[Considerations for the design and implementation of interventions for the cessation of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use in pregnancy: A qualitative study]. / Consideraciones para el diseño e implementación de las intervenciones para la cesación de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y cannabis en el embarazo. Un estudio cualitativo.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the opinion of different key stakeholders regarding the requirements that tobacco, alcohol and/or cannabis cessation interventions should meet to be implemented and to be acceptable and useful during pregnancy. DESIGN: A qualitative study with phenomenological approach. SITE: The study was conducted in Spain in 2022. PARTICIPANTS: Decision makers, health professionals, pregnant women using tobacco, alcohol and/or cannabis and their partners who are also users. METHODS: Data were collected through focus groups and in-depth interviews, until discourse saturation was reached and accurately transcribed. Exploratory analysis and inductive open coding were conducted, codes were merged into categories and subcategories were identified. RESULTS: Four categories and 18 subcategories were identified. The results suggest that interventions should be multicomponent. Among the interventions most accepted by pregnant women and their partners were specific cessation consultations, information, peer support (although they did not specify how) and financial incentives. Among other options to consider, co-oximetry, proposed by managers to obtain an objective register. CONCLUSIONS: The conclusion is that this intervention should be carried out at the level of prenatal care in primary care. There are doubts regarding the frequency, purpose, and follow-up of this multicomponent intervention, as well as the possibility of incorporating couples.

[Do we know what moderate alcohol consumption is? The particular case of beer.] / ¿Sabemos lo que es un consumo moderado de alcohol? El caso particular de la cerveza.

Introduction: There is currently a great controversy about the lack of definition regarding the concept of moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages from the point of view of health, since, in turn, it should be a socially accepted consumption. Although still there is not a global agreement about the definition of "moderate consumption", it is considered as such the amount below 10-12 g alcohol/day for women and no more than 20-24g alcohol/day for men. These differences are because that women are not capable as men to metabolise alcohol. According to the scientific evidence, moderate consumption of beer seems to be accepted to maintain an adequate quality of the diet, as it provides vitamins B (vitamin B6, B12 and folates) and minerals (magnesium) among other nutrients, as well as poliphenols and complex carbohydrates. In terms of health, a moderate beer consumption may play a protective role at cardiovascular levels, associated with an enhanced lipid profile. It should be highlighted the possible beneficial effects of a moderate consumption of fermented beverages (such as beer) is associated with other factors, such as gender, age, as well as the pattern of consumption throughout life.

Introducción: Actualmente existe una gran controversia relativa a la falta de definición respecto a lo que se considera un consumo moderado de bebidas alcohólicas desde el punto de vista de la salud, ya que, a su vez, debería ser un consumo socialmente aceptado. Aunque no existe una definición universalmente consensuada de consumo moderado, se considera como tal la cantidad por debajo de 10-12 g de alcohol al día para mujeres y de no más de 20-24 g alcohol al día para hombres. Estas diferencias se deben a la menor capacidad de las mujeres para metabolizar el alcohol. De acuerdo con la evidencia científica, parece aceptarse que el consumo moderado de cerveza puede colaborar en mantener una adecuada calidad de la dieta, ya que aporta vitaminas del complejo B (vitamina B6, B12 y folatos) y minerales (magnesio), entre otros nutrientes, así como polifenoles y carbohidratos complejos. En referencia a la salud, se ha atribuido a la cerveza un papel protector a nivel cardiovascular, asociado a un mejor perfil lipídico. Todo ello podría indicar un papel protector a nivel cardiovascular. También es importante señalar que el posible efecto beneficioso de un consumo moderado de bebidas fermentadas (como la cerveza) está asociado a otros factores como el sexo, la edad y el patrón de consumo a lo largo de la vida.

Effectiveness of brief counselling in a hospital setting for smoking cessation and risky alcohol drinking reduction: randomised clinical trial protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic diseases are a public health problem, and 80% of them are related to modifiable risk factors such as unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and risky alcohol consumption. Although the intervention in smoking and hazardous alcohol drinking has proven to be effective in Primary Care, it is unknown whether it works in the same way in the hospital setting. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of brief counselling in order to modify the stage of change in smokers and at-risk drinkers treated in a high complexity hospital. METHODS: A Randomised controlled trial to be conducted, in which an evaluation is made of four brief counselling strategies for smoking cessation and risky alcohol consumption compared to usual care, selected according to the patient's stage of change. The primary result will be the proportion of patients in each of the groups (intervention and control) with identified progress in the stage of change. The reduction of consumption will be also be analysed. Protocol registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03521622). RESULTS: The results will be published in scientific journals, and its application aims to generate behavioural intervention protocols for modifiable risk factors in high complexity hospitals. The trial was presented and approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio, Bogota, Colombia (Approval 01/2018).

