Biogenic selenium nanoparticles and selenium/chitosan-Nanoconjugate biosynthesized by Streptomyces parvulus MAR4 with antimicrobial and anticancer potential.

BACKGROUND: As antibiotics and chemotherapeutics are no longer as efficient as they once were, multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens and cancer are presently considered as two of the most dangerous threats to human life. In this study, Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) biosynthesized by Streptomyces parvulus MAR4, nano-chitosan (NCh), and their nanoconjugate (Se/Ch-nanoconjugate) were suggested to be efficacious antimicrobial and anticancer agents. RESULTS: SeNPs biosynthesized by Streptomyces parvulus MAR4 and NCh were successfully achieved and conjugated. The biosynthesized SeNPs were spherical with a mean diameter of 94.2 nm and high stability. Yet, Se/Ch-nanoconjugate was semispherical with a 74.9 nm mean diameter and much higher stability. The SeNPs, NCh, and Se/Ch-nanoconjugate showed significant antimicrobial activity against various microbial pathogens with strong inhibitory effect on their tested metabolic key enzymes [phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and nitrate reductase (NR)]; Se/Ch-nanoconjugate was the most powerful agent. Furthermore, SeNPs revealed strong cytotoxicity against HepG2 (IC50 = 13.04 µg/ml) and moderate toxicity against Caki-1 (HTB-46) tumor cell lines (IC50 = 21.35 µg/ml) but low cytotoxicity against WI-38 normal cell line (IC50 = 85.69 µg/ml). Nevertheless, Se/Ch-nanoconjugate displayed substantial cytotoxicity against HepG2 and Caki-1 (HTB-46) with IC50 values of 11.82 and 7.83 µg/ml, respectively. Consequently, Se/Ch-nanoconjugate may be more easily absorbed by both tumor cell lines. However, it exhibited very low cytotoxicity on WI-38 with IC50 of 153.3 µg/ml. Therefore, Se/Ch-nanoconjugate presented the most anticancer activity. CONCLUSION: The biosynthesized SeNPs and Se/Ch-nanoconjugate are convincingly recommended to be used in biomedical applications as versatile and potent antimicrobial and anticancer agents ensuring notable levels of biosafety, environmental compatibility, and efficacy.

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles prevent bacterial infection in chicken egg model and mitigate biofilm formation on medical catheters.

Investigating the application of innovative antimicrobial surface coatings on medical devices is an important field of research. Many of these coatings have significant drawbacks, including biocompatibility, coating stability and the inability to effectively combat multiple drug-resistant bacteria. In this research, we developed an antibiofilm surface coating for medical catheters using biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (b-Cs-AgNPs) developed using leaves extract of Calliandra surinamensis. Various characterization techniques were employed to thoroughly characterize the synthesized b-Cs-AgNPs and c-AgNPs. b-Cs-AgNPs were compatible with human normal kidney cells and chicken embryos. It did not trigger any skin inflammatory response in in vivo rat model. b-Cs-AgNPs demonstrated potent zone of inhibition of 19.09 mm when subjected to the disc diffusion method in E. coli confirming strong antibacterial property. Different anti-bacterial assays including liquid growth curve, colony counting assay, biofilm formation assay supported the potent antimicrobial efficacy of b-Cs-AgNPs alone and when coated to medical grade catheters. Mechanistic studies reveal the presence of ferulic acid, that was important for the synthesis of b-AgNPs along with enhanced antibacterial effects of b-Cs-AgNPs compared to c-AgNPs, supported by molecular docking analysis. These results together demonstrated the effective role b-Cs-AgNPs in combating infections and mitigating biofilm formations, highlighting their need for further study in the field of biomedical applications.

Growth and metabolism of pea (Pisum sativum) via biostimulants based on greener ZnO nanoparticles.

