Impact of previous percutaneous coronary intervention on angiographic and clinical outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if previous PCI in patients with STEMI increases the risk of major cardiovascular events, and if final epicardial blood flow differs according to the reperfusion strategy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, longitudinal, comparative sub-study of the PHASE-MX trial that included patients with STEMI and reperfusion within 12 hours of symptom onset, who were classified according to their history of PCI. The occurrence of the composite primary endpoint (cardiovascular death, re-infarction, congestive heart failure and cardiogenic shock) within 30 days was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier estimates, log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model. Epicardial blood flow was assessed using the TIMI grading system after reperfusion. RESULTS: A total of 935 patients were included; 85.6% were males and 6.9% had a history of PCI; 53% underwent pharmacoinvasive therapy, and 47%, primary PCI. The incidence of the composite primary endpoint at 30 days in patients with a history of PCI was 9.8% vs 13.3% in those with no previous PCI (p = 0.06). Among the patients with previous PCI, 87.1% reached a final TIMI grade 3 flow after primary PCI vs. 75% in the group with pharmacoinvasive strategy (p = 0.235). CONCLUSIONS: A history of PCI does not increase the risk of major cardiovascular events at 30 days; however, it impacted negatively on the final angiographic blood flow of patients that received pharmacoinvasive therapy (compared to primary PCI).

ANTECEDENTES: El pronóstico de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST) y antecedente de intervención coronaria percutánea (ICP) es incierto. Objetivos: Evaluar si la ICP previa en pacientes con IAMCEST incrementa el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares mayores y si el flujo final epicárdico varía según la estrategia de reperfusión. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Subestudio de PHASE-MX, observacional, longitudinal y comparativo, de pacientes con IAMCEST reperfundidos en menos de 12 horas de iniciados los síntomas, divididos conforme el antecedente de ICP. El acaecimiento del criterio de valoración principal (muerte cardiovascular, reinfarto, insuficiencia cardíaca y choque cardiogénico) dentro de los 30 días se comparó con estimaciones de Kaplan-Meier, prueba de rangos logarítmicos y modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. El flujo epicárdico final se evaluó con el sistema de clasificación del flujo TIMI después de la reperfusión. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 935 pacientes, 85.6 % del sexo masculino, 6.9 % de los cuales tenía antecedente de ICP; 53 % recibió terapia farmacoinvasiva y 47 %, ICP primaria. La incidencia del criterio de valoración principal en pacientes con ICP previa fue de 9.8 % versus 13.3 % en aquellos sin ese antecedente (p = 0.06); 87.1 % de los pacientes con ICP previa obtuvo flujo final de grado TIMI 3 versus 75 % del grupo con estrategia farmacoinvasiva (p = 0.235). CONCLUSIONES: El antecedente de ICP no incrementa el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares mayores a los 30 días en pacientes con IAMCEST; sin embargo, impacta negativamente en el flujo sanguíneo angiográfico final de los pacientes que recibieron terapia farmacoinvasiva (en comparación con ICP primaria).

Impacto de un modelo asistencial específicamente diseñado en un programa de angioplastia coronaria ambulatoria / Impact of a Specifically Designed Model of Care in an Outpatient Coronary Angioplasty Program

RESUMEN Introducción: Desarrollamos en nuestro centro un modelo asistencial ambulatorio para procedimientos coronarios percutáneos denominado Radial Lounge (RL). Los pacientes visten su propia ropa durante toda la estadía, sin restricciones de movilidad y sin necesidad de ayuno. Antes y después del procedimiento permanecen en un sillón acompañados por un familiar hasta el alta, sin monitoreo continuo y controlados por un enfermero dedicado exclusivamente a esta área. Objetivos: Evaluar la seguridad y eficacia del modelo asistencial del RL, la tasa de alta el mismo día (AMD), experiencia del paciente y eventos cardiovasculares adversos mayores (ECAM): mortalidad intrahospitalaria, mortalidad y rehospitalización a 30 días. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional de cohorte retrospectiva en un centro cardiovascular, en que se incluyeron consecutivamente pacientes sometidos a una angioplastia transluminal coronaria (ATC) electiva en el RL. Resultados: Se incluyeron 2102 procedimientos de ATC electivas realizadas bajo el modelo RL. La tasa de AMD fue del 85,3% en el primer año de su implementación (2018) y alcanzó un 89% en 2022. Al evaluar la experiencia de los pacientes, el puntaje promedio obtenido a través de la encuesta de Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) fue 9,61/10. La tasa de ECAM no fue mayor que la reportada en la literatura. Conclusiones: El programa de ATC en RL demostró ser un modelo seguro y efectivo en nuestra experiencia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: An outpatient model of care for percutaneous coronary procedures called Radial Lounge (RL) was designed at our center. Patients wear their own clothes throughout their stay, with no mobility restrictions and without fasting. Before and after the procedure, they remain in an armchair accompanied by a family member until discharge, without continuous monitoring, under the supervision of a nurse dedicated exclusively to this area. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the RL model of care, the same-day discharge (SDD) rate, patient experience, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE): in-hospital mortality, overall mortality, and re-hospitalization at 30 days Methods: A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted at a cardiovascular center, including consecutively enrolled patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the RL. Results: A total of 2102 elective PCI procedures were included under the RL model. The SDD rate was 85.3% in the first year of its implementation (2018) and reached 89% in 2022. Assessing patient experience, the average score obtained through the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey was 9.61/10. The rate of MACE was not higher than that reported in the literature. Conclusion: The PCI program in the RL proved to be a safe and effective model in our experience.

