Information sharing between the dental healthcare and child welfare services regarding child maltreatment-A repeated cross-sectional study in Norway.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about dental healthcare workers reported suspected child maltreatment to and received inquiry from the child welfare services (CWS). AIM: Assess time lag differences in public dental healthcare workers' information sharing with CWS and identify sociodemographic and attitudinal covariates of information sharing with CWS in 2014 and 2019. DESIGN: In 2014 and 2019, a national census of 1542 and 1791 Norwegian dental health care workers, respectively, were invited to participate in an electronic survey. Of them, 1200 (77.8%) and 1270 (70.9%) replied to the questionnaires. Time trends of reported child maltreatment and received inquiries were estimated and adjusted for sociodemographics, attitudes, trust, and collaborative routines in logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The likelihood of reported child maltreatment to and received inquiry from CWS was higher in 2019 than in 2014 (OR 1.4 [95% CI 1.2-1.7] and OR 1.1 [95% CI 0.9-1.4]). Significant associations occurred with sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes, and collaborative routines. The likelihood of receiving inquiry about whether being employed long versus short term was higher in 2019 than in 2014. CONCLUSION: Information sharing between dental healthcare workers and CWS improved across time and might promote beneficial outcomes.

Developmental risk sensitivity theory: the effects of socio-economic status on children's risky gain and loss decisions.

Evolutionary developmental theories propose that early environments shape human risk preferences. Developmental risk sensitivity theory (D-RST) focuses on the plasticity of risk preferences during childhood and makes predictions about the effect of reward size based on a child's social environment. By contrast, prospect theory predicts risk aversion for gains and risk seeking for losses regardless of environment or status. We presented 4 to 10-year-olds (n = 194) with a set of trials in which they chose between a certain amount and a chance to receive more or nothing. Two trials were equal expected value choices that differed by stake size and two were unequal expected value choices. Children either received gain trials or loss trials. Social environment was assessed using socio-economic status (SES) and subjective social status. Results confirmed the predictions of D-RST for gains based on SES. Children from lower-SES families differentiated between the high- and low-value trials and made more risky decisions for the high-value reward compared with higher-SES children. Children from higher-SES families were more risk averse for both trial types. Decisions for loss trials did not conform completely to either theory. We discuss the results in relation to evolutionary developmental theories.

Age, sex, sensation-seeking, and road-crossing: How does risk context impact children's street-crossing?

OBJECTIVE: Child pedestrian injuries are a significant public health problem, largely because children have underdeveloped cognitive-perceptual capacity to judge traffic unsupervised. This study used a virtual reality (VR) environment to examine the impact of children's age, as well as sex and sensation-seeking personality, on pedestrian behavior in different risk contexts. METHODS: 405 Norwegian children (7-10-year-olds) engaged in street-crossing scenarios within a VR environment. Children crossed a bicycle path and urban roadway six times, each with increasing density and complexity of traffic. Hits and near hits were recorded. Self-reported sensation-seeking personality was assessed. RESULTS: Children were more likely to experience crashes in the tasks that offered higher probability risk. Overall, 106 children crossed safely in all tasks. Dangerous crossings were associated with male sex, higher thrill and intensity seeking personality, and denser traffic. Age was not related to any traffic safety outcomes. CONCLUSION: As expected, children were struck by vehicles more often in complex traffic contexts than in less complex ones. The results support previous findings and suggest that boys and sensation seekers have elevated risk of pedestrian injury, and that individual differences in children, rather than age alone, must be considered when determining if children are capable of safely negotiating traffic unsupervised.

Fetal lung growth predicts the risk for early-life respiratory infections and childhood asthma.

