A Novel Method and System Implementation for Precise Estimation of Single-Axis Rotational Angles.

Accurately estimating single-axis rotational angle changes is crucial in many high-tech domains. However, traditional angle measurement techniques are often constrained by sensor limitations and environmental interferences, resulting in significant deficiencies in precision and stability. Moreover, current methodologies typically rely on fixed-axis rotation models, leading to substantial discrepancies between measured and actual angles due to axis misalignment. To address these issues, this paper proposes an innovative method for single-axis rotational angle estimation. It introduces a calibration technique for installation errors between inertial measurement units and the overall measurement system, effectively translating dynamic rotational inertial outputs to system enclosure outputs. Subsequently, the method employs triaxial accelerometers combined with zero-velocity detection technology to estimate the rotation axis position. Finally, it delves into analyzing the relationship between quaternion and axis-angle, aimed at reducing noise interference for precise rotational angle estimation. Based on this proposed methodology, a Low-Cost, a High Accuracy Measurement System (HAMS) integrating sensor fusion was designed and implemented. Experimental results demonstrate static measurement errors below ±0.15° and dynamic measurement errors below ±0.5° within a ±180° range.

Continuous Fusion of Motion Data Using an Axis-Angle Rotation Representation with Uniform B-Spline.

The fusion of motion data is key in the fields of robotic and automated driving. Most existing approaches are filter-based or pose-graph-based. By using filter-based approaches, parameters should be set very carefully and the motion data can usually only be fused in a time forward direction. Pose-graph-based approaches can fuse data in time forward and backward directions. However, pre-integration is needed by applying measurements from inertial measurement units. Additionally, both approaches only provide discrete fusion results. In this work, we address this problem and present a uniform B-spline-based continuous fusion approach, which can fuse motion measurements from an inertial measurement unit and pose data from other localization systems robustly, accurately and efficiently. In our continuous fusion approach, an axis-angle is applied as our rotation representation method and uniform B-spline as the back-end optimization base. Evaluation results performed on the real world data show that our approach provides accurate, robust and continuous fusion results, which again supports our continuous fusion concept.

Optimal rotational positioning of tibial component in total knee arthroplasty: determined by linker surgical technique using a high definition CT.

INTRODUCTION: The rotational alignment of femoral and tibial components is an important determinant of the success of Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA). The optimal rotational position of the tibial component is still unclear. The purpose of this study was (1) to determine the pre-operative S-TEA (surgical-transepicondylar axis) derived tibialanteroposterior (AP) axis angle and postoperative tibial component axis angle using a "Bird's eye" high-definition CT image in TKA performed by Linker surgical technique; (2) to determine the femorotibial mismatch angle; and (3) to determine the optimal tibial component rotation in a well-aligned femoral and tibial components. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 55 knees in 49 osteoarthritis patients who underwent primary TKA by Linker surgical technique were evaluated. Preoperative tibial AP axis angle, and the postoperative tibial component axis angle were measured. Rotational mismatch between femoral and tibial components was also measured. RESULTS: The mean angle of the pre-operative tibial AP axis was 17.8° ± 4.0°, ranging from 4.3° to 25.4°. The mean angle of the post-operative tibial component axis was 16.2° ± 4.9°, ranging from 3.8° to 25.2°. The mean postoperative tibial component axis line was at 14.2% ± 11.9%. CONCLUSION: Because of the variability of pre-operative S-TEA derived tibial AP axis angle, the tibial component axis angle was also variable among the knees, but the two angles bore a strong correlation to each other. Based on our results, the optimal axis of the tibial component passes about halfway through the medial edge and medial one-third of the tibial tuberosity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.

Optical Sensors for Multi-Axis Angle and Displacement Measurement Using Grating Reflectors.

In dimensional metrology it is necessary to carry out multi-axis angle and displacement measurement for high-precision positioning. Although the state-of-the-art linear displacement sensors have sub-nanometric measurement resolution, it is not easy to suppress the increase of measurement uncertainty when being applied for multi-axis angle and displacement measurement due to the Abbe errors and the influences of sensor misalignment. In this review article, the state-of-the-art multi-axis optical sensors, such as the three-axis autocollimator, the three-axis planar encoder, and the six-degree-of-freedom planar encoder based on a planar scale grating are introduced. With the employment of grating reflectors, measurement of multi-axis translational and angular displacement can be carried out while employing a single laser beam. Fabrication methods of a large-area planar scale grating based on a single-point diamond cutting with the fast tool servo technique and the interference lithography are also presented, followed by the description of the evaluation method of the large-area planar scale grating based on the Fizeau interferometer.