Influencia del antecedente de intervención coronaria percutánea sobre los desenlaces angiográficos y clínicos en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST / Impact of previous percutaneous coronary intervention on angiographic and clinical outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Resumen Antecedentes: El pronóstico de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST) y antecedente de intervención coronaria percutánea (ICP) es incierto. Objetivos: Evaluar si la ICP previa en pacientes con IAMCEST incrementa el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares mayores y si el flujo final epicárdico varía según la estrategia de reperfusión. Material y métodos: Subestudio de PHASE-MX, observacional, longitudinal y comparativo, de pacientes con IAMCEST reperfundidos en menos de 12 horas de iniciados los síntomas, divididos conforme el antecedente de ICP. El acaecimiento del criterio de valoración principal (muerte cardiovascular, reinfarto, insuficiencia cardíaca y choque cardiogénico) dentro de los 30 días se comparó con estimaciones de Kaplan-Meier, prueba de rangos logarítmicos y modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. El flujo epicárdico final se evaluó con el sistema de clasificación del flujo TIMI después de la reperfusión. Resultados: Se incluyeron 935 pacientes, 85.6 % del sexo masculino, 6.9 % de los cuales tenía antecedente de ICP; 53 % recibió terapia farmacoinvasiva y 47 %, ICP primaria. La incidencia del criterio de valoración principal en pacientes con ICP previa fue de 9.8 % versus 13.3 % en aquellos sin ese antecedente (p = 0.06); 87.1 % de los pacientes con ICP previa obtuvo flujo final de grado TIMI 3 versus 75 % del grupo con estrategia farmacoinvasiva (p = 0.235). Conclusiones: El antecedente de ICP no incrementa el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares mayores a los 30 días en pacientes con IAMCEST; sin embargo, impacta negativamente en el flujo sanguíneo angiográfico final de los pacientes que recibieron terapia farmacoinvasiva (en comparación con ICP primaria).

Abstract Background: The prognosis of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is uncertain. Objectives: To evaluate if previous PCI in patients with STEMI increases the risk of major cardiovascular events, and if final epicardial blood flow differs according to the reperfusion strategy. Material and methods: Observational, longitudinal, comparative sub-study of the PHASE-MX trial that included patients with STEMI and reperfusion within 12 hours of symptom onset, who were divided according to their history of PCI. The occurrence of the composite primary endpoint (cardiovascular death, re-infarction, congestive heart failure and cardiogenic shock) within 30 days was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier estimates, log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model. Final epicardial blood flow was assessed using the TIMI grading system after reperfusion. Results: A total of 935 patients were included; 85.6% were males, and 6.9% had a history of PCI; 53% underwent pharmacoinvasive therapy, and 47%, primary PCI. The incidence of the composite primary endpoint at 30 days in patients with a history of PCI was 9.8% vs. 13.3% in those with no previous PCI (p = 0.06). Among the patients with previous PCI, 87.1% reached a final TIMI grade 3 flow after primary PCI vs. 75% in the group with pharmacoinvasive strategy (p = 0.235). Conclusions: A history of PCI does not increase the risk of major cardiovascular events at 30 days; however, it impacted negatively on the final angiographic blood flow of patients that received pharmacoinvasive therapy (compared to primary PCI).