The purpose of this study was to identify the most important physiological and biological effects of green synthesis ZnO nanoparticles at a size of 65 nm, biostimulant (Folcare) and interaction biostimulant ZnO NPs on plant growth and metabolism. As our understanding of biostimulants' preventive and restorative modes of action has increased, it is critical to maintain the best crop output and quality possible. The reduction of fertilizers must be substituted by strategies that improve the nutrients uptake or their utilization by the plants. New processing methods are required as an efficient green process or an integrated (hybrid) process for different new technologies of interest. The effects of NPs, biostimulant, and combination ZnO NPs biostimulant on plant cell metabolism were examined in cytosol, chloroplast, and mitochondria of cells from the stems, roots, and leaves. The interaction NPs/biostimulant had a beneficial effect on the morphological and physiological indicators of plant health than when nanoparticles and biostimulant are applied separately. Folcare biostimulant coupled with zinc oxide nanoparticles improved pea crops growth. The improved of the quality of pea plants can be explained at least, in part, by increase in antioxidant activities during plant growth phenophase.

1. Highlighting the environmental effect the risk management of biostimulants based on ZnO bionanoparticles on the growth of pea- Identification of specific responses of plants to nano stresses: Analyzes of metabolitesAntioxidants enzymes2. Folcare coupled with zinc oxide bionanoparticles has a significant favorable influence on environmental conservation management by assisting plants in more effectively using nutrients.

Hybrid Materials Obtained by Immobilization of Biosynthesized Ag Nanoparticles with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity.

Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized using sage (Salvia officinalis L.) extract. The obtained nanoparticles were supported on SBA-15 mesoporous silica (S), before and after immobilization of 10% TiO2 (Degussa-P25, STp; commercial rutile, STr; and silica synthesized from Ti butoxide, STb). The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The plasmon resonance effect, evidenced by UV-Vis spectra, was preserved after immobilization only for the sample supported on STb. The immobilization and dispersion properties of AgNPs on supports were evidenced by TEM microscopy, energy-dispersive X-rays, dynamic light scattering, photoluminescence and FT-IR spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity of the supported samples significantly exceeded that of the sage extract or AgNPs. Antimicrobial tests were carried out, in conditions of darkness and white light, on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Higher antimicrobial activity was evident for SAg and STbAg samples. White light increased antibacterial activity in the case of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). In the first case, antibacterial activity increased for both supported and unsupported AgNPs, while in the second one, the activity increased only for SAg and STbAg samples. The proposed antibacterial mechanism shows the effect of AgNPs and Ag+ ions on bacteria in dark and light conditions.

Elimination of pathogenic multidrug resistant isolates through different metal oxide nanoparticles synthesized from organic plant and microbial sources.

Beta-hemolytic multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) are highly regarded as a major public health risk because they are resistant to at least 10 antibiotics in different groups with different mechanisms of action. The present study shows that among 98 bacterial isolates collected from laboratory fecal samples: 15 were beta-hemolytic and tested against 10 different antibiotics. 15 beta-hemolytic; 5 isolates exhibit strong multidrug resistance traits. Isolate 5 Escherichia coli (E. coli), Isolate 7 (E. coli), Isolate 21 (Enterococcus faecium), Isolate 27 (Staphylococcus sciuri), and isolate 36 (E. coli) are largely untested antibiotics. Substances (clear zone >10 mm) Its growth sensitivity to different types of nanoparticles was further evaluated by the agar well diffusion method. AgO, TiO2, ZnO, and Fe3O4 nanoparticles have been separately synthesized by microbial and plant-mediated biosynthesis. By evaluating the antibacterial activity of different nanoparticle types against selected MDR isolates, the results showed that global MDR bacterial growth was inhibited differently depending on the nanoparticle type. TiO2 was the most potent antibacterial nanoparticle type, followed by AgO, while Fe3O4 showed the least efficacy against selected isolates. The MICs of microbially synthesized AgO and TiO2 nanoparticles were 3 µg (67.2 µg/mL) and 9 µg (180 µg/mL) for isolates 5 and 27, respectively, indicating that biosynthetic nanoparticles via pomegranate of antibacterial activity at a higher MIC than microbial-mediated ones, it recorded (300 and 375 µg/ml, respectively) of AgO and TiO2 nanoparticles for isolates 5 and 27. Biosynthesized nanoparticles were examined by TEM, the average sizes of microbial AgO and TiO2 nanoparticles were 30 nm and 70 nm, respectively, and the average sizes of plant mediated AgO and TiO2 NPs were 52 nm and 82 nm respectively. Two most potent extensive MDR isolates (5 and 27) were identified as E. coli and Staphylococcus sciuri by 16s rDNA technology, and the sequencing results of the isolates were deposited with NCBI GenBank under accession numbers ON739202 and ON739204, respectively.