Alcohol, age at first sexual intercourse and number of sexual partners in young Mexican women.

AIM: To identify the relationship between use of alcohol, number of sexual partners and age of sexual initiation. METHOD: Descriptive-correlational study. A random sample of 319 young women (age 18-25) from Nuevo Laredo, Mexico was recruited. A sociodemographic data sheet and the AUDIT questionnaire were used. Non-parametric Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Kruskal-Wallis H test were selected. RESULTS: On average the participants were 20.70 years old (±2.1), had 1.86 sexual partners (±1.27), started drinking alcohol at the age of 16.82 (±1.79), and their first sexual intercourse was at the age of 17.38 (±1.65). There was a decrease in the age of onset of alcohol use (H=16.646, p<.001) and the age at first sexual intercourse (H=26.749, p<.001) on the lower their current age. The overall AUDIT score negatively correlated with the age of the participants on their first sexual intercourse (rs=-.168, p<.001) and positively correlated with the number of sexual partners (rs=.243, p<.001). The aforementioned correlations were more intense among the younger participants (18- and 19-year olds; p<.01). CONCLUSIONS: There was an association between higher use of alcohol, early age of sexual initiation and number of sexual partners. Nursing professionals may address such variables simultaneously through preventive strategies directed specifically at young women.

[Trends in alcohol consumption among school-aged adolescents in Spain (2010-2018)]. / Tendencias en el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes escolarizados en España (2010-2018).

OBJECTIVE: To analyze trends in beer, wine, and distilled spirits consumption, as well as drunkenness among school-aged adolescents in Spain from 2010 to 2018 by sex and age. METHOD: The sample is composed of 35,310 adolescents aged 15 to 18. The data is representative of the adolescent school population in Spain in 2010, 2014, and 2018. The alcohol consumption questionnaire and the drunkenness questionnaire provided by the international team of the study (removed for blinded review) were employed. Prevalence Ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression models with robust variance. RESULTS: the data show a general decrease in alcohol consumption (beer, wine, as well as distilled spirits) and in drunkenness, but the decrease mainly occurs between 2010 and 2014. Sex differences (higher consumption and drunkenness among boys) are found among adolescents aged 17-18 but not in the age group of 15-16 years old. Older adolescents show higher levels of consumption and drunkenness than younger adolescents. DISCUSSION: the results confirm the relevance of carrying out specific analyses in order to identify risk groups which are not detected through general analyses. This data highlights the need to maintain alcohol prevention and control policies due to the risk of stabilization in alcohol-related behaviours.

Effectiveness of Brief Counseling in a Hospital Setting for Smoking Cessation and Risky Alcohol Drinking Reduction: Randomized Clinical Trial Protocol. / Efectividad de la consejería breve en el ámbito hospitalario para la cesación del tabaquismo y la disminución del consumo riesgoso de alcohol: Protocolo de un experimento clínico aleatorizado.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic diseases are a public health problem, and 80% of them are related to modifiable risk factors such as unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and risky alcohol consumption. Although the intervention in smoking and hazardous alcohol drinking has proven to be effective in Primary Care, it is unknown whether it works in the same way in the hospital setting. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of brief counselling in order to modify the stage of change in smokers and at-risk drinkers treated in a high complexity hospital. METHODS: A Randomised controlled trial to be conducted, in which an evaluation is made of four brief counselling strategies for smoking cessation and risky alcohol consumption compared to usual care, selected according to the patient's stage of change. The primary result will be the proportion of patients in each of the groups (intervention and control) with identified progress in the stage of change. The reduction of consumption will be also be analysed. Protocol registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03521622). RESULTS: The results will be published in scientific journals, and its application aims to generate behavioural intervention protocols for modifiable risk factors in high complexity hospitals. The trial was presented and approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio, Bogota, Colombia (Approval 01/2018).

Consumption of Alcohol, Tobacco and Psychoactive Substances in Adolescents from an Indigenous Territory in the Colombian Amazon. / Consumo de alcohol, tabaco y sustancias psicoactivas de los adolescentes de un territorio indígena en la Amazonía colombiana.

INTRODUCTION: There are very few studies on the consumption of psychoactive substances (PAS) among young people from indigenous territories and evening or blended learning students. In Inírida, a municipality in the Colombian Amazon, there were concerns about a possible consumption issue that had never been characterised before. OBJECTIVE: To characterise the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and PAS in Inírida among teenage evening and blended learning students. METHODS: The Inter-American Uniform Drug Use Data System (SIDUC) survey developed by the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) was adapted to the cultural context and carried out on 95% of 284 evening and blended learning students (262). Descriptive statistics and multiple correspondence analyses were used. RESULTS: Currently, 59% consume alcohol; 28% tobacco; 21% marijuana; 3% cocaine paste; 1% ecstasy (MDMA); 1% cocaine; and 1% inhalants. Also, 61% believe that drugs are available inside and around the vicinity of their school, and that marijuana (62%) and cocaine paste (35%) are easily acquired. Drugs are most commonly offered in neighbourhoods (56%) and at parties (30%). Those offering the highest quantity of drugs are acquaintances (35%) and friends (29%). And 51% stated that they had participated in preventive activities related to consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The population has a higher consumption of the substances studied in comparison with the national reference, that of Orinoquía and Amazonía, with the exception of cocaine and inhalants. The consumption situation was confirmed, so participatory actions are proposed.