BACKGROUND: Early-life respiratory infections and asthma are major health burdens during childhood. Markers predicting an increased risk for early-life respiratory diseases are sparse. Here, we identified the predictive value of ultrasound-monitored fetal lung growth for the risk of early-life respiratory infections and asthma. METHODS: Fetal lung size was serially assessed at standardized time points by transabdominal ultrasound in pregnant women participating in a pregnancy cohort. Correlations between fetal lung growth and respiratory infections in infancy or early-onset asthma at five years were examined. Machine-learning models relying on extreme gradient boosting regressor or classifier algorithms were developed to predict respiratory infection or asthma risk based on fetal lung growth. For model development and validation, study participants were randomly divided into a training and a testing group, respectively, by the employed algorithm. RESULTS: Enhanced fetal lung growth throughout pregnancy predicted a lower early-life respiratory infection risk. Male sex was associated with a higher risk for respiratory infections in infancy. Fetal lung growth could also predict the risk of asthma at five years of age. We designed three machine-learning models to predict the risk and number of infections in infancy as well as the risk of early-onset asthma. The models' R2 values were 0.92, 0.90 and 0.93, respectively, underscoring a high accuracy and agreement between the actual and predicted values. Influential variables included known risk factors and novel predictors, such as ultrasound-monitored fetal lung growth. CONCLUSION: Sonographic monitoring of fetal lung growth allows to predict the risk for early-life respiratory infections and asthma.

"The Feeling Is What Counts": Fathers' Perspectives on Child Risk and Protection within the Ultra-Orthodox Context.

Context is known to have substantial influence on issues pertaining to child development. Nevertheless, the field of child well-being, risk, and protection is rooted in Western modernized research and experience, often overlooking contextual dissimilarity. The present study aimed to explore risk and protection for children in a distinct context: the Ultra-Orthodox community, which is an insular and religiously close-knit society. Fifteen in-depth interviews with Ultra-Orthodox fathers dealing with issues of child risk and protection were conducted and thematically analyzed. Analysis of the findings revealed two major areas that fathers viewed as posing potential risk for children: poverty and a lack of paternal presence. In both cases, the fathers emphasized that appropriate mediation of these circumstances can diffuse their potential harm. The discussion outlines the different ways fathers proposed mediating potential risk situations, highlighting distinct religion-related methods. It then considers specific, context-informed ramifications and recommendations and notes limitations and directions for future study.

Avaliação do crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil e fatores de risco de um município que integra uma universidade brasileira de cunho internacional / Evaluation of childhood growth and development and risk factors of a municipality that is part of an international brazilian university / Evaluación de los factores de crecimiento y desarrollo infantil y de riesgo de un municipio que forma parte de una universidad brasileña internacional

Fatores de risco, incluindo os de cunho materno, interferem no crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil. Nesse sentido, o conhecimento desses fatores e avaliação ade- quada desses processos são necessários para articulação de estratégias preventivas de transtornos futuros. Assim, o estudo visou investigar o crescimento e desenvolvimento de crianças atendidas em consulta de puericultura em unidades básicas de saúde de um mu- nicípio cearense, que integra uma universidade brasileira de cunho internacional, e seus fatores de risco. Trata-se de estudo observacional, analítico, transversal e de abordagem quantitativa, conduzido com crianças e suas mães no Centro de Saúde de Acarape e Posto de Saúde São Benedito (Acarape ­ CE), no período de fevereiro a julho de 2021. Após consentimento, as mães preencheram um questionário, seguido de avaliação do cresci- mento e desenvolvimento das crianças. Os dados obtidos foram analisados. Das 70 crian- ças, 50,00% (n = 17) e 51,43% (n = 18) dos meninos e meninas tinham baixa estatura para idade, respectivamente. Para o desenvolvimento psicossocial, dos 284 testes condu- zidos, 86,27% (n = 245) foram realizados em plenitude pelas crianças. Observou-se as- sociação significativa entre a gestante ter concebido o filho com, no mínimo, 9 meses de período gestacional e esse apresentar relação Peso/Idade adequada e Estatura/Idade ina- dequada. Houve associação significativa entre a criança não ingerir refresco em pó e apre- sentar relação Peso/Idade adequada. Conclui-se que as crianças tinham idade gestacional adequada e apresentavam estado nutricional apropriado, apesar da baixa estatura para idade. Manifestavam desenvolvimento psicossocial, de linguagem e físico normais. Sobre os fatores de risco, esses envolveram os de cunho materno e o consumo de alimentos cariogênicos.