Superior inhibition of virulence and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 by phyto-synthesized silver nanoparticles through anti-quorum sensing activity.

Quorum sensing (QS)-regulated bacterial biofilm formation is a crucial issue in causing resistance against existing antibiotics. There is a considerable necessity to disrupt the interrelationship between bacterial QS, virulence, and biofilm formation. Disabling QS could be a novel tactic of great clinical importance. Here, we biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ka-AgNPs) using the aqueous leaf extract of Koelreuteria paniculata as a reducing and capping agents. The UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of Ka-AgNPs as a characterization peak observed at 420 nm. TEM image revealed the spherical shape distribution of Ka-AgNPs with average particle size of 30.0 ± 5 nm. The anti-QS activity of Ka-AgNPs was tested against a bio-indicator bacterium Chromobacterium violaceum 12472 and a multi-drug resistant model strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1). The results demonstrated that the Ka-AgNPs superiorly inhibited QS-regulated virulence factors in PAO1 without affecting cell viability compared to chemically synthesized AgNPs (Cs-AgNPs). The Ka-AgNPs effectively suppressed the formation of biofilm of PAO1. RT-PCR results revealed that the Ka-AgNPs inhibited the expression of QS-regulated virulence genes of PAO1. These results suggest that the phyto-synthesized AgNPs could be used as promising anti-infective agents for treating drug-resistant P. aeruginosa.

The exploitation of rice husk biomass for the bio-inspired synthesis of gold nanoparticles as a multifunctional material for various biological and photocatalytic applications.

We report an efficient and facile approach to biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the extract of an agro-waste rice husk generated from rice production. The biosynthesized NPs produced were characterized by UV-Visible absorption, TEM, XRD, EDX, and FTIR methods. The impact of temperature and pH on the stability of the synthesized AuNPs was also studied. The TEM imaging revealed the formation of monodispersed spherical NPs with an average size of ~ 15 nm. The absorption spectrum of AuNPs demonstrated the formation of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak at 530 nm. The XRD pattern suggested the formation of face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice structure of AuNPs. The FTIR analysis displayed characteristic peaks related to various phytochemicals in the plant extract responsible for reducing and stabilizing NPs. In addition, AuNPs showed thermal stability when subjected to various temperature scales. The AuNPs exhibited an efficiency against the pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and pathogenic fungi Candida albicans. The AuNPs 18.5% DPPH free scavenging activity, indicating the antioxidant potential for AuNPs. In addition, the AuNPs showed anticancer activity against the colorectal adenocarcinoma carcinoma cell line. Furthermore, AuNPs displayed significant enhancement in photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue and 4-Nitrophenol dyes. The results obtained reveal the possible usage of AuNPs produced using rice husk in several biomedical applications.

Microwave enhanced sorption of methylene blue dye onto bio-synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles: kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics studies.

To adequately address the grave human health risks and environmental damage caused by the uncontrolled utilization of organic dyes, we greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) using Spirulina platensis micro-algae for sequestration of cationic methylene blue (MB) dye from an aqueous solution. The nano-engineered sorbent was thoroughly scrutinized by different spectral analyses of; FT-IR, SEM, EDX, BET surface area, TEM, VSM, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and PHPZC measurement. The adsorption of MB was methodically carried out in a batch process to investigate the effects of initial pH (2.2-10.4), adsorbent concentration (0.5-5.0 g L-1), initial dye concentration (10-1000 mg L-1), contact time (0-230 min), and adsorption temperature (298 K, 308 K, 318 K, and 328 K). The outlined results inferred that the maximum adsorption capacity of MB dye by IONPs (surface area of 134.003 m2/g, a total pore volume of 0.3715 cc/g, and average pore size of 5.54 nm) was 312.5 mg g-1 under the optimized pH value (i.e., pH = 10.4). Collectively, the adsorption kinetics profile showed that the experimental data were in good agreement with the PSORE model, and the equilibrium adsorption isotherm data were quantitatively dominated by the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic findings conformed to the endothermic nature of the adsorption process. Interestingly, the proposed microwave scenario enhanced the adsorption rate and the equilibrium was attained in a very short time (only 1 min), compared with the normal sorption conditions (∼70 min). Repeatability of the spent sorbent was successfully emphasized for 5 times of adsorption/desorption cycles using 0.5 M of HCl. The productive adsorbent admirably sequestered MB dye from spiked real specimens (>83%). These results demonstrated that IONPs can be considered as a cost-efficient adsorbent in practical applications such as wastewater purification.