Alcohol, age at first sexual intercourse and number of sexual partners in young Mexican women. / Alcohol, edad de la primera relación sexual y número de parejas sexuales en jóvenes mexicanas.

AIM: To identify the relationship between use of alcohol, number of sexual partners and age of sexual initiation. METHOD: Descriptive-correlational study. A random sample of 319 young women (age 18-25) from Nuevo Laredo, Mexico was recruited. A sociodemographic data sheet and the AUDIT questionnaire were used. Non-parametric Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Kruskal-Wallis H test were selected. RESULTS: On average the participants were 20.70 years old (±2.1), had had 1.86 sexual partners (±1.27), started drinking alcohol at the age of 16.82 (±1.79), and their first sexual intercourse was at the age of 17.38 (±1.65). There was a decrease in the age of onset of alcohol use (H=16.646, p <.001) and the age at first sexual intercourse (H=26.749, P<.001) on the lower their current age. The overall AUDIT score negatively correlated with the age of the participants on their first sexual intercourse (rs=-.168, P<.001) and positively correlated with the number of sexual partners (rs=.243, P<.001). The aforementioned correlations were more intense among the younger participants (18- and 19-year olds; P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: There was an association between higher use of alcohol, early age of sexual initiation and number of sexual partners. Nursing professionals may address such variables simultaneously through preventive strategies directed specifically at young women.

[Alcohol consumption and lipid profile in participants of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-BRASIL)]. / Consumo de alcohol y perfil lipídico en participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil).

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: dyslipidemias are commonly defined by low levels of HDL-c and high levels of triglycerides and LDL-c as an alteration in the functioning of lipoproteins. Several factors are related to this pathogenesis, and one of them is the consumption of alcohol, presenting divergences between the amount and the type of alcoholic drink that must be consumed to find effects of association with the lipid parameters. Objective: to investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and the type of alcoholic beverage with HDL-c and triglycerides in participants of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brazil). Methods: observational, cross-sectional study, developed from baseline data from the ELSA-Brazil (2008-2010). The consumption of alcoholic beverages was estimated in doses/week and categorized in tertiles (1-7, 7-14 and > 14 doses/week) and by type of alcoholic beverage (beer, wine and distillates). Lipid parameters were used as continuous data. Linear regression models were performed for each type of alcoholic beverage. The confidence level was 5%. Results: HDL-c and triglycerides increased with the increase in the number of doses/week of beer. The consumption of wine between 1-7 and 7-14 doses/week raises HDL-c. Conversely, triglycerides tend to decrease when consumption is 1-7 doses/week. Consumption of distillates > 14 doses/week increase HDL-c. Conclusion: HDL-c increased plasma levels directly with the consumption of all types of alcoholic beverages. Conversely, triglycerides decrease with wine consumption.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: las dislipidemias son definidas comúnmente por niveles bajos de HDL-c y altos niveles de triglicéridos y LDL-c. Son varios los factores relacionados con esta patogénesis y uno de ellos es el consumo de alcohol, presentado divergencias entre la cantidad y el tipo de bebida alcohólica que debe consumirse para encontrar efectos de asociación con los parámetros lipídicos. Objetivo: investigar la relación entre el consumo de alcohol y el tipo de bebida alcohólica y los parámetros lipídicos HDL-c y triglicéridos en participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Métodos: estudio observacional, transversal, desarrollado a partir de los datos de la línea de base del ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010). El consumo de bebidas alcohólicas fue estimado en dosis/semana y categorizado por terciles (1-7, 7-14 y > 14 dosis/semana) y por tipo de bebida alcohólica (cerveza, vino y destilados). Los parámetros lipídicos fueron utilizados como datos continuos. Se realizaron modelos de regresión lineal para cada tipo de bebida alcohólica. El nivel de confianza fue del 5%. Resultados: el HDL-c y los triglicéridos aumentaron con el incremento del número de dosis/semana de cerveza. El consumo de vino de 1-7 y 7-14 dosis/semana elevó el HDL-c. Por el contrario, los triglicéridos tienden a disminuir cuando el consumo es de 1-7 dosis/semana. El consumo de destilados de > 14 dosis/semana aumentó las concentraciones de HDL-c. Conclusión: el HDL-c aumentó sus niveles plasmáticos con el consumo de todos los tipos de bebidas alcohólicas. Por el contrario, los triglicéridos disminuyen con el consumo de vino.