Risk factors, including maternal ones, interfere with child growth and de- velopment. In this sense, knowledge of these factors and adequate evaluation of these processes are necessary to articulate preventive strategies for future disorders. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the growth and development of children seen in childcare con- sultations in primary health units in Ceará, part of a Brazilian university of international character, and their risk factors. This is an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, conducted with children and their mothers at the Acarape Health Center and São Benedito Health Center (Acarape ­ CE), from February to July 2021. After consent, the mothers completed a questionnaire, followed by an assessment of the children's growth and development. The data obtained were analyzed. Of the 70 children, 50.00% (n = 17) and 51.43% (n = 18) of the boys and girls were short for their age, respectively. Of the 284 tests conducted for psychosocial development, 86.27% (n = 245) were entirely performed by the children. A significant association was observed between the pregnant woman having conceived her child at least nine months of gestation and having an adequate Weight/Age and Height/Age ratio. There was a significant asso- ciation between the child not ingesting powdered soft drinks and having an appropriate Weight/Age ratio. It was concluded that the children had an adequate gestational age and had an appropriate nutritional status, despite their low height for their age. They showed normal psychosocial, language, and physical development. The risk factors involved those of mother nature and the consumption of cariogenic foods.

Los factores de riesgo, incluidos los maternos, interfieren en el crecimiento y desarrollo infantil. En este sentido, el conocimiento de estos factores y la evaluación adecuada de estos procesos son necesarios para articular estrategias preventivas de futu- ros trastornos. Así, el estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el crecimiento y desarrollo de niños atendidos en consultas de puericultura en unidades básicas de salud de un muni- cipio de Ceará, que forma parte de una universidad brasileña de carácter internacional, y sus factores de riesgo. Se trata de un estudio observacional, analítico, transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado con niños y sus madres en el Centro de Salud de Acarape y el Centro de Salud São Benedito (Acarape ­ CE), de febrero a julio de 2021. Después del consentimiento, las madres completaron un cuestionario, seguido de una evaluación del crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados. De los 70 niños, el 50,00% (n = 17) y el 51,43% (n = 18) de los niños y niñas eran bajos para su edad, respectivamente. Para el desarrollo psicosocial, de las 284 pruebas realizadas, el 86,27% (n = 245) fueron realizadas íntegramente por los niños. Se observó una asociación significativa entre la gestante haber concebido a su hijo con al menos 9 meses de gesta- ción y tener una adecuada relación Peso/Edad y Talla/Edad. Hubo asociación significativa entre el niño que no ingiere gaseosas en polvo y presentar una adecuada relación Peso/Edad. Se concluyó que los niños tenían una edad gestacional adecuada y un estado nutricional adecuado, a pesar de su baja talla para su edad. Presentaron un desarrollo psi- cosocial, lingüístico y físico normal. En cuanto a los factores de riesgo, estos involucraron los de naturaleza materna y el consumo de alimentos cariogénicos.

Correlates of child abuse potential among African American and latina mothers: A developmental-ecological perspective.

The child victimization rate in the US has rapidly grown over the past five years. Today, nine out of every 1000 children are victims of some type of child maltreatment, and lifetime costs of child victimization exceed $100 billion per year. Effective policies promoting fairness and child safety must target the most salient indicators of child maltreatment. In this study, we examined three groups of risk factors for child abuse potential with the goal of identifying the most prominent indicators in a sample of 170 African-American and Latina mothers. Specifically, we analyzed the effect of socio-demographic variables (e.g., SES), child-specific behaviors, maternal trauma and corresponding psychological sequelae on child abuse potential. Variables from all three groups were significantly associated with child abuse potential with maternal SES, alexithymia, depression, and child self-control as well as internalizing behaviors having the largest effects. All factors combined captured over 50% of the variation in child abuse potential. The results highlight the need for programs that not only address the financial needs of low SES mothers, but also the mental health outcomes correlated with low SES. Particular emphasis should also be placed on interventions that address children's social needs, specifically their socio-emotional functioning.