Comparative Study of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Olea ferruginea Fruit Extract and Its Mediated Selenium Nanoparticles.

Nanotechnology, the science of the recent era, has diverse applications in agriculture. Selenium (Se) is a non-metal and an essential micronutrient for animals and humans. In this study, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were biosynthesized by using Olea ferruginea fruit extracts. The size, shape, chemical nature, and identification of functional groups involved in the synthesis of SeNPs were studied by UV-visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrometry. SeNP synthesis was confirmed by an absorption peak at 258 nm by UV-visible spectroscopy. SEM showed that SeNPs were spherical, smooth, and between 60 and 80 nm in size. FTIR spectrometry confirmed the presence of terpenes, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and esters as well as phyto-constituents, such as alkaloids and flavonoids, that possibly act as reducing or capping agents of SeNPs in an aqueous solution of Olea ferruginea. Antimicrobial activity was examined against bacterial pathogens, such as Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermitis, as well as fungal pathogens, such as Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum, by using the well-diffusion method. Antioxidant activity was observed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, ABTs assay, and reducing power assay. At a higher concentration of 400 ppm, biosynthesized SeNPs showed an inhibition zone of 20.5 mm, 20 mm, 21 mm, and 18.5 mm against Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermitis, respectively. Similarly, SeNPs also demonstrated a zone of inhibition against Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum of 17.5 and 21 mm, respectively. In contrast to Olea ferruginea fruit extracts, Olea ferruginea-mediated SeNPs demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity. By performing the DPPH, ABTs, and reducing power assay, SeNPs showed 85.2 ± 0.009, 81.12 ± 0.007, and 80.37 ± 0.0035% radical scavenging potential, respectively. The present study could contribute to the drug development and nutraceutical industries.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Myrsine africana Leaf Extract for Their Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Phytotoxic Activities.

Nanotechnology is the study and control of materials at length scales between 1 and 100 nanometers (nm), where incredible phenomena enable new applications. It affects all aspects of human life and is the most active research topic in modern materials science. Among the various metallic nanoparticles used in biomedical applications, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are among the most important and interesting nanomaterials. The aim of this study was to synthesize AgNPs from the leaf extract of Myrsine africana to investigate their antibacterial, antioxidant, and phytotoxic activities. When the leaf extract was treated with AgNO3, the color of the reaction solution changed from light brown to dark brown, indicating the formation of AgNPs. The UV-visible spectrum showed an absorption peak at 438 nm, confirming the synthesis of AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the AgNPs were spherical and oval with an average size of 28.32 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the presence of bio-compound functional groups on the surface of the AgNPs. The crystalline nature of the AgNPs was confirmed by XRD pattern. These biosynthesized AgNPs showed pronounced antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with higher inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli. At 40 µg/mL AgNPs, the highest antioxidant activity was obtained, which was 57.7% and an IC50 value of 77.56 µg/mL. A significant positive effect was observed on all morphological parameters when AgNPs were applied to wheat seedlings under constant external conditions at the different concentrations. The present study provides a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of AgNPs, which can be effectively used in the field of therapeutics, as antimicrobial and diagnostic agents, and as plant growth promoters.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Extracts of Wild Ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) with Antibacterial Activity against Selective Multidrug Resistant Oral Bacteria.

