Relationship between volume and in-hospital mortality in digestive oncological surgery.

INTRODUCTION: The results previously obtained in Spain in the study of the relationship between surgical caseload and in-hospital mortality are inconclusive. The aim of this study is to evaluate the volume-outcome association in Spain in the setting of digestive oncological surgery. METHODS: An analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted with data from patients who underwent surgical procedures with curative intent of esophageal, gastric, colorectal and pancreatic neoplasms between 2006-2009 with data from the Spanish MBDS. In-hospital mortality was used as outcome variable. Control variables were patient, health care and hospital characteristics. Exposure variable was the number of interventions for each disease, dividing the hospitals in 3 categories: high volume (HV), mid volume (MV) and low volume (LV) according to the number of procedures. RESULTS: An inverse, statistically significant relationship between procedure volume and in-hospital mortality was observed for both volume categories in both gastric (LV: OR=1,50 [IC 95%: 1,28-1,76]; MV: OR=1,49 (IC 95%: 1,28-1,74)) and colorectal (LV: OR=1,44 [IC 95%: 1,33-1,55]; MV: OR=1,24 [IC 95%: 1,15-1,33]) cancer surgery. In pancreatic procedures, this difference was only statistically significant between LV and HV categories (LV: OR=1,89 [IC 95%: 1,29-2,75]; MV: OR=1,21 [IC 95%: 0,82-1,79]). Esophageal surgery also showed an inverse relationship, which was not statistically significant (LV: OR=1,89 [IC 95%: 0,98-3,64]; MV: OR=1,05 [IC 95%: 0,50-2,21]). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest the existence in Spain of an inverse relationship between caseload and in-hospital mortality in digestive oncological surgery for the procedures analyzed.

Genetic analysis in APC, KRAS, and TP53 in patients with stomach and colon cancer.

BACKGROUND: Stomach cancer (SC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) present with high rates of incidence and mortality in the worldwide population. These 2 tumors are characterized by great genetic heterogeneity. Up to now, there have been no molecular studies that analyze the mutations in the APC, KRAS, and TP53 genes in the Colombian/Latin American population. OBJECTIVES: To analyze mutations in the APC, KRAS, and TP53 genes through direct sequencing in 59 patients with SC and CRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with SC and 30 with CRC were studied. An analysis of the mutations of the 3 genes was carried out using polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing techniques. RESULTS: A 30.5% total mutation frequency was found. The most frequently mutated gene was APC (15.3%), followed by KRAS (10.1%) and TP53 (5.1%). The CRC samples had a mutation frequency of 46.7% and it was 13.3% in the SC samples (P=.006). No mutations occurred simultaneously in the 3 genes. Mutations in 2 genes were found in only 6 tumor samples (10%). There was also a high frequency of polymorphisms in both types of cancer, the most common of which was the rs41115 polymorphism, located on the APC gene. CONCLUSION: The APC, KRAS, and TP53 gene mutations were more common in CRC than in SC. Our results suggest the existence of different genetic pathways in the carcinogenesis of SC and CRC and they also reveal a particular mutation frequency in the Colombian patients studied; this could be influenced by factors related to the environment, ethnicity, and lifestyle of this population.

Survival in stomach cancer: analysis of a national cancer information system and a population-based cancer registry in Colombia

Background: Stomach cancer is among the most frequent, is a leading cause of mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Assessing its survival is important to guide evidence-based health policies. Aims: To estimate stomach cancer survival in Colombia (2014-2019) with data from the National Cancer Information System (NCIS) and in Cali with data from the Cali Population Cancer Registry (RPCC) (1998-2017). Methods: NCIS estimated the overall 3-year net survival for 8,549 people, while RPCC estimated 5-year net survival for 6,776 people. Results: The 3-year net survival was 36.8% (95% CI: 35.5-38.1). Net survival was higher in people with special insurance (61.7%; 95% CI: 44.8-74.8) or third payer (40.5%; 95% CI: 38.7-42.3) than state insurance (30.7%; 95% CI: 28.7-32.8). It was also higher in women and people diagnosed at early stages. Multivariable analysis showed consistency with survival estimations with a higher risk of death in men, people with state insurance, and diagnosed at advanced stages. In Cali, the 5-year net survival remained stable in men during the last 20 years. In women the 5-year net survival in women increased 8.60 percentage points, equivalent to a 50% increase compared to the 1998-2002 period. For 2013-17, it was 19.1% (95%CI: 16.2-22.2) in men, and 24.8% (95% CI: 20.4-29.3) in women. Conclusions: Population survival estimates from the RPCC were lower than those observed in the NCIS. The differences in their methods and scope can explain variability. Nevertheless, our findings could be complementary to improve cancer control planning in the country.

Antecedentes: El cáncer de estómago se encuentra entre los más frecuentes y es una de las principales causas de mortalidad en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos. Evaluar su supervivencia es importante para orientar las políticas de salud basadas en la evidencia. Objetivos: Estimar la supervivencia del cáncer de estómago en Colombia (2014-2019) con datos del Sistema Nacional de Información del Cáncer (NCIS) y en Cali con datos del Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de Cali (RPCC) (1998-2017). Métodos: El NCIS estimó la supervivencia neta a tres años para 8,549 personas y el RPCC la calculó a 5 años para 6,776 personas registradas en sus bases de datos. Resultados: La supervivencia neta a tres años en Colombia fue del 36.8% (IC 95%: 35.5-38.1). La supervivencia neta fue mayor en personas con seguro especial (61.7%; IC 95%: 44.8-74.8) o tercer pagador (40.5%; IC 95%: 38.7-42.3) que el seguro estatal (30.7%; IC 95%: 28.7-32.8). También fue mayor en mujeres y personas diagnosticadas en etapas tempranas. El análisis multivariable mostró consistencia con la estimación de supervivencia con mayor riesgo de muerte en hombres, personas con seguro estatal y diagnosticados en estadios avanzados. En Cali, la supervivencia neta a 5 años se mantuvo estable en los hombres durante los últimos 20 años. En las mujeres aumentó 8.60 puntos porcentuales, equivalente a un aumento del 50% en comparación con el período 1998-2002. Para el período 2013-17 fue 19.1% (IC 95%: 16.2-22.2) en los hombres y 24.8% (IC 95%: 20.4-29.3) en las mujeres. Conclusiones: Las estimaciones de supervivencia del RPCC fueron más bajas que las obtenidas por el NCIS. Las diferencias en sus métodos y alcance pueden explicar la variabilidad. Sin embargo, nuestros hallazgos pueden ser complementarios para mejorar la planificación del control del cáncer en el país..