Alcohol consumption patterns of university students of health sciences. / Patrones de consumo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios de Ciencias de la Salud.

AIM: To describe the alcohol drinking patterns and binge drinking episodes (BDE) in a sample of Health Science students, as well as identify associated factors. METHOD: It is a descriptive study, in which sociodemographic variables and a weekly alcohol consumption diary recording the number of standard drinking units consumed at different times of the day are collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: 286 students (66.1% women) from Cadiz University (193 Medical students and 93 Nursing students), with a mean age of 21.1 (SD 2.8) years, took part in this study. Forty-four point 8percent of the students live with their families. Sixty-five point 7percent of the students drank alcohol in the previous week, this was more usual in the males. The weekly alcohol consumption pattern was 74.5% for low-risk alcohol consumption, 21% for moderate-risk and 4.5% for a high-risk consumption. Thirty-three point 9percent had 1-2 BDE over the previous week apart from their weekly consumption pattern. Twenty-six point 6percent of the students who were emancipated had moderate-risk consumption, 8.2% had a high-risk consumption and 41.8% had a binge drinking episode. There were statistically significant associations between the weekly consumption pattern regarding sex, habitual residence and BDE variables. CONCLUSIONS: More than half the students had taken alcohol the previous week, mainly at weekends. The high prevalence of BDE is highlighted. We propose enhancing early detection and prevention campaigns in this population.

Consumo de bebida alcoólica por estudantes de medicina: um panorama global / Alcohol consumption by medical students: a global overview / Consumo de alcohol por estudiantes de medicina: una visión global

O consumo de bebidas alcoólicas representa um dos principais fatores de risco de envolvimento em acidentes de trânsito. Objetivou-se analisar o panorama geral de consumo de bebida alcoólica por estudantes de medicina e as implicações nos acidentes de trânsito. Foram consultadas as bases de dados SciELO, PubMed e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e incluídos dez artigos completos disponíveis entre 2010 e 2022, em língua portuguesa e inglesa. Resultou que o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas pelos estudantes variou de 76,6% a 81,2%, e que ingerir bebidas alcoólicas expõe os motoristas ao envolvimento em acidentes de trânsito 68% maior do que os que não estão expostos a tal fator. Concluiu-se que os estudantes de medicina, população jovem, apresentam um alto índice de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, e os motivos envolvidos apontam para o nível de pressão do curso, alta carga horária, períodos do curso mais avançados, festas acadêmicas e morar sem os pais.

The consumption of alcoholic drinks represents one of the main risk factors for the involvement in traffic accidents. The objective of this study was to analyze the general panorama of alcohol consumption by medical students and the implications for traffic accidents. SciELO, PubMed and Virtual Health Library databases were consulted, and ten full articles available between 2010 and 2022, in Portuguese and English, were included. The results obtained were that the consumption of alcoholic drinks by students ranged from 76.6% to 81.2%, and that alcohol drinking exposes drivers to involvement in 68% more traffic accidents than those who are not exposed to such factor. It was concluded that medical students, a young population, have a high rate of consumption of alcoholic beverages, and the reasons involved point to the level of pressure of the medical school, high workload, seniority in the program, academic parties, and living without the parents

El consumo de bebidas alcohólicas representa uno de los principales factores de riesgo de implicación en accidentes de tráfico. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el panorama del consumo de alcohol por los estudiantes de medicina y las implicaciones en los accidentes de tránsito. Se consultaron las bases de datos SciELO, PubMed y Biblioteca Virtual en Salud y se incluyeron diez artículos completos disponibles entre 2010 y 2022, en portugués e inglés. Los resultados obtenidos fueran que el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas osciló entre 76,6% y 81,2%, y que el expone a los conductores a involucrarse en accidentes de tráfico un 68% más que aquellos que non están expuestos a tal factor. Se concluyó que los estudiantes de medicina, una población joven, tienen un alto índice de consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, y los motivos involucrados apuntan para el nivel de presión del curso, alta carga horaria, períodos más avanzados del curso, fiestas académicas y morar sin los padres

Presión arterial en consumidores y no consumidores de bebidas alcohólicas de la población peruana, 2022