Analysis of cervical sagittal alignment variations after lumbar pedicle subtraction osteotomy for severe imbalance: study of 59 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate postoperative changes within the cervical alignment following surgical lumbar correction by pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) in patients affected with sagittal global malalignment disease. METHODS: This was a monocentric, radiographic, and prospective study. 79 patients, who underwent sagittal correction by PSO, performed an EOS imaging pre- and postoperatively between January 2008 and December 2013 at the University Hospital of Bordeaux. Inclusion criteria were a performed pre- and postoperative EOS imaging and a preoperative C7SVA > 5 cm. Were excluded patients who did not allow EOS with a viewable cervical spine due to hyperkyphosis. The study involved the analysis of pelvic, lumbar, thoracic, cervical, and cranial parameters before and after the surgery. RESULTS: 59 patients met the criteria. Mean follow-up was 38 months. The lumbar PSO significantly improved sagittal alignment including L1S1 lordosis, T1T12 kyphosis, and C7SVA (p < 0.001). We did not reported a significant change within cervical parameters after PSO (C2C7 lordosis 22.7°-21.5° p = 0.64, C1C7 lordosis 50.6°-48.8° p = 0.56, C1C2 angle 28.2°-27.9° p = 0.82, C7 slope stayed constant 32.3°-30.5° p = 0.47, OC2 angle 15.54°-15.56° p = 0.99). However, cranial slope decreased significantly (p < 0.05). We did not find correlation between lumbar lordosis and cervical lordosis variations (R = 0.265). Cervical lordosis was highly correlated with the C7 slope (R = 0.597) and with the Spino Cranial Angle (R = - 0.867). CONCLUSION: Reciprocal changes in cervical spine after PSO are difficult to approach. Maintaining a horizontal gaze involves locoregional mechanisms of compensation adapting to the slope of C7. The cranial system by decreasing the cranial slope allows the gaze alignment and is the first compensation mechanism to get involved after a loss of lumbar lordosis. Restoring optimal C7SVA is necessary to prevent the development of secondary cervical painful symptomatology when the cranial compensation is outdated.

A Non-Destructive and Direction-Insensitive Method Using a Strain Sensor and Two Single Axis Angle Sensors for Evaluating Corn Stalk Lodging Resistance.

Corn stalk lodging is caused by different factors, including severe wind storms, stalk cannibalization, and stalk rots, and it leads to yield loss. Determining how to rapidly evaluate corn lodging resistance will assist scientists in the field of crop breeding to understand the contributing factors in managing the moisture, chemical fertilizer, and weather conditions for corn growing. This study proposes a non-destructive and direction-insensitive method, using a strain sensor and two single axis angle sensors to measure the corn stalk lodging resistance in the field. An equivalent force whose direction is perpendicular to the stalk is utilized to evaluate the corn lodging properties when a pull force is applied on the corn stalk. A novel measurement device is designed to obtain the equivalent force with the coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.85%. Five corn varieties with two different planting densities are arranged to conduct the experiment using the novel measurement device. The experimental results show that the maximum equivalent force could reach up to 44 N. A strong relationship with the square of the correlation coefficient of 0.88 was obtained between the maximum equivalent forces and the corn field’s stalk lodging rates. Moreover, the stalk lodging angles corresponding to the different pull forces over a measurement time of 20 s shift monotonically along the equivalent forces. Thus, the non-destructive and direction-insensitive method is an excellent tool for rapid analysis of stalk lodging resistance in corn, providing critical information on in-situ lodging dynamics.

