Chagas disease is not associated with diabetes, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction at baseline of Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

Chagas disease (ChD) affects millions of people worldwide, being endemic in Latin America and emerging in the United States and Europe. Classically described as targeting the heart and gastrointestinal tract, Trypanosoma cruzi parasitism leads to structural and pro-inflammatory changes in the adipose tissue and pancreas. The effects of these changes on insulin resistance (IR), beta cell dysfunction, diabetes mellitus (DM),and metabolic syndrome (MS) are unclear. We aim to evaluate the association of ChD with DM, IR, beta cell dysfunction and MS in the baseline of multi-centric cohort study 'Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health' (ELSA-Brasil). This cross-sectional analysis included 14,922 (98%) participants of ELSA-Brasil at baseline. To investigate the associations of ChD with DM, IR (assessed by HOMA-IR) and beta cell dysfunction (assessed by HOMA beta), and MS we fitted logistic regression models including socio-demographic and anthropometric variables, health-related conditions and laboratory results. ChD, defined by positive serology, was prevalent in 1.9% (n = 283) of the sample, 17.3% (n = 49) of whom had cardiomyopathy. DM prevalence was 17.25% (n = 2574) and was not different among those with and without ChD (20.5% vs 17.2%; p = 0.28). Fasting and 2 h-blood glucose after a 75 g anhydrous glucose were slightly higher among participants positive for ChD, when compared with those with negative serology (102 mg/dL versus 100 mg/dL, respectively; and 127 mg/dL versus 124 mg/dL, respectively), only in univariate analysis. There was no significant association between these variables and ChD after adjustments. In addition, there was no significant association between DM, IR, beta cell dysfunction or MS and ChD (without and with cardiomyopathy). Our results showed that ChD, regardless of the presence of cardiomyopathy, is not associated with DM, IR, beta cell dysfunction or MS. These findings suggest the parasitism of the adipose tissue and pancreas in Chagas disease do not translate into clinically relevant glucose abnormalities.

[The third and new face of Chagas disease]. / Le troisième et nouveau visage de la maladie de Chagas.

After the publication of the results of the BENEFIT study concluding that the benznidazole (5 mg/kg/d/60 d) is ineffective to stop the progression of the established Chagas' cardiomyopathy in adults, the author evokes the new experiences and the new challenges of 2016 regarding Chagas disease while speculating on its future and by calling back some elements little known of his history, in particular the fact that it is Chagas who invented about it to some extent the concept of "neglected disease".

Cardiac Evaluation in the Acute Phase of Chagas' Disease with Post-Treatment Evolution in Patients Attended in the State of Amazonas, Brazil / Avaliação Cardíaca na Fase Aguda da Doença de Chagas com Evolução Pós-Tratamento em Pacientes Atendidos no Estado do Amazonas, Brasil

Abstract Background: In the past two decades, a new epidemiological profile of Chagas' disease (CD) has been registered in the Brazilian Amazon where oral transmission has been indicated as responsible for the increase of acute cases. In the Amazonas state, five outbreaks of acute CD have been registered since 2004. The cardiac manifestations in these cases may be characterized by diffuse myocarditis, with alteration in the electrocardiogram (ECG) and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). Objective: To perform a cardiac evaluation in autochthonous patients in the acute phase and at least one year after submitted to treatment for acute CD and evaluate the demographic variables associated with the presence of cardiac alterations. Methods: We evaluated patients diagnosed with acute CD through direct parasitological or serological (IgM) methods from 2007 to 2015. These patients were treated with benznidazole and underwent ECG and TTE before and after treatment. We assumed a confidence interval of 95% (CI 95%, p < 0.05) for all variables analyzed. Results: We observed 63 cases of an acute CD in which oral transmission corresponded to 75%. Cardiac alterations were found in 33% of the cases, with a greater frequency of ventricular repolarization alteration (13%), followed by pericardial effusion (10%) and right bundle branch block and left anterior fascicular block (2%). The follow-up occurred in 48 patients with ECG and 25 with TTE for a mean period of 15.5 ± 4.1 months after treatment. Of these, 8% presented normalization of the cardiac alterations in ECG, 62.5% remained with the normal exams. All of the patients presented normal results in TTE in the post-treatment period. As for the demographic variables, isolated cases presented more cardiac alterations than outbreaks (p = 0.044) as well as cases from Central Amazonas mesoregion (p = 0.020). Conclusions: Although cardiac alterations have not been frequent in most of the studied population, a continuous evaluation of the clinical-epidemiological dynamics of the disease in the region is necessary in order to establish preventive measures.

