewaters, with evident benefits on waste minimization.

Alkali-activated geopolymers based on calcined phosphate sludges and metakaolin.

The extraction of phosphorite ore in Tunisia has resulted in the discharge of substantial amounts of phosphatic sludge into the region's water system. To mitigate this environmental issue and prevent heavy metal leaching, a geopolymerization process was employed using two types of Tunisian calcined phosphate sludges (Cal-PS1 and Cal-PS2) as substitutes for alkali-activated metakaolin. This study aimed to investigate and compare the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting geopolymers. The optimal substitution ratio of metakaolin with calcined phosphate sludge was determined to be 1.5, equivalent to 20 wt.% of calcined phosphate sludge. Compressive strength tests conducted after 28 days of curing revealed values of 37 MPa for Cal-PS1 specimens and 28 MPa for Cal-PS2 geopolymers while compressive strength of geopolymers soaked in water for 28 days showed a decrease with the addition of phosphate sludges. The specific surface areas of Cal-PS1 geopolymers ranged from 16.3 to 16.9 m2/g and from 17.62 to 18.73 m2/g for Cal-PS2 specimens exhibiting a mesoporous structure. The elasticity modulus of the geopolymers was found to increase with the increase of the apparent density of geopolymers and with the sludges content but it tended to be lower than the Portland cement elasticity modulus. Leaching test was conducted to evaluate the potential environmental applications of the geopolymers. This test demonstrated effective containment of heavy metals within the geopolymers' network, except for low levels of arsenic.

The Impact of NaOH on the Micro-Mechanical Properties of the Interface Transition Zone in Low-Carbon Concrete.

To tackle carbon emissions from cement production and address the decline in concrete's mechanical properties due to the substitution of cement with solid waste (glass powder) and natural mineral admixture (zeolite powder) materials, we employed glass powder and zeolite powder to create composite cementitious materials. These materials underwent alkali activation treatment with a 4% NaOH dosage, replacing 50% of cement to produce low-carbon concrete. Nanoindentation tests and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) were employed to uncover the micro-mechanical properties and influencing mechanisms of alkali-activated low-carbon concrete. The results indicate a notable enhancement in the indentation modulus (19.9%) and hardness (25.9%) of alkali-activated low-carbon concrete compared to non-activated concrete. Simultaneously, the interfacial transition zone thickness decreased by 10 µm. The addition of NaOH led to a reduced volume fraction of pores (diameter >100 nm) and an increased fraction of pores (diameter < 100 nm), thereby reducing porosity by 2.6%, optimizing the pore structure of low-carbon concrete. The indentation modulus, hardness and volume fraction of the hydrated phase derived from Gaussian fitting analysis of the nanoindentation statistics showed that NaOH significantly improved the modulus and hardness of the hydration products of low-carbon concrete. This activation resulted in decreased LDC-S-H gel (low-density hydrated calcium silicate Ca5Si6O16(OH)·4H2O) and pore content, while the HD C-S-H gel (high-density hydrated calcium silicate Ca5Si6O16(OH)·4H2O) and CH (calcium hydroxide crystals Ca(OH)2) content increased by 13.91% and 23.46%, respectively. Consequently, NaOH influenced the micro-mechanical properties of low-carbon concrete by generating more high-density hydration products, reducing pore content, enhancing the pore indentation modulus and hardness, and shortening the interfacial transition zone. This study offers novel insights into reducing carbon emissions and promoting the use of solid waste (glass powder) and natural mineral admixture (zeolite powder) materials in concrete, contributing to the advancement of sustainable construction practices.

"Sweetwoods" Lignin as Promising Raw Material to Obtain Micro-Mesoporous Carbon Materials.

Biorefineries with the significant amounts of lignin as a by-product have a potential to increase business revenues by using this residue to produce high value-added materials. The carbon materials from biomass waste increases the profitability of the production of porous carbon used for sorbents and energy production. The purpose of this research is to study the chemical properties of lignin from "Sweetwoods" biorefinery as well as to characterize lignin carbonizates and activated carbons synthesized from them. This paper describes the effect of carbonization conditions (thermal or hydrothermal) on the properties of activated carbon material. It can be concluded that, depending on the carbonization method, the three-dimensional hierarchical porous structure of activated carbon materials based on "Sweetwoods" lignin, has micro- and mesopores of various sizes and can be used for number of purposes: both for high-quality sorbents, catalysts for electrochemical reduction reactions, providing sufficient space for ion mass transfer in electrodes for energy storage and transfer.

Decarbonatization of Energy Sector by CO2 Sequestration in Waste Incineration Fly Ash and Its Utilization as Raw Material for Alkali Activation.

In this study, municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash was subjected to mineral carbonation with the aim of investigating CO2 sequestration in waste material. The conducted study follows the trend of searching for alternatives to natural mineral materials with the ability to sequestrate CO2. The mineral carbonation of MSWI fly ash allowed for the storage of up to 0.25 mmol CO2 g-1. Next, both carbonated and uncarbonated MSWI fly ashes were activated using an alkaline activation method by means of two different activation agents, namely potassium hydroxide and potassium silicate or sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Mineral carbonation caused a drop in the compressive strength of alkali-activated materials, probably due to the formation of sodium and/or potassium carbonates. The maximum compressive strength obtained was 3.93 MPa after 28 days for uncarbonated fly ash activated using 8 mol dm-3 KOH and potassium hydroxide (ratio 3:1). The relative ratio of hydroxide:silicate also influenced the mechanical properties of the materials. Both carbonated and uncarbonated fly ashes, as well as their alkali-activated derivatives, were characterized in detail by means of XRD, XRF, and FTIR. Both uncarbonated and carbonated fly ashes were subjected to TG analysis. The obtained results have proved the importance of further research in terms of high-calcium fly ash (HCFA) utilization.