Asociación del índice predictivo de asma y presencia de la enfermedad en niños de la comuna de Valdivia / Association of the asthma predictive index and presence of the disease in children in Valdivia, Chile

There are predictive indexes to identify asthmatic patients from the rest of the recurrent wheezing phenotypes. The aim of this work was to evaluate the association between the positive Asthma Predictive Index (API) and the presence of asthma between the age of six and seven years old, in children from Valdivia, Chile. Methods: API was applied to 101 asthmatic children (cases) and 100 non-asthmatic children (controls). Data were analyzed using STATA v. 11 (2009). Fisher Exact Test was used to determine the relationship between variables. Results: 72.3% of asthmatic patients and 3% of non- asthmatic patients had a positive index. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were shown in all the variables included in the API. In our group of patients, the probability for a child to develop asthma was at least 24 times higher if he/she had a positive API (OR = 84.3 CI95% 24.1-436.5). Conclusion: API is a good tool to predict asthma and allows to take right decisions in recurrent wheezing children younger than 36 months old.

Es un desafío identificar pacientes asmáticos entre sibilantes recurrentes, por eso existen índices predictivos. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la asociación entre índice predictivo de asma (IPA) positivo, y presencia de asma entre los seis y siete años de edad, en niños de la comuna de Valdivia. Material y Método: Se aplicó el índice IPA a 101 casos (niños asmáticos) y 100 controles (niños sin asma). Se utilizó STATA v.11 (2009), y Test exacto de Fisher para determinar relación entre variables. Resultados: 72,3% de los pacientes asmáticos y 3% de los no asmáticos tuvieron un índice IPA positivo. Se demostraron diferencias significativas (p < 0,001) en todas las variables que componen los criterios del IPA. En nuestros pacientes, la probabilidad de desarrollar asma fue al menos 24 veces mayor si tenían índice IPA positivo (OR 84,3 IC95% 24,1-436,5). Conclusión: El índice IPA es una buena herramienta para predecir asma, y permite tomar decisiones acertadas en pacientes sibilantes menores de tres años.

Negação não psicótica da gravidez: definições, especificidades e explicações / Non psychotic denial of pregnancy: definitions, characteristics and explanations / Negación no psicótica del embarazo: definiciónes, características y explicaciones

O objetivo desta revisão da literatura PSI é contribuir para a produção deconhecimento sobre o fenômeno da negação não psicótica da gravidez,tendo em vista a pouca produção científica nacional. Tal situação consisteno fato de uma mulher passar boa parte da gestação, ou até no momento do parto, sem saber que está gravida. Para tanto, buscaram-se em bancos de dados nacionais e internacionais, além de encontros presenciais com profissionais que trabalham com esse tema, as pesquisas já realizadas e os aspectos sobre o fenômeno que precisam ser ainda aprofundados e abordados para que se possa ter um avanço científico em relação à compreensão dessa experiência...

The objective of this literature review is to provide information about thephenomenon of non-psychotic denial of pregnancy, given the lack of nationalscientific studies. This situation happens when a woman spends most part of pregnancy or until labor without knowing that she is pregnant. Thus, it is was search in national and international databases, as well as encounters conducted with professional who work on this topic, the researches already performed and which aspects about the phenomenon need to be more understood and addressed in order to have a scientific advance related to this experience...

El objetivo de esa revisión de literatura es contribuir para la producción deconocimiento sobre el fenómeno de la negación no psicótica del embarazo, en vista de la poca producción científica nacional. Tal situación consiste en el hecho de una mujer pasar al largo del embarazo o hasta el momento delparto sin saber que está embarazada. Por lo tanto, se buscaran en bases de datos nacionales e internacionales, así como encuentros presenciales conprofesionales que trabajan en ese tema, las investigaciones ya hechas y cuales aspectos sobre el fenómeno que necesitan ser aún profundizados yabordados para que se pueda suceder un avanzo científico en relación a lacomprensión de esa experiencia...