The impact of side branch predilatation on procedural and long-term clinical outcomes in coronary bifurcation lesions treated by the provisional approach.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: It is uncertain whether side branch predilatation before main vessel stenting is necessary. We evaluated the effect of side branch predilatation on outcomes in percutaneous coronary intervention for true nonleft main bifurcation determined by the Medina classification using the provisional approach. METHODS: Target vessel failures (composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or target vessel revascularization) were compared between patients who underwent side branch predilatation (predilatation group, n = 175) and those who did not (nonpredilatation group, n = 662). RESULTS: Final kissing-balloon inflation (57.1% vs 35.8%; P < .001) was performed more frequently and the cross-over rate to a 2-stent technique (14.9% vs 5.1%; P < .001) was higher in the predilatation group. During a median follow-up of 21 months, the predilatation group had a higher incidence of target vessel failures (14.3% vs 6.8%; P = .002) and target vessel revascularization (12.0% vs 5.6%; P = .003), but not of cardiac death or myocardial infarction compared with the nonpredilatation group. On multivariate analysis, side branch predilatation was associated with a higher occurrence of target vessel failures (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-3.50; P = .004). These results remained consistent after a propensity score-matched population analysis (for target vessel failures, adjusted hazard ratio = 2.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-6.34; P = .0031) and they were also constant among the various subgroups, according to the bifurcation angle, calcification, and diameter stenosis of the side branch. CONCLUSIONS: Side branch predilatation before main vessel stenting may be associated with an increased risk of repeat revascularization in patients with true nonleft main bifurcation treated by the provisional approach. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT00851526.

Infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST anterior extenso en joven deportista de alto rendimiento sin factores de riesgo coronario / Extensive anterior acute myocardial infarction in young high-performance athlete without coronary risk factors

RESUMEN El ejercicio físico evita las enfermedades cardiovasculares pero cuando es intenso debe tener planificación y dosificación correctas y, de ser posible, es muy útil contar con una prueba ergométrica previa y un especialista orientador; porque también puede producir accidentes cardiovasculares en deportistas de alto rendimiento, entre otras cosas, por no cumplir con una programación bien definida con un basamento científico. La complicación más temida es la muerte súbita cardíaca, habitualmente por arritmias malignas y enfermedad isquémica. Se presenta el caso de un deportista de alto rendimiento, de 34 años de edad, en fase desentrenamiento y sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular u otros antecedentes de interés, que sufrió un infarto agudo de miocardio anterior extenso, con angina postinfarto, debido a una estenosis suboclusiva de la descendente anterior proximal. Se realizó angioplastia de rescate, con implantación de un stent farmacoactivo y el paciente evolucionó favorablemente.

ABSTRACT Physical exercise avoids cardiovascular diseases but when it is intense, it must have correct planning and dosage and, if possible, a previous ergometric test and a guidance specialist could be very useful; because it can also cause cardiovascular events in high performance athletes, among other things, for not complying with a well-defined schedule with a scientific base. The most feared complication is sudden cardiac death, usually due to malignant arrhythmias and ischemic heart disease. Here is presented the case of a 34-year-old high-performance athlete, in the detraining phase and without cardiovascular risk factors or other history of interest, who suffered an extensive acute myocardial infarction, with post-infarction angina, due to a stricture suboclusive of the proximal left anterior descending artery. A rescue angioplasty was performed, with implantation of a drug-eluting stent and the patient evolved favorably.

Terapia de restauración vascular con plataformas biorreabsorbibles. La cuarta revolución / Vascular restoration therapy using bioresorbable scaffolds. The fourth revolution

Con la aprobación y concesión del Registro Sanitario 201300 4713 del 25 de febrero de 2013, con vigencia hasta el año 2023, por parte del Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos como órgano oficial del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia, a la plataforma biorreabsorbible Absorb BVS®, con el nombre de stent medicado biorreabsorbible, la introducción de estas plataformas al portafolio terapéutico del cardiólogo intervencionista para el tratamiento de pacientes seleccionados con enfermedad coronaria, ha generado gran expectativa gracias a la seguridad y eficacia que han demostrado en comparación con los stents liberadores de medicamento, con resultados de no inferioridad y con el ofrecimiento de una serie de ventajas por las cuales ha sido considerado la «cuarta revolución¼. En este artículo se hace una revisión acerca de las plataformas existentes, de su mecanismo de acción, así como de sus potenciales ventajas y limitaciones.

The approval and the concession of the Health Registration 201300 4713 dated February 25th 2013, in force until 2013, by the National Institute of Food and Drug Monitoring as a body of the Colombian Ministry of Health and Social Protection, in favor of the Absorb BVS® bioresorbable scaffold, under the name of bioresorbable medicated stent, has created high expectations regarding the introduction of these scaffolds in the therapeutic repertoire of the interventional cardiologist for treatment of selected patients with coronary disease. The security and efficiency that they have shown in comparison to the drug-eluting stents, with results of non-inferiority and offering various advantages, have been the reasons why they have been called the fourth revolution. This article reviews the existing scaffolds and their operating methods, as well as their advantages and limitations.