Antibiotic resistance rate is rising worldwide. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are potent for fighting antimicrobial resistance (AMR), independently or synergistically. The purpose of this study was to prepare AgNPs using wild ginger extracts and to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of these AgNPs against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis. AgNPs were synthesized using wild ginger extracts at room temperature through different parameters for optimization, i.e., pH and variable molar concentration. Synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by UV/visible spectroscopy and further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDXA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Disc and agar well diffusion techniques were utilized to determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of plant extracts and AgNPs. The surface plasmon resonance peaks in absorption spectra for silver suspension showed the absorption maxima in the range of 400-420 nm. Functional biomolecules such as N-H, C-H, O-H, C-O, and C-O-C were present in Zingiber zerumbet (Z. zerumbet) (aqueous and organic extracts) responsible for the AgNP formation characterized by FTIR. The crystalline structure of ZZAE-AgCl-NPs and ZZEE-AgCl-NPs was displayed in the XRD analysis. SEM analysis revealed the surface morphology. The EDXA analysis also confirmed the element of silver. It was revealed that AgNPs were seemingly spherical in morphology. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited complete antibacterial activity against the tested MDR bacterial strains. This study indicates that AgNPs of wild ginger extracts exhibit potent antibacterial activity against MDR bacterial strains.

Biologically rapid synthesized silver nanoparticles from aqueous Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extract: Effects on hyphal growth, hydrolytic enzymes, and biofilm formation in Candida albicans.

Bionanotechnology has increasingly gained attention in biomedical fields as antifungal and antibiofilm agents. In this study, biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs) using aqueous Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extract were successfully performed by a one-step green approach. Spherical-shaped nanoparticles, approximately 8.65 nm, exhibited noncytotoxicity to erythrocytes, HeLa, and HaCaT cells. The synthesized nanoparticles showed strong fungicidal activity ranging from 0.5 to 1 µg/ml. The nanoparticles affected Candida adhesion and invasion into host cells by reduced germ tube formation and hydrolytic enzyme secretion. Inhibitory effects of bio-AgNPs on Candida biofilms were evaluated by the prevention of yeast-to-hyphal transition. A decrease in cell viability within mature biofilm demonstrated the ability of bio-AgNPs to penetrate into the extracellular matrix and destroy yeast cell morphology, leading to cell death. Molecular biology study on biofilms confirmed downregulation in the expression of genes ALS3, HWP1, ECE1, EFG1, TEC1, ZAP1, encoding hyphal growth and biofilm development and PLB2, LIP9, SAP4, involved in hydrolytic enzymes. In addition to candida treatment, the bio-AgNPs could be applied as an antioxidant to protect against oxidative stress-related human diseases. The findings concluded that bio-AgNPs could be used as an antifungal agent for candida treatment, as well as be incorporated in medical devices to prevent biofilm formation.

Impacts of organic matter on the toxicity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles to green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris.

The increasing production of eco-friendly nanoparticles like biosynthesized nanoparticles (BNPs) calls for study on their environmental and biological safety. Herein, the impact of natural organic matter on the toxicity of BNPs was studied. Using leaf extract of herbal plant Allium fistulosum, the Allium fistulosum-silver nanoparticles (AF-AgNPs) were synthesized with the yield of around 100% and used to explore the impacts of natural organic matter (Suwannee river humic acid) on their toxicity to green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. The results showed that the as-prepared AF-AgNPs could decrease the end-points of biomass and chlorophyll a content of C. vulgaris in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, AF-AgNPs enhanced algal aggregation and decreased size of cells, especially at higher concentrations. However, organic matter showed an ameliorative effect on the toxicity of AF-AgNPs, and significant enhancement of biomass and chlorophyll a content (p < 0.05) were observed in media treated with higher contents of AF-AgNPs. Organic matter could also prevent more cellular aggregation and size reduction of C. vulgaris. Our results are helpful for understanding the effects of organic matter on the toxicity of BNPs to aquatic organisms.

Natural Metallic Nanoparticles for Application in Nano-Oncology.

Here, the various types of naturally synthesized metallic nanoparticles, which are essentially composed of Ce, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Cu, Ni, Se, Fe, or their oxides, are presented, based on a literature analysis. The synthesis methods used to obtain them most often involve the reduction of metallic ions by biological materials or organisms, i.e., essentially plant extracts, yeasts, fungus, and bacteria. The anti-tumor activity of these nanoparticles has been demonstrated on different cancer lines. They rely on various mechanisms of action, such as the release of chemotherapeutic drugs under a pH variation, nanoparticle excitation by radiation, or apoptotic tumor cell death. Among these natural metallic nanoparticles, one type, which consists of iron oxide nanoparticles produced by magnetotactic bacteria called magnetosomes, has been purified to remove endotoxins and abide by pharmacological regulations. It has been tested in vivo for anti-tumor efficacy. For that, purified and stabilized magnetosomes were injected in intracranial mouse glioblastoma tumors and repeatedly heated under the application of an alternating magnetic field, leading to the full disappearance of these tumors. As a whole, the results presented in the literature form a strong basis for pursuing the efforts towards the use of natural metallic nanoparticles for cancer treatment first pre-clinically and then clinically.