Cáncer de estómago: Presentación clínica y aspectos generales

El cáncer gástrico es uno de los cánceres más comunes a nivel mundial y el cáncer más letal en el Perú. Las variaciones en su incidencia y mortalidad en todo el mundo están experimentando cambios drásticos en determinadas poblaciones. Esto, junto con el reciente reconocimiento de la diversidad molecular de los tumores gástricos, tendrá un impacto en las decisiones de tratamiento de nuestros pacientes. El impacto de estas observaciones podría ser más profundo en las poblaciones que actualmente se ven afectadas por las disparidades en la atención médica del cáncer gástrico.

(18)F-FDG PET/CT versus bone scintigraphy in the follow-up of gastric cancer.

A 53-year-old patient underwent a positron emission tomography/computed tomography with 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ((18)F-FDG PET/CT) in the suspicious of gastric tumor recurrence (mediastinal and abdominal lymph nodes). PET/CT identified only an area of (18)F-FDGuptake in the twelfth thoracic vertebrae. Unexpectedly, a bone scintigraphy revealed many "hot" spots changing the diagnosis (single metastasis versus plurimetastatic disease) and impacting on patient's management.

Epidemiología del cáncer de estómago en un centro de referencia del Ecuador / Epidemiology of gastric cancer in a referral center in Ecuador

El cáncer gástrico es el tumor maligno más frecuente del Ecuador. A pesar de los avances en los métodos de diagnóstico y de las terapias oncológicas, la mayoría de los casos se diagnostican en etapas avanzadas de la enfermedad con pobre pronóstico y alta mortalidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las características epidemiológicas en pacientes atendidos con cáncer gástrico en un centro de referencia del Ecuador. Pacientes y métodos Fue un estudio retrospectivo transversal, fueron elegibles para participar del estudio pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Oncología del Hospital de Especialidades Eugenio Espejo (HEEE) entre marzo del 2012 y marzo del 2017. Los datos epidemiológicos, clínicos y relacionados con el CG, se recopilaron de las historias clínicas. Resultados Durante el período de estudio se evaluaron 159 pacientes, la mediana de edad fue 61 años y el 52,80 % fueron del sexo masculino. El síntoma más frecuente al diagnóstico fue el dolor abdominal en 59% de los casos. El estadio de la enfermedad en 72% de los pacientes fue loco regionalmente avanzado y diseminado. Aquellos pacientes que se sometieron a cirugía; presentaron mayor sobrevida. Conclusión El 50% de los casos fueron diagnosticados en etapas avanzadas de la enfermedad y se asociaron a pobre pronóstico y alta mortalidad. Las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de este primer estudio realizado en el HEEE permitirán establecer medidas que permitan mejorar el screening y diagnóstico precoz de los pacientes.

Gastric cancer is the most common malignant tumor in Ecuador. Despite advances in diagnostic methods and cancer therapies, most cases are diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease with poor prognosis and high mortality. The objective of this study was to determine epidemiological characteristics in patients treated with gastric cancer at a reference center in Ecuador. Patients and methods It was a cross-sectional retrospective study, patients were eligible in the Oncology Service of the Hospital de Especialidades Eugenio Espejo (HEEE) between March 2012 and March 2017. data were collected from medical records. Results during the study period 159 patients were evaluated, the median age was 61 years and 52.80% were male. The most common symptom of diagnosis was abdominal pain in 59% of cases. The stage of the disease in 72% of patients was regionally advanced and widespread. Those patients who underwent surgery; presented more survival. Conclusions 50% of cases were diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease and were associated with poor prognosis and high mortality. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of this first study carried out in the HEEE, will allow to establish measures to improve the screening and early diagnosis of patients.

Follow-up of Gastrectomized Patients due to Gastric Cancer in a Cancer Center of Bogota, Colombia / Seguimiento de pacientes gastrectomizados por cáncer gástrico en un centro oncológico de Bogotá, Colombia / Seguimento de pacientes gastrectomizados por câncer gástrico em um centro de oncológico em Bogotá, Colômbia