Angina inestable secundaria a disección coronaria espontánea / Unstable angina secondary to spontaneous coronary dissection

La disección coronaria espontánea es una causa rara de infarto agudo del miocardio y puede debutar además como angina estable o síndrome de falla cardiaca. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 35 años quien tuvo eventos recurrentes de dolor torácico en el primer mes de posparto y en quien se diagnosticó disección coronaria de la arteria circunfleja, la cual fue intervenida con stents medicados. Veinte meses después permanecía libre de síntomas y sin evidencia de isquemia miocárdica inducible.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rare cause of acute myocardial infarction which may also occur as stable angina or heart failure syndrome. Here reported the case of a 35 years old woman who presented recurrent chest pain events in the first month of postpartum and in whom coronary dissection of the circumflex artery was diagnosed, which was intervened with drug eluting stents. Twenty months later she remained free of symptoms and with no evidence of inducible myocardial ischemia.

Intervenção coronariana complexa e tardia pós-tratamento quimioterápico / Complex late coronary intervention after chemotherapy

A associação entre o uso de quimioterápicos e a ocorrência de síndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) ou mesmo infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) é rara, todavia constitui complicação por vezes de natureza grave, surpreendendo pacientes em curso de tratamento de uma doença já debilitante. Relata-se um caso dessa ocorrência, representada por um lado pelo uso de paclitaxel (taxol) para o tratamento de câncer de ovário e, do outro, por uma lesão complexa, de bifurcação, tratada percutaneamente.

Although associations between chemotherapy and acutecoronary syndromes or even acute myocardial infarctions are rare, they may result in complications that might even be severe, surprising patients during treatments of diseases that are already debilitating. We present a case study of such an association, represented on the one hand by the use of paclitaxel (Taxol), with a complex coronary lesion (bifurcation) treated percutaneously on the other.

Relación de la fracción de eyección ventricular con la calidad de vida después de cirugía de bypass coronario o angioplastia coronaria en la clínica Guayaquil entre abril 2010 y marzo 2011 / Relationship between ventricular ejection fraction and the quality of life after coronary bypass surgery or coronary angioplasty at the Guayaquil private hospital between april 2010 and march 2011

Objetivo: determinar si los valores de la fracción de eyección ventricular (FEV) pre y post procedimiento se relacionan con una mejoría en la calidad de vida (CdV) de los pacientes que fueron sometidos a cirugía de bypass coronario vs. angioplastia coronaria. Diseño: estudio prospectivo observacional realizado en la clínica Guayaquil con 56 pacientes en quienes se llevó a cabo un procedimiento de revascularización coronaria, entre abril de 2010 y marzo de 2011. La CdV fue evaluada por medio del cuestionario SF-36v2 y la FEV mediante ecocardiografía; se hizo una reevaluación de los pacientes 4 a 8 semanas posteriores a la intervención. Resultados: de la muestra, 27 (48.2%) fueron tratados con angioplastia y 29 (51.8%) con cirugía de bypass. Se observó una mejoría en 7 de las 8 dimensiones de la salud, siendo mayor en el grupo de bypass coronario, aunque la diferencia no fue significativa (p>0.05); en cambio, la dimensión de dolor corporal mostró un incremento similar en ambas técnicas (p>0.05). En cuanto a la FEV, el mayor porcentaje de mejoría se obtuvo en aquellos sometidos a bypass (41.4% vs. 25%, p>0.05). No se encontró relación entre FEV y CdV (R2=0.27 para angioplastia, R2=0.07 para bypass). Conclusiones: ambas estrategias resultaron en una mejoría de la CdV durante las cuatro semanas de seguimiento; no se encontró una relación entre los cambios en la CdV y los valores de FEV en los pacientes.

Objective: to determine if the pre and post-procedure ventricular ejection fraction (VEF) values are associated with improved quality of life (QOL) of the patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery vs. coronary angioplasty. Design: prospective observational study conducted in the Guayaquil clinic with 56 patients who underwent a coronary revascularization procedure between April 2010 and March 2011. QOL was assessed using the SF-36v2 questionnaire and the VEF through echocardiography. Patients were re-assessed 4 to 8 weeks after the operation. Results: of the sample, 27 (48.2%) were treated with angioplasty and 29 (51.8%) with bypass surgery. Improvement was observed in 7 of the 8 health dimensions, being higher in the coronary bypass group, although the difference was not significant (p>0.05). The bodily pain dimension showed a similar increase in both techniques (p> 0.05). In terms of VEF, the highest percentage of improvement was obtained with those undergoing the bypass (41.4% vs. 25%, p> 0.05). No relationship was found between VEF and QOL (R2= 0.27 for angioplasty, R2= 0.07 for bypass). Conclusions: both strategies resulted in an improvement of QOL during the four-week follow up; no relationship was found between changes in QOL and FEV values in the patients.