Resumo Fundamento: Nas últimas duas décadas, um novo perfil epidemiológico da Doença de Chagas (DC) foi registrado na Amazônia brasileira, onde a transmissão oral foi indicada como responsável pelo aumento dos casos agudos. No estado do Amazonas, foram registrados cinco surtos da doença desde 2004. As manifestações cardíacas nesses casos podem ser caracterizadas por miocardite difusa, com alteração nos resultados eletrocardiograma (ECG) e ecocardiografia transtorácica (ETT). Objetivo: avaliar parâmetros cardíacos em pacientes autóctones com DC na fase aguda e em um ano ou mais após tratamento, e avaliar as variáveis demográficas associadas com a presença de alterações cardíacas. Métodos: Avaliamos os pacientes diagnosticados com DC aguda por método direto parasitológico e exame sorológico (IgM) entre 2007 e 2015. Os pacientes foram tratados com benzonidazol e submetidos à ECG e ETT antes e após tratamento. Assumimos um intervalo de confiança de 95% (p < 0,05) para todas as variáveis analisadas. Resultados: Observamos 63 casos de DC aguda em que a transmissão oral ocorreu em 75% dos casos. Alterações cardíacas foram encontradas em 33% dos casos, com maior frequência de repolarização ventricular (13%), seguida de derrame pericárdico (10%), e bloqueio do ramo direito e bloqueio fascicular anterior esquerdo (2%). O acompanhamento foi realizado com 48 pacientes com ECG e 25 com ETT por um período médio de 15,5±4,1 meses após o tratamento. Desses pacientes, observou-se normalização das alterações eletrocardiográficas em 8% dos pacientes, e 62,5% continuaram com os parâmetros normais. Todos os pacientes apresentaram resultados da ETT normais no período pós-tratamento. Quanto às variáveis demográficas, os casos isolados apresentaram mais alterações cardíacas em comparação aos casos de surtos (p=0,044) e os casos identificados na mesorregião do Amazonas Central (p = 0,020). Conclusões: Apesar de as alterações cardíacas não terem sido frequentes na maioria da população do estudo, é necessária uma avaliação contínua da dinâmica clínica-epidemiológica da doença na região para se estabelecer medidas preventivas.

Mudança do modo VVI para DDD ("upgrade") na troca eletiva do gerador de pulsos: análise comparativa clínico-funcional / Upgrading from VVI to DDD pacing Mode during elective replacement of pulse generator: a comparative clinical-functional analysis

OBJETIVO: Comparar o comportamento clínico e funcional dos modos de estimulação ventricular e atrioventricular na troca eletiva do gerador de pulsos em pacientes com cardiopatia chagásica e bloqueio atrioventricular. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados comparativamente sob estimulação ventricular e atrioventricular 27 pacientes, inicialmente na inclusão do estudo e alternadamente no modo ventricular e atrioventricular em duas fases com duração de 90 dias, considerando: o comportamento clínico, avaliado pela qualidade de vida e classe funcional, e o comportamento funcional, avaliado pela ecocardiografia transtorácica e pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos. A análise estatística foi realizada na condição basal, modo ventricular e modo atrioventricular, utilizando-se o teste qui-quadrado e a análise de variância para medidas repetidas, considerando-se nível de significância de 0,05. RESULTADOS: A média das medidas avaliadas na qualidade de vida foram: capacidade funcional (VVI 71,3+/-18,2 , DDD 69,3+/-20,4), estado geral (VVI 68,1+/-21,8 , DDD 69,4+/-19,4) e vitalidade (VVI 64,8+/-24,6 , DDD 67,6+/-25,5); na ecocardiografia: FEVE (VVI 52,5+/-12,8 , DDD 51,8+/-14,9), DDFVE (VVI 53,0+/-7,7 , DDD 42,4+/-7,8), AE (VVI 38,6+/-5,4 DDD 38,5+/-5,1) e no teste de caminhada de seis minutos: distância percorrida (VVI 463,4+/-84,7 , DDD 462,6+/-63,4). Houve quatro casos de complicações: três associadas à mudança de modo de estimulação. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferença entre os dois modos de estimulação, no comportamento clínico, avaliado pela qualidade de vida e classe funcional e no comportamento funcional, avaliado pela ecocardiografia e pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the clinical and functional behavior of the ventricular and atrioventricular stimulation modes in the elective replacement of pulse generator in patients with chagasic cardiopathy and atrioventricular block. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients under ventricular and atrioventricular stimulation were comparatively evaluated at the beginning of the study, and alternately in ventricular and atrioventricular modes in two 90-day phases, with regard to: the clinical behavior evaluated according to quality of life and functional class, and the functional behavior evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography and the six-minute walk test. The statistical analysis was performed with patients at baseline, and under ventricular and atrioventricular modes, using the chi-square test and the repeated measures analysis of variance, and taking into consideration a 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: The mean quality-of-life scores were: functional capacity (VVI 71.3+/-18.2 , DDD 69.3+/-20.4); overall health status (VVI 68.1+/-21.8, DDD 69.4+/-19.4) and vitality (VVI 64.8+/-24.6 , DDD 67.6+/-25.5); on echocardiography: LVEF (VVI 52.5+/-12.8 , DDD 51.8+/-14.9), LVDD (VVI 53.0+/-7.7 , DDD 42.4+/-7.8), LA (VVI 38.6+/-5.4 DDD 38.5+/-5.1), and in the six-minute walk test: distance walked (VVI 463.4+/-84.7, DDD 462.6+/-63.4). There were four cases of complications, three of them associated with the change in stimulation mode. CONCLUSION: This study showed no differences between the two stimulation modes in the clinical behavior assessed by quality of life and functional class, and in the functional behavior, evaluated according to the ecochardiographic findings and the six-minute walk test.