Adaptation of coastal defence structure as a mechanism to alleviate coastal erosion in monsoon dominated coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

The complexity of the coastal environment and the advent of climate change cause coastal erosion, which is incontrovertibly a significant concern worldwide, including Peninsular Malaysia, where, the coast is threatened by severe erosion linked to anthropogenic factors and monsoonal wind-driven waves. Consequently, the Malaysian government implemented a mitigation plan using several coastal defence systems to overcome the coastal erosion problem. This study assesses coastal erosion management strategies along a monsoon-dominated coasts by evaluating the efficacy of coastal protection structures against the coast. To this end, we analysed 244 km of the coastline of Terengganu, a federal state located on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Due to a higher frequency of storms and the ensuing inception of high wave energy environments during the northeast monsoon (relative to southwest monsoon), the study area is the most impacted region in Malaysia with regard to coastal erosion. Fifty-five (55) coastal defence structures were detected along the Terengganu coastline. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) was utilised to compute changes in the rate statistics for various historical shoreline positions along the Terengganu coast to assess the efficacy of the defence structures. Additionally, this study acquired the perception of the existing coastal management strategies through an interview session with the concerned stakeholders. The rate statistics revealed the effectiveness and impact of the coastal defence structure on the coastline. Assessing the functionality of the coastal defence structures shed light on the present scenario of coastal erosion management. Greater efficacy and lower impact of coastal defence structures are prescribed for coastal erosion management strategies across the monsoon-dominated coast.

Assessing the influence of transect interval in monitoring and analysis of shoreline change.

Shoreline analysis helps to understand the coastal dynamism for decision-making in coastal management. As there are still doubts in transect-based analysis, this study attempts to understand the influence of transect intervals in shoreline analysis. Shorelines were delineated on high-resolution satellite images in Google Earth Pro for twelve beaches in Sri Lanka under different spatial and temporal scales. Shoreline change statistics were calculated using Digital Shoreline Analysis System in the ArcGIS 10.5.1 software under 50 transect interval scenarios, and influence of the transect interval for shoreline change statistics were interpreted using standard statistical methods. Transect interval error was calculated with respect to the 1 m scenario as this has the best beach representation. Results revealed that there is no any significant difference (p > 0.05) of shoreline change statistics between 1 and 50 m scenarios in each beach. Furthermore, it was found that the error was extremely low up to 10 m scenario and then after it was subject to fluctuate in an unpredictable manner (R2 < 0.5). Overall, the study concludes that the influence of the transect interval is negligible and 10-m transect interval is ideal in shoreline analysis for the highest efficacy in small sandy beaches.

Digital Shoreline Analysis System improvement for uncertain data detection in measurements.

Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) is the most frequently used coastal engineering system for shoreline change quantification. Factors like human and system errors, wrong perception of the shoreline changes, and non-exact data sources may cause errors in the measured data. Detection and modification of such data can increase the accuracy of results. At present, the DSAS tool lacks this capability, so this research aimed to present a new module for DSAS to detect uncertain data in shoreline change rate measurements. The module's basis for detecting uncertain data is to use statistical methods: adjusted boxplot, Grubbs' test, standard deviation tests, median test, modified Z-score test, and voting method. The module's performance was evaluated based on a data set obtained through Qeshm Island shoreline change quantification in Iran. The details of these methods, the prepared module, the case study, and the shoreline change measurement statistical methods were discussed in this study. The results showed the acceptable output of this module in detecting uncertain data.

Shoreline changes due to construction of groyne field in north of Chennai Port, India.

Chennai Port (13.099872° N, 80.297407° E), located along the southeast coast of India, has been a hub for maritime trade since the fifteenth century. An artificial harbour was initially constructed in 1881 which underwent numerous expansions in the following years. The breakwaters of the harbour intercepted the heavy sediment-laden littoral drift along the coast, resulting in the formation of the world's second-longest urban beach south of the port, i.e. on its up-drift side. Meanwhile, the coast north of the port, i.e. the down-drift side, experienced intense erosion due to a lack of sediment supply and forces induced on the coast due to waves and currents. The shoreline change study in this paper investigates a shoreline stretch of about 6 km (protected by transitional groynes), north of Chennai Port by dividing it into three segments. The rate of shoreline changes over a period of about 12 years across three different segments was assessed using statistical parameters by employing remote sensing techniques complemented with geographical information system (GIS) and digital shoreline analysis system (DSAS) tool. It is inferred that the coast has witnessed accretion and sizable growth in beach width has been observed post the construction of groyne field.