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the perceived burden and functional status of gastric cancer patients with gastrectomy in a center of cancer in Bogota (Colombia) between 2013 and 2016. Materials and methods: Retrospective description of patients intervened by gastrectomy distributed in three groups: Patients with gastrectomy from 1 to 12 months of surgical intervention, 13 to 14 months and 25 to 36 months. For this, it was used the disease burden perception instrument and the Karnofsky scale. Results: 127 patients were included. 63 from 1 to 12 months, 43 from 13 to 24 months, and 21 from 25 to 36 months of intervention. Gastric adenocarcinoma of intestinal pattern stage III and II predominate. More than 50 % of the patients required total gastrectomy and received adjuvant chemotherapy. The majority of participants performed regular activities with mild signs and symptoms, presented low overall perceived burden and functional performance without statistically significant differences between groups. Patients from 1 to 12 months of intervention reported greater levels of physical discomfort. Conclusions: In patients with gastrectomy for gastric cancer, physical symptoms persist such as emotional disturbances, economic difficulties and limitations in the work role, findings to be included in follow-up programs.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar el seguimiento de pacientes gastrectomizados por cáncer gástrico en un centro de oncología en Bogotá, entre 2013 y 2016, y determinar el estado funcional y la percepción de la carga de enfermedad. Material y métodos: descripción retrospectiva de pacientes intervenidos por gastrectomía, distribuidos en tres grupos: de 1 a 12 meses de seguimiento luego de la intervención, de 13 a 14 meses, y de 25 a 36 meses. Se utilizó un instrumento de percepción de carga de enfermedad crónica validado y la escala de Karnofsky. Resultados: se incluyeron 127 pacientes: 63 a un año, 43 a 2 años y 21 a 3 años. Predomina el adenocarcinoma gástrico de patrón intestinal. Más del 50 % requirió gastrectomía total, más quimioterapia adyuvante, y estaba en estadios II y III. La mayoría realiza actividad normal con signos y síntomas leves, con una carga de enfermedad percibida global baja y un estado funcional sin diferencias significativas entre los grupos. Los pacientes con seguimiento de 1 a 12 meses reportaron un mayor malestar físico. Conclusiones: en pacientes gastrectomizados por cáncer gástrico, persisten síntomas físicos, alteraciones emocionales, dificultades económicas y limitación en el rol laboral, hallazgos por ser incluidos en los programas de seguimiento.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o seguimento de pacientes gastrectomizados emum centro de referêncianacidade de Bogotá entre 2013 e 2016, determinando o status funcional e a percepção da carga da doença. Material e métodos: Descriçãoretrospropectiva dos pacientes intervencionados por gastrectomiadistribuídosemtrês grupos, que têm entre 1 a 12 meses de intervençãocirúrgica, 13 a 14 meses e 25 a 36 meses. Utilizamos o instrumento de percepção da carga de doençascrônicas, desenhado, avaliado e a escala de Karnofsky. Resultados: 127 pacientes foramacompanhados por gastrectomia por câncer gástrico; 63 emum ano, 43 em 2 anos e 21em 36 meses. Do ponto de vista histopatológico, predomina o adenocarcinoma gástrico intestinal. Mais de 50 % necessitaram de gastrectomia total, além de quimioterapia adjuvante e corresponderamaosestágios II e III. A maioria dos pacientes commonitorizaçãoactividade normal realizada sinais e sintomas leves comumabaixa carga global percebida e um estado funcional, semdiferenças significativas entre os grupos namonitorização de doentesacompanhados durante 1 a 12 meses relatados maisdesconforto físico. Conclusões: Nos pacientes gastrectomizados por câncer gástrico, a percepção de sobrecarga da doença é baixa. Alguns sintomas físicos persistem, disturbios emocionais e dificuldades econômicas, bem como limitação no papel do trabalho, achados a serem considerados no desenvolvimento de programas de acompanhamento.

Current status of the multidisciplinary treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma / Estado atual do tratamento multidisciplinar do adenocarcinoma gástrico

ABSTRACT Background: The complexity of the management of gastric cancer requires a multidisciplinary evaluation of patients with this tumor. Several treatments have been employed, associated to the surgical resection. Objective: To review the available therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma. Methods : A review of selected articles on multidisciplinary treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma in the Pubmed and Medline databases between 2000 and 2017 was carried out. The following headings were related: stomach cancer, treatment, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Results : There are several valid alternatives, with good results for the treatment of gastric cancer: chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy in the adjuvant scenario; perioperative chemotherapy; and chemoradiotherapy after neoadjuvance with isolated chemotherapy. Conclusion : Current evidences suggest that combined multidisciplinary treatment is superior to surgery alone. However, the optimal treatment regimen is not yet established, and depends on a number of factors, especially the type of surgical resection employed. Therefore, the therapeutic decision should be made by a multidisciplinary team, assessing patient's personal characteristics, biology of the tumor, residual disease, risks and side effects.

RESUMO Introdução : A complexidade do manejo do câncer gástrico torna necessária a avaliação multidisciplinar dos pacientes com esse tumor. Diversas alternativas de tratamento têm sido empregadas, associadas com a ressecção cirúrgica. Objetivo: Analisar as alternativas disponíveis para o tratamento do adenocarcinoma gástrico. Método : Foi realizada revisão de artigos selecionados sobre tratamento multidisciplinar do adenocarcinoma gástrico nas bases de dados Pubmed e Medline entre 2000 e 2017. Os seguintes descritores foram relacionados: câncer de estômago, tratamento, quimioterapia e radioterapia. Resultados : Existem várias alternativas válidas, com bons resultados para o tratamento do câncer gástrico: adjuvância com químio e radioterapia ou quimioterapia isolada; quimioterapia perioperatória; e químio e radioterapia após neoadjuvância com quimioterapia isolada. Conclusão : As evidências sugerem que o tratamento combinado é superior ao da cirurgia isolada. Entretanto, o esquema ideal de tratamento ainda não está estabelecido e depende de uma série de fatores, principalmente o tipo de ressecção cirúrgica empregada. Portanto, a decisão terapêutica deve ser tomada por equipe multidisciplinar, avaliando características pessoais do paciente, biologia do tumor, possibilidade de doença residual, riscos e a capacidade do paciente de tolerar tratamentos não isentos de efeitos colaterais.