Introducción: el consumo de alcohol impacta de forma diferente a hombres y mujeres debido a las características biológicas particulares de ambos sexos. La evaluación de la influencia de consumir y no consumir alcohol sobre la presión arterial podría diferir en ambos sexos, siendo necesario conocer dicho perfil en Perú, país con una de las mayores tasas de consumo de alcohol del continente. Objetivo: analizar la relación entre presión arterial y ser o no consumidor de bebidas alcohólicas en adultos de la población peruana. Metodología: estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo y transversal proveniente de datos de la encuesta nacional y de salud familiar peruana. Las variables fueron: sexo, presión arterial sistólica, diastólica y presión arterial media (PAM), nivel educativo, consumo de alcohol, índice de masa corporal y perímetro abdominal. Se realizó la prueba Ji-cuadrado, razón de prevalencias, Odds Ratio crudo y ajustado mediante regresión logística binaria. Resultados: el consumo de alcohol fue alto en hombres (94,90%) y mujeres (88,20%). El promedio de presión arterial en hombres y mujeres que consumen bebidas alcohólicas fue mayor respecto a los que nunca han bebido, siendo mayor en hombres. Las mujeres que consumen bebidas alcohólicas tuvieron una prevalencia 1,11 veces mayor de PAM elevada que las no consumidoras. Los hombres consumidores de bebidas alcohólicas tuvieron una prevalencia 1,66 veces mayor de PAM elevada que los no consumidores. En el análisis multivariado no hubo asociación entre consumo de alcohol y elevación de PAM en mujeres. En hombres, los bebedores de alcohol tuvieron una probabilidad 1,74 veces mayor de hipertensión que los hombres que nunca han tomado bebidas alcohólicas Conclusiones: el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas incrementa la prevalencia de hipertensión en adultos de la población peruana, siendo un factor predictor de hipertensión en hombres.

Introduction: Alcohol consumption impacts men and women differently due to the biological characteristics of both sexes. The evaluation of the influence of consuming and not consuming alcohol on blood pressure could differ in both sexes, making it necessary to know this profile in Peru, a country with one of the highest rates of alcohol consumption on the continent. Objective: To analyze the relationship between blood pressure and being or not a consumer of alcoholic beverages in adults of the Peruvian population. Methodology: Observational, analytical, retrospective, and cross-sectional study based on data from the Peruvian national and family health survey. The variables were: sex, systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure (MAP), educational level, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and abdominal circumference. The Chi-square test, prevalence ratio, crude Odds Ratio, and adjusted Odds Ratio using binary logistic regression were performed. Results: Alcohol consumption was high in men (94.90%) and women (88.20%). The average blood pressure in men and women who consume alcoholic beverages was higher compared to those who had never drunk and was higher in men. Women who consume alcoholic beverages had a 1.11 times higher prevalence of elevated MAP than non-consumers. Male alcoholic beverage consumers had a 1.66 times higher prevalence of elevated MAP than non-consumers. In the multivariate analysis, there was no association between alcohol consumption and elevated MAP in women. In men, alcohol drinkers were 1.74 times more likely to have hypertension than men who had never drunk alcoholic beverages Conclusions: The consumption of alcoholic beverages increases the prevalence of hypertension in adults of the Peruvian population, being a predictive factor of hypertension in men.

Beba sem moderação: motivos das denúncias dos anúncios de cerveja ao Conar / Drink it without moderation: reasons about reportings beer ad to Conar / Bébelo sin moderación: razones en quejas de la anuncios de cerveza a Conar

As propagandas de bebidas alcóolicas, além de serem mais frequentes do que outras mercadorias, também apresentam conteúdo que pode ter papel facilitador no uso dessa substância psicoativa, visto que, na maior parte delas, trazem ideias e sensações de prazer. Por isso, esta pesquisa consistiu na identificação e análise qualitativa de propagandas de cerveja que tiveram alguma denúncia feita ao ou pelo Conselho Nacional de Autorregulamentação Publicitária (Conar), nos últimos cinco anos (2015 a 2020), a partir do levantamento dessas denúncias no site do Conar e, posteriormente, foi realizada análise dos motivos condizentes com o código. Como resultado, constatou-se uma progressão nos alinhamentos entre as denúncias e as decisões, sendo encontrada maior dificuldade no alinhamento da infração em relação ao conteúdo das peças publici-tárias do que em questões técnicas.

Advertisements for alcoholic beverages, in addition to being more frequent than other goods, also present content that can play a role in facilitating the use of this psychoactive substance, since, in most of them, they bring ideas and sensations of pleasure. Therefore, this research consisted of the identification and qualitative analysis of beer advertisements that had any complaints made to or by the National Advertising Self-Regulation Council (Conar), in the last five years (2015 to 2020), based on the survey of these complaints on the website of Conar and, subsequently, an analysis of the reasons consistent with the code was carried out. As a result, there was a progression in the alignments between complaints and decisions, with greater difficulty being found in aligning the infraction in relation to the content of the advertising pieces than in technical issues.