Forecasting shoreline changes along the Egyptian Nile Delta coast using Landsat image series and Geographic Information System.

Before construction of the Aswan High Dam, the Nile Delta was expanding and advancing into the Mediterranean Sea. Subsequently, it became a highly destructive Delta due to the lack of sediment discharge, climate change, subsidence, and coastal processes (e.g. wind, waves, tides, and littoral currents). Many coastal structures have been erected to stop or mitigate coastal problems in the study area. We used 31 Landsat images to monitor the fluctuation of erosion and deposition along the study area. The shorelines in these huge datasets were extracted using standard techniques. Linear regression ratio (LRR) and end-point rate (EPR) were used with Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) software to determine the rates of beach changes; we then forecast future shoreline changes. The accuracy of the model's results was checked using the ground field measurements of several studies. This model also creates an estimate of the position uncertainty at each time step. The value of the uncertainty is low (approximately half a pixel) along the shorelines without coastal protection. This study aimed to forecast future beach evolution to the year 2041 to evaluate its sensibility and facilitate proposals for coastal protection for human safety and habitats if the coastal processes and climate change continue to worsen with time.

Coastline variability of several Latin American cities alongside Pacific Ocean due to the unusual "Sea Swell" events of 2015.

This study aims to report the short-term coastline dynamics and inundation limits of coastal cities along the Eastern Pacific due to the sea swell events that occurred during April to May 2015. The multi-temporal satellite datasets from Landsat such as Enhanced Thematic Mapper (L7 ETM+) and Operational Land Imager/Thermal Infrared Sensor (L8 OLI/TIRS) of different periods before and after the swell events were used to identify the shoreline changes. The satellite images were pre-processed using ERDAS imagine 9.2, and the coastline was digitized in ArcGIS 10.4.1 for ten cities spread across from Mexico to Chile (in Pacific coast) using the spectral water indices, and the shoreline change rate and erosion/accretion pattern at each transect were estimated using the statistical parameters embedded in Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). The maximum erosion and accretion were observed in El Salvador (268 m) and Huatulco (Mexico) (115 m), respectively. Likewise, the maximum inundation was observed in El Salvador with 268 m and Acapulco (Mexico) with 254 m, and the tide gauge data suggest a possible relation to the bathymetry and the geomorphological conditions of the coast. Overall, the results indicate that the Eastern Pacific Ocean side sea swell events has led to extreme coastal flooding in recent years due to the increase in the mean sea level and the unpredictable variation in El Niño/Southern Oscillation events. Graphical abstract.

Applying geospatial technology in quantifying spatiotemporal shoreline dynamics along Marina El-Alamein Resort, Egypt.

Human interventions along the northwestern Egyptian Mediterranean coast recently interrupted the stability of Marina El-Alamein shoreline and resulted in spit evolution. Considering Egypt's vision 2030 for developing the northwestern Egyptian coast, continuous up-to-date monitoring programs became essential to ensure sustainability. This study, for the first time, aimed at coupling geospatial technology with Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) tool in monitoring, analyzing, and quantifying the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the spatiotemporal shoreline dynamics over the last 3 decades (1987-2017) at Marina El-Alamein resort, Egypt. In addition, the study carried out a quantitative geometrical temporal analysis for the newly formed spit from 2015 to 2020. The study used transect- and area-based approaches in estimating the shoreline changes for long- and short-term changes. The former approach computed the change in both the shoreline displacement and the rate of shoreline change, whereas the latter quantified the magnitude of spatial changes in the total land area. Results of the current study revealed that during 1987-2017, Marina El-Alamein shoreline experienced very high accretion, with an average rate of 2.8 ± 4.73 m/year (end-point rate) and 2.52 ± 4.10 m/year (linear regression rate). Quantitatively, Jetties #1 and #3 trapped sand on their western sides for a maximum distance of 706.31 m and 406.5 m, respectively. On the other hand, the eastern side of the resort experienced erosion with a maximum distance of 92.78 m. Regarding changes in the total area, Marina El-Alamein's coast gained 1.130 km2 (0.038 km2/year) land and lost about 0.1115 km2 (0.004 km2/year) of its total area throughout the last 3 decades. During 2015, the continuous progressive accretion along the western side of J#1 resulted in the evolution of sand spit east of the jetty. Results of the temporal analysis showed that the spit's length was about 0.236 km during May 2015 and reached 1.44 km in April 2020 with an increment of 510.5% in length. In addition, the spit's total surface area increased by 33.606 km2 in 5 years (6.7212 km2/year). Both the length and the area of the evolving spit grow annually with 102.11% and 108%, respectively. If this progressive accretion along the evolving spit continued, the lagoon's first inlet would probably suffer sedimentation that could cause its closure and deteriorate the lagoon's water quality. The study recommends carrying out an environmental impact assessment study for the newly formed spit to lessen its negative impact on the opposite tidal inlet and the lagoon's water quality.