CAG PATHOGENICITY ISLAND OF Helicobacter pylori AND ITS ASSOCIATION TO PRENEOPLASTIC LESIONS AND GASTRIC CANCER / EL ISLOTE DE PATOGENICIDAD CAG DE Helicobacter pylori Y SU ASOCIACIÓN CON LESIONES PRENEOPLÁSICAS Y CÁNCER GÁSTRICO

ABSTRACT Gastric cancer is one of the main causes of death by cancer in the world and the infection with Helicobacter pylori is one of the main risk factors associated with its appearance. Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa, infecting about half of the world´s population. The pathological effects caused by infections with H. pylori greatly depend on an IV type secretion system encoded in the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI). In this review, we describe the composition of the cagPAI, the alterations of cellular signaling pathways mediated by cagPAI which regulate oncogenic cellular responses that may increase the risk of malignant transformation associated with the infection and the importance of polymorphisms in cagPAI genes as potential markers of progression to gastric cancer.

RESUMEN El cáncer gástrico es una de las principales causas de muerte por cáncer en el mundo y la infección con Helicobacter pylori es uno de los principales factores de riesgo, asociados a su aparición. H. pylori es una bacteria que coloniza la mucosa gástrica, infectando alrededor de la mitad de la población mundial. Los efectos patológicos ocasionados por la infección con H. pylori dependen, en buena parte, de un sistema de secreción tipo IV, codificado en el islote de patogenicidad cag (cagPAI). En esta revisión, se describe la composición del cagPAI, la alteración de las vías de señalización celular mediadas por el cagPAI, que regulan respuestas celulares oncogénicas, que pueden incrementar el riesgo de transformación maligna asociada a la infección y la importancia de los polimorfismos en genes del cagPAI, como posibles marcadores de progresión a cáncer gástrico.

Helicobacter pylori, úlcera péptica y cáncer gástrico / Helicobacter pylori, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer

Resumen Introducción. Por lo general, se ha descrito que la localización duodenal de la úlcera es más frecuente que la localización gástrica; sin embargo, en áreas con alta incidencia de cáncer gástrico la úlcera péptica parece tener una distribución anatómica distinta, existiendo predominio de la localización gástrica. Objetivo. Realizar una revisión narrativa de la literatura acerca de la distribución anatómica de la úlcera péptica en áreas con alta y baja incidencia de cáncer gástrico. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda estructurada de la literatura en las bases de datos ProQuest, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, PubMed, LILACS, Embase, Trip, SciELO y Cochrane Library con los términos "Peptic ulcer" AND "stomach neoplasm"; la búsqueda se hizo en inglés con sus equivalentes en español y se limitó a estudios observacionales, cohortes y casos y controles. Resultados. Se encontraron alrededor de 50 artículos con información relevante para la presente revisión. Conclusión. La literatura disponible sugiere que la úlcera péptica predomina en áreas donde el cáncer gástrico tiene alta incidencia, mientras que en zonas donde la incidencia de la neoplasia es baja predomina la localización duodenal.

Abstract Introduction: In general, ulcers are more frequently observed in the duodenum than in the stomach. However, in areas with a high incidence of gastric cancer, peptic ulcers seem to have a different anatomical distribution, predominantly gastric localization. Objective: To perform a narrative literature review about the anatomical distribution of peptic ulcers in areas with high and low incidence of gastric cancer. Materials and methods: A structured literature search was performed in the ProQuest, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, PubMed, LILACS, Embase, Trip, SciELO and Cochrane Library databases using the terms "Peptic ulcer" AND "Stomach Neoplasm". The search was done in English with its equivalents in Spanish and was limited to observational studies, cohorts and cases and controls. Results: About 50 articles with relevant information for this review were retrieved. Conclusion: The available literature suggests that peptic ulcers predominate in areas where gastric cancer has a high incidence, while duodenal localization predominates in areas where the incidence of neoplasms is low.

Incidência, mortalidade e tendências do câncer de estômago no Brasil: um estudo de base populacional / Incidence, mortality and trends of stomach cancer in Brazil: a population-based study

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de estômago (CaE) ocupou o 5º lugar de todos os cânceres que ocorreram no mundo em 2020 e foi a 4ª principal causa de morte por câncer no Brasil, e a 4ª mais frequente entre os homens e o 6º nas mulheres. A incidência e mortalidade de CaE variam de acordo com o IDH (Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano). Essas variações são atribuídas a diferentes fatores de riscos associados ao estilo de vida, a prevalência de H. Pylori e detecção precoce do CaE. OBJETIVO: analisar o perfil epidemiológico de incidência, mortalidade e tendências do CaE no Brasil e verificar as suas associações com IDH. MÉTODOS: Os dados para a incidência foram extraídos dos Registros de Câncer de Base Populacional (RCBP), de 1988 à 2017, sob o código C-16 (neoplasias maligna do estômago) e os dados da mortalidade extraídos do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS). Foram calculadas as taxas de incidência e mortalidade brutas e padronizadas. Para as análises de tendência foi utilizado a análise de regressão no programa Joinpoint Regression Program (SEER). Os dados do IDH foram extraídos do banco do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD). Para as análises de correlação de Pearson foi utilizada o programa Stata 15. Os efeitos de idade-período-coorte de nascimento foram estimados para a mortalidade pelo modelo de APC calculados pelo pacote Epi do software R. RESULTADOS: A incidência do CaE foi o dobro no sexo masculino. As maiores taxas incidência foram observadas na região Norte com tendência de estabilidade na maioria das capitais brasileiras. Foi observado correlação negativa do IDH e IDH-longevidade com as taxas padronizadas de incidência para homens e mulheres e IDH-educação para mulheres. A mortalidade foi maior para homens e as maiores taxas foram observadas no Amapá. A região Sul apresentou as maiores taxas de 2000-2009 e em 2010-2019 foi a região Norte para homens e mulheres. As regiões Sul, Sudeste e Centro-oeste apresentaram tendências de redução da mortalidade de CaE, enquanto as regiões Nordeste e Norte aumento nos últimos 20 anos. As taxas de mortalidade de CaE aumentam com a idade (> 60anos), com risco maior de óbito em homens e mulheres nascidos após a década de 1960 nas regiões Nordeste e Norte, o risco diminui nas regiões Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste para ambos os sexos. Houve correlação positiva da taxa de CaE (2000-2010) com IDH (2000) para ambos os sexos e correlação negativa para a tendência. CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de CaE apresentou estabilidade para a maioria das capitais do Brasil e a mortalidade aumento para as regiões Norte e Nordeste. O risco de CaE é maior em pessoas acima de 60 anos e o IDH correlaciona-se inversamente com as taxas de incidência e tendências da mortalidade na primeira década e positivamente na taxa de mortalidade no mesmo período. A análise permite verificar que as melhorias no desenvolvimento socioeconômico ao longo do tempo podem contribuir para a redução na tendência da mortalidade do CaE.