Los anuncios de bebidas alcohólicas, además de ser más frecuentes que los de otros productos, también presentan contenidos que pueden desempeñar un papel a la hora de facilitar el consumo de esta sustan-cia psicoactiva, ya que, en la mayoría de ellos, aportan ideas y sensaciones de placer. Por lo tanto, esta investigación consistió en la identificación y análisis cualitativo de los anuncios de cerveza que tuvieron alguna denuncia realizada ante o por el Consejo Nacional de Autorregulación Publicitaria (Conar), en los últimos cinco años (2015 a 2020), a partir de la encuesta a estos. denuncias en el sitio web del Conar y, posteriormente, se realizó un análisis de los motivos compatibles con el código. Como resultado, hubo una progresión en los alineamientos entre denuncias y decisiones, encontrándose mayor dificultad en alinear la infracción con el contenido de las piezas publicitarias que en cuestiones técnicas.

[On alcoholic beverage taxation in Spain]. / Acerca de la imposición sobre bebidas alcohólicas en España.

OBJECTIVE: Review the price elasticity of alcoholic beverages to identify the characteristics we should take into account to make a tax policy proposal. METHOD: Systematic review of articles in EBSCOhost that include in their abstract and title the words alcohol and elasticity and alcohol and tax, over the last 20 years in academic journals in English. RESULTS: We found 11 references. Although price elasticity is quite similar across countries, it is heterogeneous with regard togender, age, consumption level and type of beverage. Ad-hoc policies proved ineffective due to the substitution effect, and regressive in their impact on populations with lower levels of income and consumption. CONCLUSION: Tax policies should be applied to all alcoholic beverages based on their volume of alcohol and all measures, such as the minimum price per unit, should be complemented with other policies.

Eventos estresantes de la vida y consumo de alcohol en adultos mayores / Stressful life events and alcohol consumption in elderly

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre los Eventos Estresantes de la Vida y el consumo de alcohol en los Adultos Mayores. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo correlacional, en 39 participantes de Santa Catarina, Nuevo León, México. Se aplicó una Cédula de Datos Personales, el Inventario de Estrés en la Vida de Adultos Mayores y el Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test-Versión Geriatric. Resultados: El 82.1% de los participantes pertenece al sexo femenino, existieron diferencias en las medias del puntaje del consumo de alcohol de acuerdo con el sexo (U = 70.00; p < 0.05). Los eventos que se relacionaron con el consumo de alcohol fueron la muerte de un hijo(a) (rs =.393, p = .013), el deterioro del estado financiero (rs =.342, p =.033), el cambiarse a una casa menos cómoda (rs =.560, p= .001 y la pérdida de un amigo(a) rs =.409, p = .010). Conclusiones: Los eventos estresantes pueden impactar de forma negativa al AM e influir en el consumo de alcohol como una estrategia de afrontamiento.

Abstract Objective: Determine the relationship between stressful life events and alcohol consumption in elders. Materials and methods: Correlational descriptive study, in 39 participants from Santa Catarina, Nuevo León, Mexico. A personal data record, the Stress Inventory in the Life of Older Adults and the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test-Geriatric Version were applied. Results: 82.1% of participants were females, there were differences in the means of the alcohol consumption score according to sex (U = 70.00, p < 0.05). The events that were related to alcohol consumption were the death of a son (rs = .393, p = .013), the deterioration of the financial state (rs = .342, p = .033), the change to a less comfortable house (rs = .560, p = .000) and the loss of a friend rs = .409, p = .010). Conclusions: Stressful events can negatively impact AM and influence alcohol consumption as a coping strategy.

Alcohol in the city: wherever and whenever.

Alcohol urban environment has been associated with individual alcohol behaviors. We are constantly exposed to a wide variety of alcohol products, its marketing and promotion and signs of alcohol consumption that may influence alcohol-drinking behaviors. In this photo-essay, we include photographs that visually explain the exposure to alcohol in the urban streetscape of Madrid. These photographs show the pervasiveness of alcohol products in this city, which can be found everywhere at any time.

Psychosocial Factors and Alcohol Consumption among Students at a Public Technological Higher Education Institute in Peru / Factores psicosociales y consumo de alcohol en estudiantes de un Instituto de Educación Superior Tecnológica Público, Perú

Objective: To analyze the relationship between psychosocial factors and alcohol consumption among third-year students at a public technological higher education institute in Huaraz, Peru. Methods: The study utilized a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional and correlational design. A total of 232 students were assessed using an instrument adapted for this study, which demonstrated adequate levels of reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.82) and validity (Aiken's V = 0.92). Results: Regarding the main findings related to alcohol consumption, it was observed that 61.21 percent of the participants reported occasional alcohol consumption. In contrast, 31.48 percent reported no alcohol consumption, and 4.31 percent reported frequent consumption. In this regard, a significant relationship was identified between psychosocial factors and alcohol consumption among third-year students at a public technological higher education institute in Huaraz, Peru. Conclusions: The study concludes by examining the significant relationship between psychosocial factors, including sociodemographic, socioeconomic, sociocultural, and family variables, and alcohol consumption. Based on these findings, it is crucial to direct future research efforts towards addressing this issue(AU)

Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre los factores psicosociales y el consumo de alcohol entre estudiantes de tercer año en un Instituto de Educación Superior Tecnológica público en Huaraz, Perú. Métodos: El estudio utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo con un diseño transversal y correlacional. Se evaluó a un total de 232 estudiantes utilizando un instrumento adaptado para este estudio, el cual demostró niveles adecuados de confiabilidad (alfa de Cronbach = 0.82) y validez (V de Aiken = 0.92). Resultados: En cuanto a los principales hallazgos relacionados con el consumo de alcohol, se observó que el 61.21 por ciento de los participantes reportó un consumo ocasional de alcohol. En contraste, el 31.48% reportó no consumir alcohol y el 4.31 por ciento reportó un consumo frecuente. En ese sentido, se identificó una relación significativa entre los factores psicosociales y el consumo de alcohol entre estudiantes de tercer año en Instituto de Educación Superior Tecnológica público en Huaraz, Perú. Conclusiones: El estudio concluye examinando la relación significativa entre los factores psicosociales, incluyendo variables sociodemográficas, socioeconómicas, socioculturales y familiares, y el consumo de alcohol. Con base en estos hallazgos, es crucial dirigir futuras investigaciones para contrarrestar esta problemática(AU)

Differences between men and women in substance use: the role of educational level and employment status.

OBJECTIVE: To determine differences between men and women in hazardous drinking, heavy cannabis use and hypnosedative use according to educational level and employment status in the economically active population in Spain. METHOD: Cross-sectional study with data from 2013 Spanish Household Survey on Alcohol and Drugs on individuals aged 25-64 [n=14,113 (women=6,171; men=7,942)]. Dependent variables were hazardous drinking, heavy cannabis use and hypnosedative consumption; the main independent variables were educational level and employment situation. Associations between dependent and independent variables were calculated with Poisson regression models with robust variance. All analyses were stratified by sex. RESULTS: Hazardous drinking and heavy cannabis use were higher in men, while women consumed more hypnosedatives. The lower the educational level, the greater the gender differences in the prevalence of this substances owing to different consumption patterns in men and women. While men with a lower educational level were higher hazardous drinkers [RII=2.57 (95%CI: 1.75-3.78)] and heavy cannabis users [RII=3.03 (95%CI: 1.88-4.89)] compared to higher educational level, in women the prevalence was the same. Women with a lower education level and men with a higher education level had higher hypnosedative consumption. Unemployment was associated with increased heavy cannabis use and hypnosedative use in both women and men and with lower hazardous drinking only in women. CONCLUSIONS: There are differences between men and women in the use of psychoactive substances that can be explained by the unequal distribution of substance use in them according to educational level. Unemployment was associated with substance use in both men and women.

Prevalência de uso de álcool na gestação, Brasil, 2011-2012 / Prevalencia del consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo en Brasil, 2011-2012 / Prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy, Brazil, 2011-2012

Resumo: Estudo transversal, de base hospitalar, nacional, com entrevista de 23.894 puérperas, em 2011-2012, com os objetivos de estimar a prevalência de consumo de álcool na gestação e identificar grupos mais vulneráveis. O uso de álcool na gestação foi identificado por meio da escala TWEAK, sendo classificadas como "diagnóstico presumível de uso inadequado de álcool" mulheres com pontuação ≥ 2. Calculou-se a prevalência nacional de uso de álcool e em subgrupos de acordo com características maternas, com respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Foram encontradas, de forma gráfica, coexistência de tabagismo, inadequação de consultas pré-natais e ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas na gestação. A prevalência de uso de álcool foi de 14% (IC95%: 13,3-14,7), com 10% (IC95%: 9,3-10,6) das mulheres apresentando diagnóstico presumível de uso inadequado de álcool na gestação. Maiores prevalências de uso de álcool e de diagnóstico presumível de uso inadequado foram observadas em mulheres pretas, com 12-19 anos de idade, com menor índice de escolaridade, de classe econômica mais baixa, sem companheiro, sem trabalho remunerado, com mais de três partos anteriores, que não queriam engravidar, com assistência pré-natal inadequada, com parto em serviços públicos e que referiram tabagismo na gestação. Estima-se que 1,2% das mulheres entrevistadas apresentavam concomitância dos três fatores de risco para desfechos perinatais negativos: fumo, álcool e assistência pré-natal inadequada. Os resultados demonstraram alta prevalência de uso de álcool na gestação e de diagnóstico presumível de uso inadequado, principalmente por mulheres em situação de vulnerabilidade social. São relevantes a elaboração de políticas públicas que contemplem ações de prevenção do uso de bebidas alcoólicas e a prestação de serviços de apoio para cessação do uso de álcool na gravidez.

