Immunogenetic and Environmental Factors in Age-Related Macular Disease.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic disease, which often develops in older people, but this is not the rule. AMD pathogenesis changes include the anatomical and functional complex. As a result of damage, it occurs, in the retina and macula, among other areas. These changes may lead to partial or total loss of vision. This disease can occur in two clinical forms, i.e., dry (progression is slowly and gradually) and exudative (wet, progression is acute and severe), which usually started as dry form. A coexistence of both forms is possible. AMD etiology is not fully understood. Extensive genetic studies have shown that this disease is multifactorial and that genetic determinants, along with environmental and metabolic-functional factors, are important risk factors. This article reviews the impact of heavy metals, macro- and microelements, and genetic factors on the development of AMD. We present the current state of knowledge about the influence of environmental factors and genetic determinants on the progression of AMD in the confrontation with our own research conducted on the Polish population from Kuyavian-Pomeranian and Lubusz Regions. Our research is concentrated on showing how polluted environments of large agglomerations affects the development of AMD. In addition to confirming heavy metal accumulation, the growth of risk of acute phase factors and polymorphism in the genetic material in AMD development, it will also help in the detection of new markers of this disease. This will lead to a better understanding of the etiology of AMD and will help to establish prevention and early treatment.

The Osteogenic Properties of Calcium Phosphate Cement Doped with Synthetic Materials: A Structured Narrative Review of Preclinical Evidence.

Bone grafting is commonly used as a treatment to repair bone defects. However, its use is challenged by the presence of medical conditions that weaken the bone, like osteoporosis. Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is used to restore bone defects, and it is commonly available as a bioabsorbable cement paste. However, its use in clinical settings is limited by inadequate mechanical strength, inferior anti-washout characteristics, and poor osteogenic activity. There have been attempts to overcome these shortcomings by adding various natural or synthetic materials as enhancers to CPC. This review summarises the current evidence on the physical, mechanical, and biological properties of CPC after doping with synthetic materials. The incorporation of CPC with polymers, biomimetic materials, chemical elements/compounds, and combination with two or more synthetic materials showed improvement in biocompatibility, bioactivity, anti-washout properties, and mechanical strength. However, the mechanical property of CPC doped with trimethyl chitosan or strontium was decreased. In conclusion, doping of synthetic materials enhances the osteogenic features of pure CPC. The positive findings from in vitro and in vivo studies await further validation on the efficacy of these reinforced CPC composites in clinical settings.

Polymeric Materials in Speciation Analysis Based on Solid-Phase Extraction.

Speciation analysis is a relevant topic since the (eco)toxicity, bioavailability, bio (geo)chemical cycles, and mobility of a given element depend on its chemical forms (oxidation state, organic ligands, etc.). The reliability of analytical results for chemical species of elements depends mostly on the maintaining of their stability during the sample pretreatment step and on the selectivity of further separation step. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a matter of choice as the most suitable and widely used procedure for both enrichment of chemical species of elements and their separation. The features of sorbent material are of great importance to ensure extraction efficiency from one side and selectivity from the other side of the SPE procedure. This review presents an update on the application of polymeric materials in solid-phase extraction used in nonchromatographic methods for speciation analysis.

[Bioelement status of older age residents of Magadan.]

By choosing discriminant variables as concentrations of significant chemicals, this study identified types of mature people bioelement pictures. The inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry/mass spectrometry method was used to measure Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P and Zn concentrations in hair samples of 237 residents of Magadan aged 36-94. By cluster and discriminant analysis the concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn were reliably (p=0,001) set as classifying parameters, which made it possible to divide the examinees into three groups based on the following types of bioelement status: regional norm (81,97% of the surveyed subjects), excess (16,87%) and hyper excess (0,84%). The status of regional norm proved to be mostly common in all the studied ages, regardless of gender. We could see the incidence of this bioelement type is growing to the extreme old age being characteristic of the changing element status as normal bioelement ageing. The status of hyper excess was only exhibited by women at their second adulthood. The status of bioelement excess is more common in women who reduce the chance of developing this condition from 33,9 to 4,8% as they move from second adulthood to senile age.

Chemical Element Profiling in the Sera and Brain of Bipolar Disorders Patients and Healthy Controls.

Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a severe recurrent affective mood disorder characterized by a wide range of lifelong mood swings, varying between depressive and manic states. BD affects more than 1% of the world's population irrespective of nationality, ethnic origin, or socioeconomic status and is one of the main causes of disability among young people, leading to cognitive and functional impairment and raised mortality, particularly death by suicide. Trace elements play a vital role in many biochemical and physiological processes. Compelling evidence shows that element toxicity might play a crucial role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders, but their involvement in mood disorders has been scarcely studied. In the present investigation, we determined the concentration of 26 elements in the serum of BD patients before and after treatment and in postmortem brain samples from BD patients and compared them with matched controls. The only element that was reduced significantly in the serum following treatment was vanadium (V). Furthermore, the concentration of Al, B, Cu, K, Mg and V were significantly lower in the pre-frontal cortex of BD patients compared with those of the controls. A comparison of Spearman's rank correlation coefficients between the elements in the serum and brain of BD patients and control groups pointed to boron and aluminum as being involved in the disease. These results suggest that there is a disturbance in the elements' homeostasis and the inter-elements' relationship in the brain of BD patients and advocate a thorough examination of the possible involvement of chemical elements in different stages of the disease.

Geochemistry landscape classification: toxicity of chemical elements and their impact on human health.

In the article, the following were considered: classification of geochemical landscapes of the investigated territory, migration and accumulation of toxic chemical elements and their impact on human health. The research article was carried out in two directions: the first part-migration patterns of the chemical elements. The migration of chemical elements by landscape types has been identified, and a map has been developed showing the migration of chemical elements across the landscape. The second part of the article explores the toxicity of chemical elements that are common in the area and examines the relationship between the diseases observed in areas where the toxic elements are most commonly encountered and their effects on human health. The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the geochemical transformation of landscapes in the research area (of the Kura intermountain basin) based on the patterns of concentration and migration of macro-compounds and trace elements found in samples of mountain rocks, soil, plants and water, for which a comparative method of research and the relationship of landscape components was used. For the first time, a medium-scale "Geochemical classification of landscapes" and then "map scheme of diseases caused by anomalous concentration of microelements" of this region were compiled. The article reveals the characteristic features of the compiled maps and the features of the geochemical transformation of the study area. The geochemistry of landscapes studies the patterns of migration of chemical elements in the Earth's geographical shell. It deals with patterns of substance migration in that shell of the Earth that is the place of human life. The landscape is a fundamental concept of natural science as "chemical element," mineral, "soil." The landscape is a large and complex nonequilibrium dynamic system of the Earth's surface, in which the elements of the lithohydrology and atmosphere are interpenetrated.

Reference man for radiological protection: 71 chemical elements' content of the prostate gland (normal and cancerous).

Frequently knowledge of elemental content of human organs and tissues is required for a variety of applications. These can include brachytherapy and radiotherapy planning, radiation dosimetry and radiation protection. Revised reference values of chemical element mass fractions in normal and cancerous prostate tissues of the Reference (European Caucasian) Man are suggested as a result of this work. Autopsies of 37 apparently healthy males (mean age 55 ± 11 years, range 41-87 years) provided the prostatic tissues studied. The investigated individuals lived in a non-industrial, Central European region of Russia and had suffered sudden death. Also, tissues were studied from 62 subjects with prostate cancer (mean age 65 ± 10 years, range 40-79 years). Sixty-seven elemental mass fractions were determined in each of these 99 prostates. Analytical methods employed were inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, neutron activation analysis with high-resolution spectrometry of short-lived and long-lived radionuclides, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Whichever method was employed, the necessary quality control measures were utilized. Results presented here include a systematic analysis of both the prostatic data presented here for 67 elements and also others' published findings, to make a total of 71 elemental mass fraction values.

Selected Essential and Toxic Chemical Elements in Hypothyroidism-A Literature Review (2001-2021).