Adequação das indicações da intervenção percutânea na doença coronariana estável e preditores do seu emprego inapropriado em um hospital de ensino / Appropriateness of percutaneous intervention indications in stble coronary disease and inappropriate use predictors at a teaching hospital

Fundamentos: A intervenção coronariana percutânea(ICP) promove melhora sintomática e menor necessidade de antianginosos na doença coronariana estável, masnão reduz a incidência de infarto do miocárdio e morte. Objetivo: Avaliar a adequação das indicações de ICPem pacientes com doença coronariana estável em um hospital universitário.Métodos: Foram estudados 102 pacientes com doença coronariana estável submetidos consecutivamentea ICP em um hospital universitário, com média de idade de 65,9±10,7 anos, sendo 67,3 % homens. Coletaram-se informações referentes ao paciente(dados clínico-epidemiológicos, resultados de testes provocativos de isquemia e uso de antianginosos) e aomédico solicitante (tempo de formação e especialidade). Considerou-se adequada a indicação de ICP a pacientes com angina do peito refratária ao tratamento clínico ou a pacientes assintomáticos apresentando grande área de isquemia miocárdica em testes provocativos.Resultados: A indicação de ICP foi considerada adequada em 34 (33,3 %) pacientes, inadequada em 2 e incerta nos 66 restantes. À análise univariada,mostraram-se significativamente associadas à indicação de ICP inadequada/incerta as variáveis: idade mais elevada (p=0,001), aposentadoria (p=0,006) e ausência de tabagismo (p=0,041) e de dislipidemia(p=0,039), observando-se tendência à significância em relação a sedentarismo (p=0,094), renda mais baixa(p=0,013) e tempo de formação do médico solicitante ≥10 anos (p=0,094). Após análise de regressão logística,apenas idade mais elevada (OR=1,10 [1,06-11,1]; p=0,048), renda mais baixa (OR=2,84 [1,5-7,6]; p=0,039)e maior tempo de formação do médico solicitante...

Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) results in improved symptoms and less need forantianginal medications for stable coronary artery disease, but does not reduce myocardial infarction and death rates. Objective: To assess the appropriateness of PCIindications in patients with stable coronary artery disease at a university hospital. Methods: The study involved 102 patients with stable coronary artery disease consecutively undergoing PCIat a university hospital, with a mean age of 65.9 ± 10.7 years and 67.3% male. Information was collected on the patient (clinical and epidemiological data,ischemia provocation test results and antianginal drug use) and the requesting physician (time since graduation and speciality). PCI indications wereconsidered appropriate for patients with angina pectoris to clinical treatment, or for asymptomatic patients presenting large areas of myocardial ischemia in provocation tests. Results: PCI indications were consideredappropriate for 34 (33.3%) patients, inappropriate for two others, and uncertain for the remaining 66.In the univariate analysis, the following variables were significantly associated with inappropriate/uncertain ICP indications: older (p=0.001), retired(p=0.006), non-smoker (p=0.041) and dyslipidemia (p=0.039), noting a trend towards sedentary lifestyles (p=0.094), lower income (p=0.013) and≥10 years time since graduation (p=0.094). After the logistic regression analysis, only the older (OR=1.10 [1.06-11.1]; p=0.048), lower income(OR=2.84[1.5-7.6]; p=0.039) and longer time since...

Tratamento operatório da dissecção iatrogênica do tronco de coronária esquerda / Operative treatment after iatrogenic left main dissection

A dissecção coronária iatrogênica apresenta alta morbidade e mortalidade. Diante da oclusão aguda do fluxo coronariano, é fundamental a restauração imediata da perviabilidade do vaso para limitar a extensão e duração da isquemia. Nesta situação, pode estar indicada a revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio de emergência. Os autores apresentam caso de um paciente com dissecção iatrogênica do tronco de coronária esquerda durante angioplastia transluminal percutânea, que foi solucionada pela realização de revascularização completa do miocárdio, com resultado satisfatório.

Coronary dissection has a significant morbity and mortality. The ideal management of acute coronary occlusion is the prompt restoration of the vessel patency to limit the extent and duration of ischemia. In the setting of dissection during percutaneous procedure, the usual approach has been emergency aortocoronary bypass surgery. The authors present a case of a patient with left main dissection during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. This problem was successfully managed with emergent aortocoronary bypass surgery.