INTRODUCTION: Stomach cancer (SC) ranked 5th among all cancers that occurred in the world in 2020 and was the 4th leading cause of cancer death in Brazil, and the 4th most frequent among men and the 6th among women. The incidence and mortality of SC varies according to the HDI (Human Development Index). These variations are attributed to different risk factors associated with lifestyle, H. pylori prevalence, and early detection of SC. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the epidemiological profile of incidence, mortality and trends of SC in Brazil and to verify its associations with HDI. METHODS: Data for incidence were extracted from the Population Based Cancer Registry (PBCR), 1993 to 2017, under code C-16 (malignant neoplasms of the stomach) and mortality data from the Information System of Mortality of the Unified Health System (DATASUS). Crude and standardized incidence and mortality rates were calculated. For trend analysis, linear regression analysis was used in the Joinpoint Regression Program (SEER). HDI data were extracted from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) database. For Pearson's correlation analysis, the Stata 11.2 program was used. The age-period-birth cohort effects from 2000-2019 were estimated by the APC model calculated by Epi of the R software. RESULTS: The incidence of SC in Brazil were twice as high in males. The highest incidence rates were observed in the North region, with a trend towards stability in most Brazilian capitals. A negative correlation of IDH and HDI-longevity with the standardized incidence rates for men and women and HDI-education for women was observed. Mortality was higher for men and the highest rates were observed in Amapá. The South region had the highest rates from 2000-2000 and in 2010-2019 it was the North region for men and women. The South, Southeast and Central-West regions showed a tendency to reduce SC, while the Northeast and North regions increased in the last 20 years. SC mortality rates increase with age (> 60 years), with a higher risk of death in men and women born after the 1960s in the Northeast and North regions and the risk decreases in the Southeast, South and Midwest regions for both the sexes. There was a positive correlation between the SC rate (2000-2010) and the HDI (2000) for both sexes and a negative correlation for the trend. CONCLUSION: The incidence of SC remained stable for most capitals in Brazil and mortality increased in the North and Northeast regions. The risk of SC is higher in people over 60 years of age and the HDI is inversely correlated with incidence rates and mortality trends in the first decade and positively with the mortality rate in the same period. The analysis makes it possible to verify that improvements in socioeconomic development over time can contribute to a reduction in the mortality trend of SC

Seroprevalencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori en población adulta de Lima, Perú 2017 / Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among an adult population of Lima, Peru 2017

Objetivo: Conocer la seroprevalencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori en población adulta de Lima, Perú 2017. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, transversal. Población conformada por voluntarios mayores de 18 años, de ambos sexos, con o sin molestias gastroenterológicas generales. Campaña de despistaje realizada en los distritos de Magdalena y Chorrillos de la ciudad de Lima, Perú en el mes de enero del 2017. Para el diagnóstico se utilizó la prueba rápida OnSite H. pylori Ab Combo Rapid Test CE de CTK Biotech. Resultados: Se evaluó a 140 pacientes, edad media 36.6 años, 22.1% de sexo masculino y 77.9% de sexo femenino. La seroprevalencia para Helicobacter pylori fue 63.6%. Conclusiones: Nosotros concluimos que la infección por Helicobacter pylori es frecuente en el área de la ciudad de Lima, sin diferencia entre género y edad

Objective: To know the seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among an adult population of Lima, Peru 2017. Materials and methods: Descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional study. Population of volunteers older than 18 years, of both sexes, with or without general gastrointestinal discomfort. A screening campaign was carried out in the districts of Magdalena and Chorrillos in the city of Lima, Peru, in January 2017. For the diagnosis, CTK Biotech's OnSite H. pylori Ab Combo Rapid Test CE was used. Results: One hundred forty (140) patients were evaluated, with a mean age of 36.6 years old, being 22.1% male and 77.9% female. The seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection was 63.6%. Conclusions: We conclude that Helicobacter pylori infection is common in the city of Lima, with no difference between gender and age

Desigualdades en mortalidad relacionadas con características socioeconómicas en el departamento del Huila, Colombia 2009-2013 / Inequalities in mortality related to socioeconomic characteristics in the department of Huila, Colombia 2009-2013 / Desigualdades na mortalidade relacionadas a características socioeconômicas no departamento de Huila, Colômbia 2009-2013