Thyroid hormones are known for controlling metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and electrolytes and for regulating body temperature. Normal thyroid status depends on the chemical/elemental composition of body fluids and tissues, which changes depending on physiological state, lifestyle and environment. A deficiency or excess of certain essential chemical elements (selenium, zinc, copper, iron or fluorine) or exposure to toxic (cadmium or lead) or potentially toxic elements (manganese or chromium) interacts with thyroid hormone synthesis and may disturb thyroid homeostasis. In our review, accessible databases (Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science) were searched for articles from 2001-2021 on the influence of selected chemical elements on the development of hypothyroidism. Our review adopted some of the strengths of a systematic review. After non-eligible reports were rejected, 29 remaining articles were reviewed. The review found that disruption of the physiological levels of elements in the body adversely affects the functioning of cells and tissues, which can lead to the development of disease.

A New Approach for Determination of the Botanical Origin of Monofloral Bee Honey, Combining Mineral Content, Physicochemical Parameters, and Self-Organizing Maps.

A new approach for the botanical origin determination of monofloral bee honey is developed. The methodology combines mineral content and physicochemical parameters determination with intelligent statistics such as self-organizing maps (SOMs). A total of 62 monofloral bee honey samples were analysed, including 31 linden, 14 rapeseed, 13 sunflower, and 4 acacia. All of them were harvested in 2018 and 2019 from trusted beekeepers, after confirming their botanical origin, using melissopalynological analysis. Nine physicochemical parameters were determined, including colour, water content, pH, electrical conductivity, hydroxymethylfurfural content, diastase activity, specific optical rotation, invertase activity, and proline. The content of thirty chemical elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga, In, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Se, Sr, Te, V, and Zn) was measured using ICP-OES, ICP-MS, and FAAS as instrumental techniques. The visualisation of the SOMs shows an excellent separation of honey samples in five well-defined clusters-linden, rapeseed, acacia, sunflower, and polyfloral honey-using the following set of 16 descriptors: diastase activity, hydroxymethylfurfural content, invertase activity, pH, specific optical rotation, water content, Al, B, Cr, Cs, K, Na, Ni, Rb, V, and Zn.

Lentinula edodes mushroom as an ingredient to enhance the nutritional and functional properties of cereal bars.

Lentinula edodes (shiitake) is the second most cultivated edible mushroom in the world; it has low lipid contents, high protein and it is source of vitamins and minerals. This study aimed to develop and to evaluate two sweet and two salty food bars containing shiitake. The binder elements were heated and then the dried elements were added. The bars were shaped, and the sensorial test was accomplished with hedonic scale of 9 points for analysis of texture, aroma, taste and appearance, and a 5-point scale for buying intention. The centesimal composition included percentages of moisture content, ashes, lipids, proteins and carbohydrate contents. Chemical elements of shiitake were quantified by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence. Glucans were determined using a commercial kit. Phenolic compounds were determined with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The shelf life was evaluated by microbiological control, up to 180 days, at temperatures of 25 °C and 37 °C. The sweet bar 1 (SwB1) had better sensory analysis and buying intention. Shiitake showed high concentrations of calcium, iron, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, manganese, phenolic compounds and glucans. SwB1-bar maintained shiitake nutritional characteristics. SwB1-bars did not present microorganisms for up to 180 days of shelf life, neither at 25 °C nor at 37 °C, and they followed the standards determined by National Health Surveillance Agency. Sweet bars are an easy marketing alternative due to their stability, low-cost of production and good acceptance, as well as flexibility to add other functional ingredients beneficial to health, such as shiitake.

Relationship between indoor and outdoor size-fractionated particulate matter in urban microenvironments: Levels, chemical composition and sources.

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with adverse health outcomes, particularly in susceptible population groups such as children. This study aims to characterise children's exposure to PM and its chemical constituents. Size-segregated aerosol samples (PM0.25, PM0.25-0.5, PM0.5-1.0, PM1.0-2.5 and PM2.5-10) were collected in the indoor and outdoor of homes and schools located in Lisbon (Portugal). Organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) were determined by a thermo-optical method, whereas major and trace elements were analysed by X-Ray Fluorescence. In school, the children were exposed to higher PM concentrations than in home, which might be associated not only to the elevated human occupancy but also to outdoor infiltration. The pattern of PM mass size distribution was dependent on the location (home vs. school and indoor vs. outdoor). The presence of EC in PM0.25 and OC in PM0.25-0.5 was linked to traffic exhaust emissions. OC and EC in PM2.5-10 may be explained by their adhesion to the surface of coarser particles. Generally, the concentrations of mineral and marine elements increased with increasing PM size, while for anthropogenic elements happened the opposite. In schools, the concentrations of mineral matter, anthropogenic elements and marine aerosol were higher than in homes. High mineral matter concentrations found in schools were related to the close proximity to busy roads and elevated human occupancy. Overall, the results suggest that exposure to PM is relevant and highlights the need for strategies that provide healthier indoor environments, principally in schools.