Discrepancy of alignment in different weight bearing conditions before and after high tibial osteotomy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the differences in the amount of varus malalignment and valgus (over) correction in relation to three different weight bearing conditions from whole leg AP radiographs (single-limb (SL) stance, double-limb (DL) stance, supine position (S)) before and after high tibial osteotomy (HTO), and to evaluate which alignment parameters affect the changes for patients in three different weight bearing conditions. METHODS: A total of 40 consecutive patients (43 knees) with varus osteoarthritis underwent navigation assisted open wedge HTO. Mechanical axis angle (MA) was measured before and after surgery from hip-to-ankle radiographs taken with patients in three different weight bearing conditions. To find significant factors that affect the alignment differences, several variables including patient demographics, soft tissue laxity, pelvic obliquity, and ground mechanical axis deviation of tibia (calculated by the angle between two lines, tibial anatomical axis and weight-bearing line) were evaluated. RESULTS: Pre-operatively, mean MA measured on SL stance radiographs was significantly more varus than on DL stance (10.1° ± 2.4° and 8.0° ± 2.6°, respectively, p < 0.001), which was significantly more varus than on supine position (6.6° ± 2.6°, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, in patients with post-operatively valgus corrected knee, MA did not show the same pattern of change as with pre-operative varus knee. Mean MA measured on DL stance radiographs was more valgus than in supine position (-3.0o ± 2.4o and -2.6o ± 3.1o, p = 0.455), while mean MA on SL stance radiographs (-2.0o ± 2.1o) was significantly less valgus than on DL stance (p = 0.002). The ground mechanical axis deviation of tibia showed a significant correlation with MA difference between SL and DL stance radiographs before (ß = -0.341, p = 0.045) and after surgery (ß = -0.536, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In pre-operative varus knee, the mean MA on SL stance was changed to more varus than on DL stance, which changed to less valgus in post-operative valgus knee. The understanding in discrepancy of alignment in different weight bearing conditions before and after HTO should be considered for the appropriate realignment of the limb. STUDY DESIGN: Level II Prospective comparative study.

Effects of Small and Normalized Q-Factor Changes and Knee Alignment on Knee Biomechanics during Stationary Cycling.

Increasing inter-pedal distance (Q-Factor: QF) in cycling increases peak internal knee abduction moments (KAbM). The effect of smaller and normalized changes in QF has not been investigated. The purposes of this study were to examine changes in KAbM with small and normalized increases and whether static knee alignment accounts for any changes in knee biomechanics in cycling. Fifteen healthy participants were included (age: 22.7 ± 2.5 years, BMI: 23.95 ± 3.21 kg/m2). Motion capture and instrumented pedals collected kinematic and pedal reaction force (PRF) data, respectively, while participants cycled at five different QFs. Each participant's mechanical axis angle (MAA) was estimated using motion capture. Each participant's QFs were normalized by starting at 160 mm and increasing by 2% of the participant's leg length (L), where the five QF conditions were as follows: QF1 (160), QF2 (160 + 0.02 × L), QF3 (160 + 0.04 × L), QF4 (160 + 0.06 × L), and QF5 (160 + 0.08 × L). A linear mixed model was performed to detect differences between QF conditions. KAbM increased by more than 30% in QF5 from QF1, QF2, QF3, and QF4. Medial PRF increased by at least 20% in QF5 from QF1, QF2, and QF3. MAA had varying degrees of correlation with the variables of interest. These results suggest that KAbM is more sensitive to changes in QF at greater QF increases.

The signed helical angle: A technique for characterizing midfoot motion during gait.

Quantifying motion in the midfoot during gait and other movements is important for a variety of applications, but challenging due to the complexity of the multiple small articulations involved. The most common motion capture based techniques are limited in their ability to characterize the non-planar nature of the midfoot joint axes. In this study we developed a novel Signed Helical Angle (SHA) to quantify midfoot angular displacement. Motion capture data from 40 healthy subjects walking at a controlled speed were used to calculate finite helical axes and angles from a two-segment foot model. Axes were classified as either pronation or supination based on their orientation, and given a sign, thus either adding to or subtracting from the angular displacement. Analysis focused on insights from axis orientation and comparisons to other techniques. Results showed that when transitions were excluded, pronation and supination axes were fairly well clustered in the transverse plane. The resulting SHA midfoot angle waveform was comparable to sagittal plane Euler and helical component waveforms, but with 39% (approximately 3°) greater range of motion in pronation and 25% (approximately 4°) greater in supination, due to the direct measurement of the motion path and the influence of the other planes. The proposed SHA method may provide an intuitive and useful method to analyze midfoot motion for a variety of applications, particularly when interventions cause subtle changes that may be diluted in planar analyses.