Resumen Objetivo: determinar las desigualdades en la mortalidad por causas específicas relacionadas con características socioeconómicas, en municipios del Huila 2009-2013. Métodos: estudio ecológico que comparó las mortalidades por Infección Respiratoria Aguda, cáncer de estómago, enfermedades hipertensivas y cerebrovasculares, accidentes de tránsito, homicidio, diabetes y mortalidad en niñez, con base en su situación socioeconómica, según las variables socioeconómicas Cobertura en Educación Media, NBI, Ruralidad, Suficiencia Económica, Valor Agregado Municipal y el Índice de Calidad del Agua en los 37 municipios del Huila. Se calcularon tasas ajustadas por edad con el método directo y medición de desigualdades confrontando las variables descritas, usando medidas basadas en rango, regresión y desproporcionalidad, usando el software Epidat 4.0. Resultados: en la mortalidad por cáncer gástrico, por enfermedades hipertensivas y en la mortalidad en niñez se identificó constante desigualdad frente a las variables socioeconómicas evaluadas, en contra de los municipios menos favorecidos. En la mortalidad por infecciones respiratorias agudas y homicidios, se observaron mayores tasas en los municipios con mejores condiciones socioeconómicas. Conclusiones: existe gran variabilidad entre las condiciones socioeconómicas de los municipios y entre las mortalidades por los eventos evaluados, observando aceptable correlación entre las diferentes medidas de desigualdades utilizadas.

Abstract Objective: to determine the inequalities in mortality due to specific causes related to socioeconomic characteristics in the municipalities of the Huila department, Colombia between 2009 and 2013. Methodology: an ecological study comparing mortality rates due to acute respiratory infection, stomach cancer, hypertensive and cerebrovascular disease, traffic accidents, homicide, diabetes and childhood mortality based on socioeconomic status according to the following socioeconomic variables: secondary education coverage, unsatisfied basic needs, rurality, economic sufficiency, municipality's added value and water quality index. The study included the 37 municipalities of the Huila department. Age-adjusted rates were calculated using the direct method and the inequalities were measured by comparing against the described variables using rank, regression and disproportionality based measures. The Epidat 4.0 software was used for this purpose. Results: child mortality and mortality due to gastric cancer and hypertensive disease showed constant inequality regarding the assessed socioeconomic variables in the less favored municipalities. As for mortality due to acute respiratory infections and homicides, higher rates were observed in municipalities with better socioeconomic conditions. Conclusions: there is great variability in the socioeconomic conditions of the municipalities and the mortality rates due to the assessed events. The authors observed an acceptable correlation between the different measures of inequality used in the study.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar as desigualdades na mortalidade por causas específicas relacionadas a características socioeconômicas nos municípios de Huila entre os anos de 2009 e 2013. Metodologia: Estudo ecológico que comparou as mortalidades por infecção respiratória aguda, câncer de estômago, doenças hipertensivas e acidentes vasculares cerebrais, acidentes de trânsito, homicídio, diabetes e mortalidade na infância com base na situação socioeconômica segundo as variáveis socioeconômicas cobertura do ensino médio, NBI, Ruralidade, Suficiência Econômica; Valor Agregado Municipal e o Índice de Qualidade da Água nos 37 municípios de Huila. Foram calculadas as taxas ajustadas por idade com o método direto e a medição de desigualdades, confrontando-as com as variáveis descritas, a partir da utilização de medidas baseadas no intervalo, em regressão e em desproporcionalidade, utilizando-se o software Epidat 4.0. Resultados: Na mortalidade por câncer gástrico, por doenças hipertensivas e na mortalidade na infância foram identificadas constantes desigualdades em relação às variáveis socioeconômicas avaliadas contrárias aos municípios menos favorecidos. Para a mortalidade por infecções respiratórias agudas e homicídios, foram observadas maiores taxas nos municípios com melhores condições socioeconômicas. Conclusões: Existe uma grande variedade entre as condições socioeconômicas dos municípios e entre as mortalidades para os eventos avaliados, observando-se uma correlação aceitável entre as diferentes medidas de desigualdade utilizadas.

Caracterización anatomopatológica de pacientes operados por cáncer de estómago / Pathological characterization of patients operated due to stomach cancer

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de los 28 pacientes con cáncer de estómago, intervenidos quirúrgicamente en el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba, del 2008 al 2013, a fin de caracterizarles de forma anatomopatológica, para lo cual se revisaron las fichas de biopsias en el Departamento de Anatomía Patológica. En la serie la mayoría de los afectados eran del grupo etario de 60 a 69 años (39,3 %) y del sexo femenino (53,5 %), y predominaron los tumores bien diferenciados (46,4 %), la localización en el antro (71,4 %) y el tipo hístico difuso (60,7 %). Asimismo, se evidenció la presencia de metástasis en los ganglios (42,8 %), de infiltración vascular y linfática (64,2 y 67,8 %, respectivamente), y de Helicobacter pylori en las neoplasias malignas (35,7 %). Finalmente, se pudo concluir que los pacientes con cáncer gástrico eran diagnosticados tardíamente y que dicha entidad se manifestó de manera diferente de lo planteado en la bibliografía sobre el tema.

A descriptive and retrospective study of the 28 patients with stomach cancer, surgically treated in "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from 2008 to 2013, in order to characterize them pathologically, for whom the biopsies records were reviewed in the Pathology Department. In the series most of the affected were from the age group 60-69 years (39.3%) and of the female sex (53.5%), and the well differentiated tumors (46.4%), the antral localization (71.4%) and the hystic diffuse type (60.7%) prevailed. Also, the metastasis presence in the ganglion (42.8%), of vascular and lymphatic infiltration (64.2 and 67.8%, respectively), and of Helicobacter pylori in the malignant neoplasia (35.7%) were evidenced. Finally, it was concluded that the patients with gastric cancer were diagnosed lately and that this entity was manifested in a different way from what has been described in the literature on the topic.