Resumen: Estudio transversal, de base hospitalaria, nacional, con entrevistas a 23.894 puérperas, en 2011-2012, con el objetivo de estimar la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo e identificar grupos más vulnerables. El consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo se identificó mediante la escala TWEAK, y las mujeres con puntuación ≥ 2 fueron clasificadas como "diagnóstico presumible de uso inadecuado de alcohol¨. Se calculó la prevalencia nacional de consumo de alcohol y subgrupos según características maternas, con sus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Se identificó gráficamente la coexistencia de tabaquismo, consultas prenatales inadecuadas y consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo. La prevalencia de consumo de alcohol fue del 14% (IC95%: 13,3-14,7), siendo el 10% (IC95%: 9,3-10,6) de mujeres con diagnóstico presumible de uso inadecuado durante el embarazo. Se observaron mayores prevalencias de consumo de alcohol y diagnóstico presumible de uso inadecuado en mujeres de color/raza negra, de 12-19 años, con menos años de escolaridad, de clase económica más baja, sin pareja, sin trabajo remunerado, con más de tres partos previos, que no querían quedar embarazadas, con control prenatal inadecuado, con parto en el sistema público de salud y que relataron fumar durante el embarazo. Se estima que el 1,2% de las mujeres entrevistadas presentaron la concomitancia de tres factores de riesgo en resultados perinatales negativos: tabaquismo, alcohol y atención prenatal inadecuada. Los resultados demuestran una alta prevalencia de consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo y de diagnóstico presumible de uso inadecuado, especialmente en mujeres con las peores condiciones sociales, siendo relevante para la elaboración de políticas públicas que incluyan acciones de prevención del consumo de alcohol y servicios de apoyo para el cese del consumo de alcohol en el embarazo.

Abstract: This is a national cross-sectional, hospital-based study, which interviewed 23,894 postpartum women in 2011-2012 aiming to estimate the prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy and identifying more vulnerable groups. Alcohol use during pregnancy was identified using the TWEAK scale, and women with a score of ≥ 2 were classified as having a "presumable diagnosis of inadequate alcohol use". The national prevalence of alcohol use and the prevalence in subgroups were calculated according to maternal characteristics, with respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Coexistence of smoking, inadequate prenatal consultations, and alcohol use during pregnancy were graphically identified. The prevalence of alcohol use was 14% (95%CI: 13.3-14.7), with 10% (95%CI: 9.3-10.6) of women presenting presumable diagnosis of inadequate alcohol us during pregnancy. Higher prevalence of alcohol use and presumable diagnosis of inadequate alcohol us was observed in black women, aged 12-19 years, with lower educational level, from a lower economic class, without a partner, without paid work, with more than three previous births, who did not want to get pregnant, with inadequate prenatal care, with previous delivery in public services, and who reported smoking during pregnancy. Among the interviewees, 1.2% presented all three risk factors for negative perinatal outcomes at the same time: smoking, alcohol use, and inadequate prenatal care. The results showed a high prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy and presumable diagnosis of inadequate alcohol us, especially among women with worse social conditions. These data are relevant for the formulation of public policies to prevent alcohol use and provide support services to help this population stop alcohol use during pregnancy.

Efecto del alcohol sobre el corazón y el sistema cardiovascular: hipertrofia, remodelamiento y disminución del strain. Información actual / Alcohol Impact on the Heart and Cardiovascular System - Hypertrophy, Remodeling and Strain Impairment - Contemporary State-of-the-Art

RESUMEN Datos recientes muestran que el abuso crónico de alcohol puede conducir a disfunción cardiovascular, a partir de dosis de etanol tradicionalmente consideradas bajas, y que la aparición de arritmias, incluyendo la fibrilación auricular, aumenta aún en consumidores de alcohol moderados. Los otros mecanismos comunes del impacto negativo del etanol están relacionados con el desarrollo de hipertensión y su consecuencia directa, la hipertrofia, fibrosis y disfunción diastólica. Debido a que la probabilidad de reversibilidad del remodelamiento cardíaco depende de un diagnóstico temprano de disfunción cardíaca, se debería recomendar la aplicación más amplia de métodos nuevos y más sensibles de evaluación de la función miocárdica, incluyendo el strain longitudinal ventricular izquierdo y derecho, así como de los protocolos adaptados a la ecocardiografía de estrés.

ABSTRACT The recent data show that chronic overuse of alcohol may lead to cardiovascular dysfunction, starting from traditionally judged as low ethanol doses, and that the burden of arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation, increases even in moderate alcohol consumers. The other common mechanisms of the disadvantageous impact of ethanol are related to the development of hypertension and its direct aftermath, hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction. Since the chance of the reversibility of cardiac remodeling depends on the early diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction, the wider application of novel and sensitive methods of myocardial function assessment, including longitudinal strain of the left and right ventricles, as well as the adapted protocols for stress echocardiography, should be recommended.