Validation of a Biomechanical Injury and Disease Assessment Platform Applying an Inertial-Based Biosensor and Axis Vector Computation.

Inertial kinetics and kinematics have substantial influences on human biomechanical function. A new algorithm for Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)-based motion tracking is presented in this work. The primary aims of this paper are to combine recent developments in improved biosensor technology with mainstream motion-tracking hardware to measure the overall performance of human movement based on joint axis-angle representations of limb rotation. This work describes an alternative approach to representing three-dimensional rotations using a normalized vector around which an identified joint angle defines the overall rotation, rather than a traditional Euler angle approach. Furthermore, IMUs allow for the direct measurement of joint angular velocities, offering the opportunity to increase the accuracy of instantaneous axis of rotation estimations. Although the axis-angle representation requires vector quotient algebra (quaternions) to define rotation, this approach may be preferred for many graphics, vision, and virtual reality software applications. The analytical method was validated with laboratory data gathered from an infant dummy leg's flexion and extension knee movements and applied to a living subject's upper limb movement. The results showed that the novel approach could reasonably handle a simple case and provide a detailed analysis of axis-angle migration. The described algorithm could play a notable role in the biomechanical analysis of human joints and offers a harbinger of IMU-based biosensors that may detect pathological patterns of joint disease and injury.

[Correlation analysis between imaging classification of varus knee osteoarthritis and axis angle of tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints].

OBJECTIVE: To explore correlation between imaging classification of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and axis angle of tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 739 middle-aged and elderly patients with KOA (1 026 knee joints) who underwent vertical X-ray examination of both lower limbs and lateral knee joints from September 2018 to December 2020. Among them, 63 patients with K-L 0 grade (95 knee joints), 100 patients with K-L 1 grade (130 knee joints), 161 patients with K-L 2 grade (226 knee joints), 187 patients with K-L 3 grade (256 knee joints), and 228 patients of K-L 4 grade (319 knee joints). According to relative position of knee joint center and line between hip joint center and ankle joint center, the affected knee was divided into varus group(844 knees joints) and valgus group (182 knees joints). According to Install-Salvati method, the affected knee was divided into three groups, such as high patella (patella height>1.2 mm, 347 knees joints), median patella (patella height ranged from 0.8 to 1.2 mm, 561 knees joints), and low patella (patella height<0.8 mm, 118 knees joints). Lower femur angle, upper tibia angle, femoral neck shaft angle, femoral tibial angle, joint gap angle, hip-knee-ankle angle, patella-femoral angle and patella height among different groups were observed and compared. RESULTS: (1) In varus KOA group, there were statistical differnces in hip-knee-ankle angle, tibiofemoral angle, lower femoral angle, upper tibial angle, joint space angle, and femoral neck shaft angle of patients with different K-L grades (P<0.05). Hip-knee-ankle angle, tibiofemoral angle, lower femoral angle, upper tibial angle, joint space angle and K-L grade were significantly positively correlated at 0.01(P<0.05);femoral neck shaft angle and K-L grade showed negative correlation at 0.01(P<0.05). (2) In valgus KOA group, hip-knee-ankle angle, there were statistical differences in tibiofemoral angle, inferior femoral angle, superior tibial angle, joint space angle, and femoral neck shaft angle of patients with different K-L grades(P<0.05). Hip-knee-ankle angle, tibiofemoral angle, lower femoral angle, upper tibial angle, and femoral neck shaft angle showed negative correlation with K-L grades at level of 0.01 (P<0.05);joint gap angle and K-L grades showed significantly positive correlation at level of 0.01(P<0.05). (3) In high patella group, there were statistically differences in patellar height and patellar femoral angle of different K-L grades(P<0.05);there were no statistical difference in patella height and patellar femoral angle of different K-L grades in median patella group. There was no significant difference in patella heightin low patella group with different K-L grades(P>0.05), and there was statistical difference in patellofemoral angle(P<0.05). Patellar height and patella-femoral angle of high patella group were significantly positively correlated with K-L grades at the level of 0.01 (P<0.05);patella height and patella-femoral angle were not correlated with K-L grades in median patella group(P>0.05). There was no correlation between height of patella and K-L grade in low patella group (P>0.05). There was significant negative correlation between patella-femoral angle and K-L grade at level of 0.05 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Inferior femoral angle, tibiofemoral angle, joint gap angle, hip-knee-ankle angle, femoral neck shaft angle and high patella are related to K-L classification of varus KOA, which could be used for early diagnosis and provide objective data for efficacy analysis of conservative treatment.