Perioperative ceemotherapy in locally advanced gastric cancer / Quimioterapia peri-operatoria no tratamento do cancer gastrico localmente avancado

Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers and a main cause of cancer-related death worldwide, since the majority of patients suffering of this malignancy are usually faced with a poor prognosis due to diagnosis at later stages. In order to improve treatment outcomes, the association of surgery with chemo and/or radiotherapy (multimodal therapy) has become the standard treatment for locally advanced stages. However, despite several treatment options currently available for management of these tumors, perioperative chemotherapy has been mainly accepted for the comprehensive therapeutic strategy including an appropriated D2-gastrectomy. This manuscript presents a (nonsystematic) critical review about the use of perioperative chemotherapy, with a special focus on the drugs delivery.

O câncer gástrico representa um dos cânceres mais comuns em todo o mundo e uma importante causa de óbito por causas oncológicas, uma vez que a maioria dos pacientes com esta neoplasia malígna é confrontada com um prognóstico muito ruim em decorrência do diagnóstico comumente tardio. Com o intuito de melhorar os resultados do tratamento, a associação de cirurgia com quimioterapia e/ou radioterapia (terapia multidisciplinar), tornou-se o tratamento padrão para os casos em estádios localmente avançados. Por outro lado, embora diversos regimes de tratamento estejam atualmente disponíveis para o manejo desses tumores, a quimioterapia perioperatória tem recebido maior atenção como estratégia terapêutica quando a abordagem cirúrgica utilizada inclui a dissecção D2 dos linfonodos regionais. Apresenta-se uma revisão crítica (não-sistemática) sobre o uso de quimioterapia perioperatória no tratamento do câncer gástrico localmente avançado.

Caracterización del cáncer gástrico en pacientes del municipio Caimito / Characterization of gastric cancer in patients from the municipality of Caimito

Objetivo: caracterizar a los pacientes con cáncer gástrico y precisar su evolución con el tratamiento indicado. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo de 50 pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer gástrico en el municipio Caimito durante 15 años. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, antecedentes patológicos personales de enfermedad gástrica, antecedentes familiares, laborales, nutricionales y de exposición a tóxicos y evolución según tratamiento indicado. Resultados: el mayor número de pacientes diagnosticados y fallecidos corresponden a los consejos populares Caimito y Costa Norte. Hubo 32 pacientes del sexo masculino y 18 del femenino. Se mantuvieron vivos al final del estudio cinco de los 20 pacientes que recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico, dos de los nueve tratados con cirugía más poliquimioterapia y uno de los tres tratados con radioterapia más cirugía. El 46 por ciento de los pacientes tuvo antecedentes de gastritis, el 22 por ciento de úlcera y el 60 por ciento historia familiar de tumores digestivos o no. Conclusiones: los pacientes afectados fueron fundamentalmente los ancianos del sexo masculino, con antecedentes personales de enfermedad gástrica, exposición a tóxicos y antecedentes familiares de enfermedad tumoral digestiva o extradigestiva. Tuvieron mejor pronóstico los que recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico solo o combinado

Objective: characterize patients with gastric cancer and describe their evolution with the treatment indicated. Methods: an observational descriptive study was conducted of 50 patients from the municipality of Caimito diagnosed with gastric cancer throughout 15 years. The variables studied were age; gender; personal history of gastric disease; family, occupational and nutritional history; antecedents of exposure to toxic substances, and evolution with the treatment indicated. Results: the largest number of patients diagnosed and deceased corresponds to the People's Councils of Caimito and Costa Norte. 32 patients were male and 18 female. The patients who remained alive at the end of the study period were five of the twenty who underwent surgical treatment, two of the nine who were treated with surgery plus polychemotherapy, and one of the three treated with radiotherapy plus surgery. 46 percent of the patients had a history of gastritis, 22 percent of ulcer and 60percent had family antecedents of tumors, either digestive or not. Conclusions: the patients affected were mainly male and elderly, with a history of gastric disease and exposure to toxic substances, and family antecedents of digestive or extradigestive tumoral disease. Patients who received surgical treatment, either alone or combined, had a better prognosis

História do tratamento do câncer gástrico: os pioneiros, os equívocos iniciais e os marcos de referência atuais / History of gastric cancer treatment: the pioneers, early misconceptions and the current guidelines

Objetivos: O adenocarcinoma gástrico permanece como uma das principais causas de morte por câncer, com taxas de sobrevida em cinco anos de apenas 20-25%. A ressecção cirúrgica é a única opção terapêutica que pode possibilitar a cura nos pacientes afetados por essa neoplasia. O objetivo deste estudo é revisar os principais aspectos históricos da progressão do conhecimento sobre o tratamento dessa enfermidade.Fonte de dados: Revisão bibliográfica através do PubMed. Foram analisados artigos selecionados sobre a história, evolução e tratamentos do câncer de estômago.Síntese dos dados: A gastrectomia é um procedimento cirúrgico desafiador que requer um elevado nível de perícia cirúrgica. Este procedimento evoluiu constantemente ao longo dos anos através dos esforços meticulosos de um grande número de cirurgiões antes de chegar a seu estado atual. Esta revisão analisa algumas das limitações iniciais e equívocos cometidos, destacando os marcos iniciais que lançaram as bases desse procedimento.Conclusões: A ressecção completa do tumor permanece o tratamento padrão sempre que possível. Dependendo da localização e estágio do tumor, pode ser indicada a gastrectomia parcial ou total. O benefício em longo prazo da linfadenectomia sistemática já está comprovado em estudos prospectivos randomizados. Estratégias de tratamento multimodal, incluindo quimioterapia e/ou radioterapia, podem melhorar ainda mais o controle local e regional do tumor e diminuir as taxas de metástases sistêmicas.