Nanobiotechnology as an emerging approach to combat malaria: A systematic review.

Mosquitoes (Diptera; Culicidae) present a major threat to millions of people and animals worldwide, as they act as vectors for various pathogens, especially parasites and viruses. Resistance to insecticides, such as organophosphates and microbial control agents, and insufficient adherence to application guidelines are common reasons for insecticide treatment failure. Therefore, there is an urgent need for exploration of safer, cheaper, and more effective agents, with novel modes of action, to improve mosquito control. Biosynthesized nanoparticles (NPs) have recently been considered as a potential approach for combating vectors of malaria and also as a treatment for malaria. Here, we present current knowledge about the characterization and effectiveness of biogenic NPs against major vectors of malaria, including avian malaria (which may also provide useful insights on vectors of human malaria). This article is the first systematic review of the effects of biosynthesized nanoparticles on both malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) and relevant vectors.

Biomedical application of greenly synthesized silver nanoparticles using the filtrate of Trichoderma viride: Anticancer and immunomodulatory potentials.

BACKGROUND: Green route biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Trichoderma viride (T. viride) filtrate (TVFSNPs) can serve as an alternative to antibiotics and as an effective drug delivery to combat cancer and act as an immune-stimulator. OBJECTIVES: To biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (SNPs) with T. viride filtrate using green route and to characterize and determine the cytotoxic and immunomodulatory potential of nanoparticles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Trichoderma viride filtrate was used for biosynthesizing SNPs. The biosynthesized SNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The cytotoxic properties against Hep­2C and rotavirus and the immunomodulatory potential were evaluated. RESULTS: Trichoderma viride filtrate was able to bio-reduce AgNO3 to SNPs. The surface plasmon resonance peak was at 450 nm. The presence of aldehydes, amino acids, ethers, esters, carboxylic acids, hydroxyl groups, and phenol among others indicates the capping and stabilization of proteins in the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were spherical with a size of 0.1-10.0 nm. The EDX analysis revealed a strong signal of silver (Ag). The TVFSNPs had a cytotoxic effect on Hep2C and rotavirus in a dose-dependent manner and increased the production of immunoglobulin (Ig) A (IgA) and IgM. CONCLUSIONS: Trichoderma viride filtrate contained some biochemicals that can bio-reduce silver nitrate (AgNO3) for SNPs biosynthesis. The anticancer and immunostimulatory potential justifies the biomedical application and biotechnological relevance of T. viride.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from leaf extract of Litchi chinensis and its dynamic biological impact on microbial cells and human cancer cell lines.

Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has attracted a great deal of attention from scientific community due to its biocompatibility and environment friendly nature. In the present study, silver nanoparticles were biologically synthesized using leave extracts of Litchi chinensis. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized and their applications were observed by different methodologies. Bio-reduction reaction was confirmed by the surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles at 417 nm through UV-VIS spectrophotometer. FTIR analysis revealed that the amine groups present in the leaf extracts were responsible for the reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the crystalline nature of silver nanoparticles and their diameter was noted in the range of 41-55 nm by scanning electron microscopy. Antibacterial activity was observed against gram positive and gram negative strains of bacteria. Furthermore, human epithelial type 2 cancer cells (HEp-2) and Human breast adenocarcinoma cells lines (MCF-7) were treated with the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using MTT assay. The resulting cell death rate was noted up to 40.91+1.99%. This study concludes that plant mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles is the superior alternative compared to chemical and physical approaches, to utilize them as drug delivery tool and need to conjugate apoptosis inducing biological agents with silver nanoparticles to suppress the uncontrolled division of cancer cells.

A histomorphometric study to evaluate the therapeutic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on the kidneys infected with Plasmodium chabaudi.