Alignment evaluation using different distal reference points after total knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: To assess alignment for total knee arthroplasty, the center of the ankle has been used as the main reference point for the distal tibia; however, the true load-bearing mechanical axis should be determined as a line from the center of the femoral head to the lowest point of calcaneus. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the differences in alignment. METHODS: Patients with medial osteoarthritis who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty (Group A, center of ankle reference, or Group C, calcaneal contact reference) were recruited. We determined (1) the total number with calcaneal contact point lateral to the center of ankle and compared (2) percentage of displacement of the load-bearing axis at the level of the knee, (3) anatomical axis angle, (4) mechanical axis angle, and (5) tibial component angle. RESULTS: The study included 94 patients (128 knees), with the calcaneal contact reference point located lateral relative to the center of the ankle in 88.3% (113/128 knees). Using calcaneal contact point references, displacement of the load-bearing axis at the knee was greater (p < 0.0001, 38.7% vs 34.0%), and angles demonstrated significantly valgus alignment (p < 0.0001, 5.6° vs. 4.8° for anatomical axis angle, -3.0° vs. -4.2° for mechanical axis angle, and 89.9° vs. 88.6°for tibial component angle). CONCLUSIONS: Varus alignment measured by the ankle reference method might correspond to the neutral alignment by the amount of valgus alignment indicated by the calcaneal reference. Surgeons should take this into account when preoperative planning, performing intraoperative procedures, and during postoperative evaluation.

Radiological assessment of lower limb alignment.

The full-length standing radiograph in an anteroposterior projection is the primary tool for defining and measuring limb alignment with definition of the physiological axes and mechanical and anatomic angles of the lower limb.We define the deformities of the lower limb and the importance of correct surgical planning and execution.For patients with torsional malalignment of the lower limb, computerized tomography scan evaluation is the gold standard for preoperative assessment. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:487-494. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.210015.

Treatment of lumbar canal stenosis in patients with compensated sagittal balance.

INTRODUCTION: The need to combine fusion with decompression in patients with lumbar canal stenosis is still controversial. The aim of this study was to show that isolated decompression leads to the same outcomes as decompression plus fusion in patients who have preserved global sagittal balance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center retrospective cohort of 110 patients who were operated for a single-level lumbar stenosis was divided into two groups based on the treatment: isolated decompression or fusion-decompression. These patients had a normal odontoid-hip axis angle (ODHA) (-5° to +2°) and had no spondylolisthesis or frontal deformity. We compared the clinical outcome scores and spinal-pelvic parameters preoperatively and at 1 year of follow-up. We evaluated the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) corresponding to a 12.8-point difference in the Owestry Disability Index (ODI). The analysis in each group was based on the MCID. RESULTS: The clinical outcome scores improved significantly in both groups. There was a 77% decrease in the ODI>12.8 points with no significant difference between groups. The analysis based on the MCID showed that patients with a poor clinical result at 1 year in the isolated decompression group were more likely to have lumbar pain, while the ones in the fusion-decompression group were more likely to have radicular pain. CONCLUSION: The clinical and radiological results of fusion-decompression are not superior at 1 year relative to isolated decompression for treating single-level lumbar canal stenosis in patients with compensated sagittal balance. Full-spine weight bearing radiographs are key to determining the patient's sagittal balance and to ensuring there are no radiological instability factors that may require a stabilizing procedure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV Retrospective study of data collected prospectively.

Occipital and external acoustic meatus to axis angle: a useful predictor of oropharyngeal space in rheumatoid arthritis patients with atlantoaxial subluxation.