Atmospheric chemical composition of bulk deposition at two geographically distinct locations in Sri Lanka.

This study presented the research work carried out for the investigation of chemical composition of bulk precipitation in two geographically and economically distinct areas, namely Gampaha and Kandy Districts. This study was conducted from 2013 to 2014 at three sampling stations in each District. The bulk precipitation was analyzed for pH, conductivity, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, Pb, Cu, Mn, Al, Zn and Fe for a total of 375 samples. Only 8% events of acidic precipitation were recorded in Gampaha District when compared with 3% in Kandy District. The volume weighted average concentrations of the major ionic species present in precipitation samples were in the order of Na+ > Ca2+ > Cl- > NH4+ > SO42- > Mg2+ > NO3- > K+ > F- in the Gampaha stations, while the order was NH4+ > Ca2+ > Na+ > Cl- > SO42- > Mg2+ > NO3- > K+ > F- in Kandy District. Neutralization of acidity of precipitation is much more related to CaCO3 than NH3, and high content of Ca2+ ions present in both Districts strongly supports this fact. When considering marine contribution, SO42-/Na+, Ca2+/Na+ and Mg2+/Na+ ratios are higher than the reference value suggesting contribution of sources other than marine. Depositions of both Districts show that the concentration of Al is the highest while that of Mn is the lowest. Principal component analysis suggests that influencing human activities on chemical composition of rain water depends on thermal power plant, oil refinery, heavy traffic and waste incineration in the study area.

Relationships between chemical elements of PM2.5 and O3 in Shanghai atmosphere based on the 1-year monitoring observation.

Mass level of fine particles (PM2.5) in main cities in China has decreased significantly in recent years due to implementation of Chinese Clean Air Action Plan since 2013, however, O3 pollution is getting worse than before, especially in megacities such as in Shanghai. In this work, O3 and PM2.5 were continuously monitored from May 27, 2018 to March 31, 2019. Our data showed that the annual average concentration of PM2.5 and O3 (O3-8 hr, maximum 8-hour moving average of ozone days) was 39.35 ± 35.74 and 86.49 ± 41.65 µg/m3, respectively. The concentrations of PM2.5 showed clear seasonal trends, with higher concentrations in winter (83.36 ± 18.66 µg/m3) and lower concentrations in summer (19.85 ± 7.23 µg/m3), however, the seasonal trends of O3 were different with 103.75 ± 41.77 µg/m3 in summer and 58.59 ± 21.40 µg/m3 in winter. Air mass backward trajectory, analyzing results of potential source contribution function model and concentration weighted trajectory model implied that pollutants from northwestern China contributed significantly to the mass concentration of Shanghai PM2.5, while pollutants from areas of eastern coastal provinces and South China Sea contributed significantly to the mass level of ozone in Shanghai atmosphere. Mass concentration of twenty-one elements in the PM2.5 were investigated, and their relationships with O3 were analyzed. Mass level of ozone had good correlation with that of Ba (r = 0.64, p < 0.05) and V (r = 0.30, p > 0.05), suggesting vehicle emission pollutants contribute to the increasing concentration of ozone in Shanghai atmosphere.

Early-life intake of major trace elements, bisphenol A, tetrabromobisphenol A and fatty acids: Comparing human milk and commercial infant formulas.

In the present study, the presence of a wide spectrum of major and trace elements (As, Ag, Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Sr, Sb, Se, Sn, Pb, V, and Zn), fatty acids, as well as some pollutants like free and total BPA and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), was analysed in human milk (n = 53) and infant formula (n = 50) samples. In addition, the infant exposure to these chemicals was assessed. The content of free BPA and several elements (Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Sn, Sr, and Zn) was higher (p < 0.01) in infant formula samples. Furthermore, human milk contained levels of BPA and elements that, in almost all cases, were well below their respective EFSA and/or WHO thresholds, being also independent of the maternal characteristics (e.g., age, BMI or breastfeeding period). The fatty acid profiling also revealed major differences between human milk and infant formulas, which should be taken in account in the development of new formulas as well as in specific recommendations for the diet of breastfeeding mothers. Anyway, the results of this study reinforce that breastfeeding should be always the first feeding option in early life.