The study aimed to verify the pathogenic malarial kidney infections and histopathological pictures in mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi using Indigofera oblongifolia leaf extract silver nanoparticles (IOLEAgNPs). Fifty healthy adult female mice C57BL/6 were used. Animals were divided into five groups, with each group of ten mice. The first control non-infected group was given distilled water for 7 days. The second group was orally given 50 mg/kg of IOLEAgNPs. The third, fourth, and fifth groups were injected intraperitoneally with 105 parasitized erythrocytes of P. chabaudi. After 1 h, the fourth group received 50 mg/kg of IOLEAgNPs, while the fifth group orally received 10 mg/kg chloroquine phosphate. The histopathology of the kidney was studied by routine histology method with hematoxylin-eosin staining. The kidney revealed cerebral microvessel congestion, hemorrhages, and necrosis. Cast formation, glomerulonephritis, tubular necrosis, and congestion were observed in the kidney cortex. Consequently, the targeted medical IOLEAgNPs reduced this degeneration impact on renal tissue. Proven that plant-source synthesized IOLEAgNPs play a preventive role as antimalarial agents in female mice infected with P. chabaudi.

Biomedical Promise of Aspergillus Flavus-Biosynthesized Selenium Nanoparticles: A Green Synthesis Approach to Antiviral, Anticancer, Anti-Biofilm, and Antibacterial Applications.

This study utilized Aspergillus flavus to produce selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) in an environmentally friendly and ecologically sustainable manner, targeting several medicinal applications. These biosynthesized Se-NPs were meticulously characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and UV-visible spectroscopy (UV), revealing their spherical shape and size ranging between 28 and 78 nm. We conducted further testing of Se-NPs to evaluate their potential for biological applications, including antiviral, anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antibiofilm activities. The results indicate that biosynthesized Se-NPs could be effective against various pathogens, including Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Bacillus pumilus (ATCC 14884), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 19404), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633). Additionally, the biosynthesized Se-NPs exhibited anticancer activity against three cell lines: pancreatic carcinoma (PANC1), cervical cancer (Hela), and colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), with IC50 values of 177, 208, and 216 µg/mL, respectively. The nanoparticles demonstrated antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HAV, achieving inhibition rates of 66.4% and 15.1%, respectively, at the maximum non-toxic concentration, while also displaying antibiofilm and antioxidant properties. In conclusion, the biosynthesized Se-NPs by A. flavus present a promising avenue for various biomedical applications with safe usage.

Impedance nanobiosensor based on enzyme-conjugated biosynthesized gold nanoparticles for the detection of Gram-positive bacteria.

In this report, gold nanoparticles (GNPS) were synthesized using cell-free extracts of seven different isolates, namely, Pseudomonas aerogenosa CEBP2, Pseudomonas sp. CEBP1, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CEB1G, Acinetobactor baumani CEBS1, Cuprividus sp. CEB3, Micrococcus luteus CUB12, and Pandoraea sp. CUB2S. The spectroscopic (UV-vis, FTIR, DLS, XRD, EDS) and microscopic (FESEM, TEM) results confirm the reduction of Au3+ to Au0 in the presence of biomolecules having reducing as well as self-stabilizing activity. In this green synthesis approach, the average particle size of biosynthesized GNPS might vary (4-60 nm) depending on the bacterial species, pH of the media, incubation time, and temperature. In this study, GSH-modified BSGNPs (Au-GSH) have shown antimicrobial activity with better stability against Gram-positive bacteria. After conjugation of lysozyme with Au-GSH (lyso@Au-GSH), the zone of inhibition was enhanced from 12 to 23 mm (Au-GSH). The TEM study shows the spherical GNP (16.65 ± 2.84) turns into a flower-shaped GNP (22.22 ± 3.12) after conjugation with lysozyme due to the formation of the protein corona. Furthermore, the nanobioconjugate (lyso@Au-GSH) was immobilized with Nafion on a glassy carbon electrode to fabricate a label-free impedance biosensor that is highly sensitive to monitor changes in the transducer surface due to biomolecular interactions. The uniquely designed biosensor could selectively detect Gram-positive bacteria in the linear range of 3.0 × 101-3 × 1010 cfu mL-1 with RE <5%. The proposed simplest biosensor exhibited good reproducibility (RSD = 3.1%) and excellent correlation (R2 = 0.999) with the standard plate count method, making it suitable for monitoring Gram-positive bacterial contamination in biofluids, food, and environmental samples.