Aims: Gastric adenocarcinoma remains among the leading causes of death from cancer, with a 5-year survival rate of only 20% to 25%. Surgical resection is the only therapeutic option that may allow healing in patients affected by this malignancy. The objective of this study is to review the main aspects of the historical progression of knowledge about treatment of this disease.Source of data: A search was carried out at PubMed. Selected papers about the history, evolution and treatment of gastric cancer were reviewed.Summary of findings: Gastrectomy is a challenging surgical procedure which requires a high level of surgical expertise. This procedure has constantly evolved over the years through the meticulous efforts of a number of surgeons before reaching its current state. This review navigates through some of the early limitations and misconceptions and highlights the initial milestones which laid the foundation of this procedure.Conclusions: Complete resection of the tumor remains the standard treatment whenever possible. Depending on the location and stage of the tumor, either a subtotal distal or a total gastrectomy can be performed. The long-term benefit of systematic lymphadenectomy has now been shown in prospective randomized trials. Multimodal treatment strategies including chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy can further improve local and regional tumor control and lessen the rate of systemic metastasis.

Mortalidad por cáncer: segunda causa de muerte del adulto mayor en Medellín, 2002-2006 / Cancer: second cause of death among the elderly in Medellín, 2002-2006

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar el comportamiento de la mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón, estómago y próstata en los adultos mayores de la ciudad de Medellín en el periodo 2002 - 2006. METODOLOGIA: Estudio descriptivo con fuente de información secundaria, a partir del análisis de 2809 registros de defunciones por cáncer de pulmón, estómago y próstata en personas mayores de 65 años. El análisis fue univariado y bivariado, se acompañó de pruebas estadísticas y con una confiabilidad del 95%. Se calcularon: tasas de mortalidad promedio y específica, por diez mil habitantes adultos mayores. RESULTADOS: El riesgo más alto de fallecer por cáncer de pulmón fue en el año 2003, con una tasa de 20,27; para cáncer de estómago, el riesgo mayor se presentó en el año 2002, con 11,88; y el riesgo mayor para cáncer de próstata fue el año 2006, con 9,35 por diez mil habitantes. En los tres tipos de cáncer, la tasa de mortalidad promedio en el tiempo fue de 37,1 siendo la segunda causa de muerte después del infarto agudo del miocardio. DISCUSION: El cáncer de pulmón, estómago y próstata representan un riesgo para los adultos mayores; a mayor longevidad mayor riesgo. Este estudio constituye un aporte al estado de la cuestión acerca de las causas de muerte de la persona mayor.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the behavior of lung, stomach, and prostate cancer mortality among the elderly in the city of Medellin from 2002 to 2006. METHODOLOGY: a descriptive study with a secondary information source. The study was conducted based on the analysis of 2809 records of deaths from lung, stomach, and prostate cancer in people over 65 years. The analysis was univariate and bivariate. Additionally, it was accompanied by statistical tests and had a reliability of 95 %. The average and specific mortality rates were calculated per ten thousand elderly individuals. RESULTS: the risk of dying from lung cancer was at its highest value in 2003, with a rate of 20.27; for stomach cancer, the greatest risk was observed in 2002, with 11.88; finally, 2006 was the year with the highest risk for prostate cancer, with 9.35 per ten thousand inhabitants. For the three types of cancer, the average mortality rate over time was 37.1. Thus, cancer is the second leading cause of death after acute myocardial infarction. DISCUSSION: lung, stomach, and prostate cancer pose a risk to the elderly. Moreover, the risk increases as the individuals age. This study contributes to the state of the art of the research on causes of death among the elderly.

Estado atual do tratamento cirúrgico do adenocarcinoma gástrico avançado / Current status of surgical treatment of advanced gastric adenocarcinoma

A evolução da complexidade do manejo atual do câncer gástrico tornou necessário o envolvimento de uma equipe multidisciplinar para o seu tratamento. Cirurgiões, oncologistas, gastroenterologistas, endoscopistas, patologistas, radiologistas e radioterapeutas, auxiliados por nutricionistas, assistentes sociais, enfermeiros e fisioterapeutas, entre outras especialidades de apoio, estão envolvidos na difícil tarefa de adequar as melhores escolhas terapêuticas, individualizando as necessidades dos pacientes. A ressecção cirúrgica do tumor permanece como a única opção curativa nessa neoplasia. Nos últimos 20 anos ocorreram calorosos debates na literatura sobre o melhor procedimento cirúrgico para os pacientes com esse tumor. A extensão da ressecção gástrica, a necessidade da remoção de outros órgãos e principalmente a extensão da linfadenectomia foram amplamente estudados. Portanto, o fato do cirurgião ser um dos principais fatores prognósticos no tratamento do adenocarcinoma gástrico justifica uma revisão atualizada sobre o tema.

The increased complexity of the current management of gastric cancer has dictated the need for the involvement of a multidisciplinary team for its treatment. Surgeons, oncologists, gastroenterologists, endoscopists, pathologists, radiologists and radiation oncologists, assisted by dietitians, social workers, nurses and physical therapists and other support specialists are all engaged in the difficult task of tailoring the best therapeutic choices and thus individualizing patient needs. Surgical resection of the tumor still remains the only curative option in this neoplasm. Over the past 20 years there has been a heated debate in the literature about the best surgical procedure for patients with this tumor. The extent of gastric resection, the need for removal of other organs, and in particular the extent of lymphadenectomy have been extensively studied. Therefore, the fact that the surgeon is a major prognostic factor in the treatment of gastric cancer warrants an updated review on the subject.