Developing and testing a cognitive bolt-on for the EQ-5D-Y (Youth).

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop and test a cognitive dimension as a bolt-on for the German version of the EQ-5D-Y (Youth). METHODS: A literature review and six focus groups with children and adolescents were used to develop the cognitive dimension for the EQ-5D-Y. In a two-phase pretest, the acceptability, feasibility and performance of this dimension were assessed (phase 1: qualitative face-to-face interviews, phase 2: standard pretest in a clinical setting). In total, 280 children and adolescents participated in this study. RESULTS: School performance, concentration, memory and learning ability represent the most important components of cognitive functioning in children and adolescents. Hence, those components were incorporated into the cognitive dimension of the EQ-5D-Y by adding four items. For children and adolescents living with a rheumatic disorder or type 1 diabetes mellitus, the EQ-5D-Y plus a cognitive bolt-on demonstrated good acceptability, feasibility and performance. The cognitive items improved the explanatory power for the EQ visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS). Factor analysis has shown that a reduction of the cognitive bolt-on into one or two item(s) is justifiable. CONCLUSION: By enhancing the EQ-5D-Y with a cognitive bolt-on, we developed an instrument that incorporates current findings on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and is suitable for the target population. Empirical results of this study show that cognitive functioning is an important part of HRQoL assessment in children and adolescents. The inclusion of a cognitive dimension in the EQ-5D-Y improves the HRQoL measurement.

Development obstacles of the agent accounting industry in China's Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area based on quantitative analysis-Research on the problem of employee's work attitude.

The notion of "agent bookkeeping" was proposed when the "Accounting Law of the People's Republic of China" was updated in 1993. Since their business is specialized in serving small and micro-enterprises, this has created the industry characteristic of generally small in the size of company and low in the salary of employees in Chinese agent bookkeeping companies. Such characteristic results in a series of problems including negative work attitude of employees in the development process, which seriously limit the development of Chinese agent bookkeeping companies. However, issues occurred in the development of agent bookkeeping, such as negative employee attitudes, which severely hampered the growth of Chinese agent bookkeeping companies. Therefore, a model of three dimensions of work attitude has been set up in this paper to demonstrate the working attitude of the staff of the agent bookkeeping companies in China's Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, including emotional dimension, behavioral dimension, and cognitive dimension which consists of eight factors: work environment, career satisfaction, interpersonal relationship, role engagement, work vitality, responsibility attitude, emotional identity, and retention attitude. The result indicates that (1) female employees outnumber male ones in agent bookkeeping companies, (2) most employees have a low sense of belonging to the company, (3) limited career development affects employees' enthusiasm for work, (4) work attitudes are influenced by mediocre work performance among employees with a graduate degree or higher.

Processo adolescente e saúde positiva: âmbitos afectivo e cognitivo / Adolescent process and positive health: affective and cognitive scope

Os adolescentes portugueses percepcionam-se prevalentemente como saudáveis. Questiona-se se nesta percepção tem mais relevo a componente afectivo-emocional ou a componente cognitiva da saúde positiva. Este estudo fixou-se nas medidas sobre a auto-percepção da qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde, sobre a satisfação com a vida e sobre a felicidade, enquanto variáveis de cariz afectivo-emocional e de índole cognitiva. Procurou-se perceber a influência do género, da idade, do nível socioeconómico e do nível de instrução da família nos índices da saúde positiva dos adolescentes portugueses. Utilizaram-se dados da amostra portuguesa do estudo Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children 2006 constituída por 4877 adolescentes, com uma média de idade de 14 anos, 49,6 por cento do género masculino e 50,4 por cento do género feminino. Após análise estatística descritiva, procedeu-se à comparação de médias entre grupos e à regressão linear para delinear os factores preditores de cada variável. Em todos os âmbitos do estudo observa-se uma maior relevância da dimensão afectivo-emocional na percepção do índice de saúde positiva dos adolescentes portugueses.

Portuguese adolescents perceive themselves prevailingly as healthy subjects. It is questioned whether, in this perception, the affective-emotional component or the cognitive component of the positive health has more relevance. This study focused on the measures of quality of life self-perception related to health, satisfaction with life and happiness as variables of cognitive and affective-emotional nature. It was sought to perceive the influence of gender, age, socio-economic and family instruction level on the index of positive health of the Portuguese adolescents. Data from the Portuguese sample of the study on Health Behavior in School-Aged Children 2006 were used. The sample is made up by 4877 adolescents, with an average age of 14 years old, 49.6 percent male and 50.4 percent female. After analyzing the descriptive statistics, it was proceeded the comparison of averages between the groups and the linear regression to design the predictor factors of each variable. In all the scopes of the study, it was observed a particular distinctness in the perception of the index of positive health by the Portuguese adolescent.