Industrial-Scale Decontamination Procedure Effects on the Content of Acaricides, Heavy Metals and Antioxidant Capacity of Beeswax.

Beeswax is useful for the beekeeping sector but also for the agro-food, pharmaceutical or cosmetics sectors. Frequently, this bee product is contaminated with pesticides reducing its utility and causing the decline in its market. This study aimed to prove the effectiveness of an industrial-scale decontamination method in removing acaricides from beeswax. Chlorfenvinphos and coumaphos decrease was higher than 90%, whereas tau fluvalinate decrease was only 30%. No changes were observed in the beeswax content of hydrocarbons and monoesters, whereas a decrease in the concentrations of Ca, Fe, Zn, Hg, Mn and P, and an increase in the concentrations of As and Si were found after the decontamination. Filtration reduced total phenolics, flavonoids and the antioxidant capacity of the lipophilic extract. These results demonstrate that the industrial method used was as effective as the method previously tested on a laboratory scale. The study also contributes to a better knowledge and characterization of beeswax, specially related to trace and ultra-trace elements and antioxidant capacity. Moreover, it offers the chance to further develop a method to effectively detect wax adulterations based on the chemical elements profile.

[Nitrogen and oxygen levels in placenta - a predictor for retinopathy of prematurity]. / Uroven' azota i kisloroda v veshchestve platsenty - prediktor razvitiia retinopatii nedonoshennykh.

PURPOSE: To study the distribution of chemical elements in the placenta of pregnant women at 24-35 and 39-40 weeks of gestation, and to assess the possibility of using data on the levels of principle chemicals for predicting clinical manifestation of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study examined 375 placenta tissue fragments of pregnant women for levels of the following chemical elements: carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K), sodium (Na) and phosphorus (P). Subjects were divided into 3 groups: 1st group consisted of 41 pregnant females (205 fragments of placenta tissue) at weeks 24-35 of gestation, whose children would not develop ROP; 2nd group included 14 mothers (70 fragments of placenta tissue) at weeks 39-40 of gestation; 3rd group - 20 pregnant (100 fragments of placenta tissue) at weeks 24-35 of gestation, whose children would be diagnosed with ROP. Examination of the eye fundi of children from ROP risk group was done by digital retinoscopy and indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy. Chemical composition of placenta was studied using energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis based on scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Descriptive statistical values of chemical elements were obtained for the three study groups. Statistically significant percentile differences were detected in the levels of C, N and O in the samples (p<2.2·10-16). Differences in the levels of N, O, K, and Na in the placenta of pregnant women of the three study groups were determined. CONCLUSION: Comparative chemical analysis of the placentas of pregnant women at different gestation periods showed higher levels of N, K, Na, and lower levels of O in the group of mothers whose children would be diagnosed with ROP. Normalized nitrogen content in the placenta of women whose children would develop ROP was 12.9%. Thus, nitrogen content may serve as a pre-clinical marker of retinopathy of prematurity.

Associations between age and 50 trace element contents and relationships in intact thyroid of males.

BACKGROUND: It is unclear why a prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is higher in the elderly as compared to the younger population. An excess or deficiency of trace element contents in thyroid may play important role in goitre- and carcinogenesis of gland. AIM: To examine the variation with age of the mass fraction of 50 trace elements in intact (normal) male thyroid. METHOD: Samples of thyroid parenchyma obtained from 72 healthy males (mean age 37.8 years, range 2-80 years) was investigated. Measurements were performed using a combination of non-destructive and destructive methods: instrumental neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively. Tissue samples were divided into two portions. One was used for morphological study while the other was intended for trace element analysis. RESULTS: There is a statistically significant increase in Cd and Se mass fraction, as well as a decrease in Al, Be, Dy, Ga, Gd, Li, Mn, U, and Y mass fraction in the normal thyroid of male during a lifespan. Moreover, a disturbance of intra-thyroidal chemical element relationships (correlations) with increasing age was found. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that, at least, a goitrogenic and carcinogenic effect of Cd overload and Mn deficiency in the thyroid of old males may be assumed. Many trace elements in human thyroid behave themselves as antagonists or synergists. Therefore, an age-related disturbance in correlations between Mn and other trace element mass fractions in thyroid parenchyma may also contribute to harmful effects on the gland. CONCLUSION: Age-related changes in intra-thyroidal trace element contents and disturbances in trace element relationships are involved in goitre- and carcinogenesis.