OBJECTIVE: Dyspnea and/or dysphagia is a life-threatening complication after occipitocervical fusion. The occiput-C2 angle (O-C2a) is useful for preventing dyspnea and/or dysphagia because O-C2a affects the oropharyngeal space. However, O-C2a is unreliable in atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) because it does not reflect the translational motion of the cranium to C2, another factor affecting oropharyngeal area in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have reducible AAS. The authors previously proposed the occipital and external acoustic meatus to axis angle (O-EAa; i.e., the angle made by McGregor's line and a line joining the external auditory canal and the middle point of the endplate of the axis [EA line]) as a novel, useful, and powerful predictor of the anterior-posterior narrowest oropharyngeal airway space (nPAS) distance in healthy subjects. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the validity of O-EAa as an indicator of oropharyngeal airway space in RA patients with AAS. METHODS: The authors investigated 64 patients with RA. The authors collected lateral cervical radiographs at neutral position, flexion, extension, protrusion, and retraction and measured the O-C2a, C2-C6, O-EAa, anterior atlantodental interval (AADI), and nPAS. Patients were classified into 2 groups according to the presence of AAS and its mobility: group N, patients without AAS; and group R, patients with reducible AAS during dynamic cervical movement. RESULTS: Group N had a significantly lower AADI and O-EAa than group R in all but the extension position. The O-EAa was a better predictor for nPAS than O-C2a according to the mixed-effects models in both groups (marginal R2: 0.510 and 0.575 for the O-C2a and O-EAa models in group N, and 0.250 and 0.390 for the same models, respectively, in group R). CONCLUSIONS: O-EAa was superior to O-C2a in predicting nPAS, especially in the case of AAS, because it affects both O-C2a and cranial translational motion. O-EAa would be a useful parameter for surgeons performing occipitocervical fusion in patients with AAS.

Computer-aided surgical planner for a new bone deformity correction device using axis-angle representation.

Current external fixators for distraction osteogenesis (DO) are unable to correct all types of deformities in the lower limb and are difficult to use because of the lack of a pre-surgical planning system. We propose a DO system that consists of a surgical planner and a new, easy-to-setup unilateral fixator that not only corrects all lower limb deformity, but also generates the contralateral/predefined bone shape. Conventionally, bulky constructs with six or more joints (six degrees of freedom, 6DOF) are needed to correct a 3D deformity. By applying the axis-angle representation, we can achieve that with a compact construct with only two joints (2DOF). The proposed system makes use of computer-aided design software and computational methods to plan and simulate the planned procedure. Results of our stress analysis suggest that the stiffness of our proposed fixator is comparable to that of the Orthofix unilateral external fixator. We tested the surgical system on a model of an adult deformed tibia and the resulting bone trajectory deviates from the target bone trajectory by 1.8mm, which is below our defined threshold error of 2mm. We also extracted the transformation matrix that defines the deformity from the bone model and simulated the planned procedure.

Three-dimensional accuracy of different correction methods for cast implant bars.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of three techniques for correction of cast implant bars. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty cast implant bars were fabricated on a metal master model. All cast implant bars were sectioned at 5 mm from the left gold cylinder using a disk of 0.3 mm thickness, and then each group of ten specimens was corrected by gas-air torch soldering, laser welding, and additional casting technique. Three dimensional evaluation including horizontal, vertical, and twisting measurements was based on measurement and comparison of (1) gap distances of the right abutment replica-gold cylinder interface at buccal, distal, lingual side, (2) changes of bar length, and (3) axis angle changes of the right gold cylinders at the step of the post-correction measurements on the three groups with a contact and non-contact coordinate measuring machine. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t-test were performed at the significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Gap distances of the cast implant bars after correction procedure showed no statistically significant difference among groups. Changes in bar length between pre-casting and post-correction measurement were statistically significance among groups. Axis angle changes of the right gold cylinders were not statistically significance among groups. CONCLUSION: There was no statistical significance among three techniques in horizontal, vertical and axial errors. But, gas-air torch soldering technique showed the most consistent and accurate trend in the correction of implant bar error. However, Laser welding technique, showed a large mean and standard deviation in vertical and twisting measurement and might be technique-sensitive method.