Impact of active antibody-mediated rejection treatment on donor-specific antibodies in pediatric kidney transplant recipients.

AMR is a major cause of graft loss after kidney transplantation. We evaluated a retrospective cohort of 13 pediatric kidney transplant patients diagnosed with active AMR. All 13 patients were treated with plasmapheresis (PP), IVIg, and rituximab. Anti-HLA DSAs were measured at the time of transplantation, AMR diagnosis, 30 days post-rejection treatment, 90 days post-rejection treatment, and 24 ± 12 months post-AMR. A total of 68 DSAs were identified from 13 patients at the time of active AMR diagnosis. The primary objective of this study was to differentiate treatment response rates between class I and class II anti-HLA DSA post-AMR treatment. Overall, DSAs were significantly reduced at 30 days, and the reduction was sustained at 90 days post-treatment, even for class II anti-HLA and strongly positive DSAs. A significant difference between class I and class II anti-HLA DSA was observed at 30 days; however, between class significance was lost at 90-day follow-up due to continued class II anti-HLA DSA treatment response. Low DSA strength was predictive of treatment response. eGFR demonstrated significant improvement 90 days after AMR diagnosis compared to the initial value at the time of AMR, and the effect was sustained for 12 months. These results suggest that the AMR treatment is effective in pediatric kidney transplant recipients with an early diagnosis of active AMR across both class I and class II anti-HLA DSAs.

Shoreline change assessment using multi-temporal satellite images: a case study of Lake Sapanca, NW Turkey.

The research summarized here determines historical shoreline changes along Lake Sapanca by using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Six multi-temporal satellite images of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (L1-5 MMS), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (L7 ETM+), and Operational Land Imager Sensors (L8 OLI), covering the period between 17 June 1975 and 15 July 2016, were used to monitor shoreline positions and estimate change rates along the coastal zone. After pre-possessing routines, the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), and supervised classification techniques were utilized to extract six different shorelines. Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), a toolbox that enables transect-based computations of shoreline displacement, was used to compute historical shoreline change rates. The average rate of shoreline change for the entire cost was 2.7 m/year of progradation with an uncertainty of 0.2 m/year. While the great part of the lake shoreline remained stable, the study concluded that the easterly and westerly coasts and deltaic coasts are more vulnerable to shoreline displacements over the last four decades. The study also reveals that anthropogenic activities, more specifically over extraction of freshwater from the lake, cyclic variation in rainfall, and deposition of sediment transported by the surrounding creeks dominantly control spatiotemporal shoreline changes in the region. Monitoring shoreline changes using multi-temporal satellite images is a significant component for the coastal decision-making and management.

Prediction of Dynamics of Riverbank Erosion: A Tale of the Riverine Town Chandpur Sadar.

River channel migration often occurs inside the floodplain areas of the river. The structural changes occurring in rivers within floodplain zones serve as a significant ecological signal of their tremendous impact on both ecological and human survival. The aim of the research is to assess the spatial and temporal fluctuations of the Meghna River's bankline from 1990 to 2020 (for 30 years), and to predict the future bankline position. The Landsat imageries from USGS were used for this study. The bankline was extracted from satellite imageries (Landsat) using Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) indices. The variations in bankline dynamics were assessed through the application of Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) and End Point Rate (EPR) analyses using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). Predictive modeling was conducted utilizing the Modified EPR Model, with validation performed via the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) technique. Adjustment of errors was achieved by employing error coefficients tailored to each individual transect. Over the past three decades, the cumulative river erosion in Chandpur Sadar amounted to 18.03 square kilometers, with the highest Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) recorded at -1979.62 m during the study period. The forecasted maximum Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) is anticipated to be -495.79 m, signifying that the transect is associated with erosion, resulting in landward movement. Conversely, the minimum NSM is projected to be -1.01 m. The most significant movement is expected to occur in Puran Bazar, while the least movement is foreseen in Bakharpur. On average, the NSM across all transects is predicted to be -76.25 m. This study presents a cost-effective approach for evaluating the changes in river erosion over time. This technique may be valuable for policymakers in developing effective plans to reduce the negative impacts of erosion-related risks.

Monitoring and predicting spatio-temporal dynamics of river bankline movements: a case study for land use risk management in the lower Ganga River, India.