On the chemical nature of precipitation in a populated Middle Eastern Region (Ahvaz, Iran) with diverse sources.

This study reports on the chemical composition of rainwater collected at three ground sites with varying degrees of pollution in Ahvaz, Iran, between January 2014 and February 2015. A total of 24 rainwater samples were analyzed for pH and concentrations of trace elements (Fe, Al, Pb, and Cd) and major ions (Na+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, NO3-, Cl- and SO42-). Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify sources of the measured species. The equivalent concentration of the components followed the order of Ca2+ > SO42- > HCO3- > NH4+ > Cl- > Na+ > NO3- > Mg2+. The average pH of the rainwater samples was 6, and only three events exhibited acidic conditions below a pH of 5.6. The lowest and the highest average pH values were observed in the high traffic area (5.96) and industrial area (6.54), respectively. The highest and lowest Ca2+ levels were observed in the industrial and high traffic areas, respectively. Na+, Mg2+, and SO42- exhibited their highest and lowest concentrations in the industrial and high traffic areas, respectively. 70.36% of the total variance was due to anthropogenic species (Ca2+, SO42-, Mg2+, NO3-, Cl-), soil particles (Cl-, Na+, and HCO3-), and biomass burning (NH4+, pH). The results of this study show that local anthropogenic sources and Middle Eastern Dust (MED) storms affect the rainwater chemistry strongly, which the latter stems from the Arabian Peninsula, Kuwait, Iraq, and some parts of Iran.

Effect of placement conditions for active monitoring of trace element with the epiphytic moss.

In this work, problems arising by use of active biomonitoring are discussed. Biomonitoring technique using positioned vertically frameworks and epiphytic moss Pylaisia polyantha is proposed. The influence of tree species on which the bark of the frameworks is fixed, altitude, and orientation is researched. For this purpose, frameworks were placed at two sampling sites of Tomsk on different trees (poplar, birch), at altitudes of 0.5 and 1.5 and with different orientations in May; the exposure time was 20 weeks. The concentrations of As, Ba, Br, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, La, Lu, Mo, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Tb, Th, U, Yb, and Zn were determined by neutron activation analysis at the research reactor of Tomsk Polytechnic University. Increasing concentrations of half of the chemical elements was revealed during the exposure. The high-capacity frameworks used to accumulate certain elements-Cs, Eu, Hf, K, Lu, Sb, Yb-were revealed.

The Effect of Sensory Innervation on the Inorganic Component of Bones and Teeth; Experimental Denervation - Review.

The effect of the nervous system on bone remodelling has been described by many studies. Sensory and autonomic nerves are present in the bone. Immunohistochemical analysis of the bone have indicated the presence of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters that act on bone cells through receptors. Besides carrying sensory information, sensory neurons produce various neuropeptides playing an important role in maintaining bone and tooth pulp homeostasis, and dentin formation. Bone tissue and teeth contain organic and inorganic components. Bone cells enable bone mineralization and ensure its formation and resorption. Studies focused on the effects of the nervous system on the bone are proceeded using various ways. Sensory denervation itself can be achieved using capsaicin causing chemical lesion to the nerve. Surgical ways of causing only sensory lesion to nerves are substantially limited because many peripheral nerves are mixed and contain a motor component as well. From this point of view, the experimental model with transection of inferior alveolar nerve is appropriate. This nerve provides sensory innervation of the bone and teeth of the mandible. The purpose of our paper is to provide an overview of the effects exerted by the nervous system on the inorganic component of the bone and teeth, and also to present an overview of the used experimental models. As we assume, the transection of inferior alveolar nerve could be reflected in changed contents and distribution of chemical elements in the bone and teeth of rat mandible. This issue has not been studied so far.