Changing the river course in the alluvial plain region is a common phenomenon that may have disastrous consequences. The risk of river bank erosion has increased dramatically during the last few decades. As a result, assessing the river bankline alteration is necessary. The study aims to determine the changes in the bankline in the lower Ganga River. This research presents a novel approach by using the digital shoreline analysis system (DSAS) in conjunction with geospatial data to monitor and predict long-term changes in river banks from 1965 to 2017, providing a comprehensive temporal analysis that is unprecedented in this study area. The study analyzes the bankline change along the river Ganga using DSAS using during the elapsed period. An erosion and accretion zonation was conducted based on the rate of bankline change of the river Ganga in the study area. The rate of bankline shifting was quantified using the endpoint rate (EPR) and linear regression rate (LRR) statistics computed using the DSAS model. The east bank of the Ganga in the study area experienced an average erosion of - 41.17 m/year according to the LRR model. Whereas, the west bank eroded an average of - 2.32 m/year between 1965 and 2017. 90.54% of the transect lines recorded erosion at the east bank and 53.69% of the transect lines at the west bank recorded erosion computed with LRR. For the assessment of the impact of river bankline change on the LULC of the study area, the future river banklines for 2027 and 2037 were forecasted. The result shows that by 2027 and 2037 about 133.24 and 147 km2 of agricultural land and 7.19 and 11.47 km2 of the built-up area may be affected by river bank erosion respectively. By extending the applications of DSAS and geospatial analytics to encompass predictive and impact assessment capabilities, this study significantly enriches the literature on the management of riverbank erosion and associated land use risks. This research provides important insights that improve river management and planning and enable the formulation of robust strategies to mitigate erosion risks on river banks.

Immunopathology of Corneal Allograft Rejection and Donor-Specific Antibodies (DSAs) as Immunological Predictors of Corneal Transplant Failure.

Despite tremendous developments in the field of laboratory testing in transplantation, the rules of eligibility for corneal transplantation still do not include typing of human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) in the donor and recipient or detection of donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) in the patient. The standard use of diagnostic algorithms is due to the cornea belonging to immunologically privileged tissues, which usually determines the success of transplantation of this tissue. A medical problem is posed by patients at high risk of transplant rejection, in whom the immune privilege of the eye is abolished and the risk of transplant failure increases. Critical to the success of transplantation in patients at high risk of corneal rejection may be the selection of an HLA-matched donor and recipient, and the detection of existing and/or de novo emerging DSAs in the patient. Incorporating the assessment of these parameters into routine diagnostics may contribute to establishing immune risk stratification for transplant rejection and effective personalized therapy for patients.

A multi-temporal analysis of shoreline dynamics influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors: Erosion and accretion along the Digha Coast, West Bengal, India.

This investigation analyzed shoreline evolution along India's Digha Coast from 1992 to 2022, using multispectral Landsat satellite images and the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). Methods included identifying zones and transects, shoreline extraction, and applying spatial statistical techniques. The study area, divided into five zones with 587 transects, enabled both short- and long-term analysis. Key findings indicate that the mean long-term rate of shoreline change is -0.54 m per year, with 70.70 % of transects experiencing erosion and 29.30 % accretion. Notably, Zone V had the highest accretion rate (8.55 m/year), while Zone III faced the most erosion (-7.47 m/year). Short-term analysis from 1997 to 2017 indicated significant erosion, contrasting with accretion during 1992-1997 and 2017-2022. Particularly, Zones II, III, and IV underwent major erosion, especially from 1997 to 2002. The study underscores the need for continuous shoreline management strategies and demonstrates geospatial technology's effectiveness in capturing coastal landscape changes.

Early CYP3A5 Genotype-Based Adjustment of Tacrolimus Dosage Reduces Risk of De Novo Donor-Specific HLA Antibodies and Rejection among CYP3A5-Expressing Renal Transplant Patients.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Our previous retrospective single-center cohort study found, at 3-year follow-up, a trend toward low tacrolimus trough levels and an increased risk of de novo donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSAs) and of antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) in CYP3A5-expressing patients. Determining CYP3A5-expression status immediately after renal transplant would allow early genotype-based dosage adjustment of tacrolimus and might prevent the occurrence of de novo DSAs and ABMR, improving transplant outcome. METHODS: 160 renal allograft recipients who underwent renal transplant at the University Hospital Essen between May 2019 and May 2022 were genotyped for the CYP3A5 rs776746 polymorphism within the first two weeks after transplant, and genotype-based dose adjustment of tacrolimus was performed for the follow-up of 2 years. RESULTS: CYP3A5 expression was detected in 33 (21%) of the 160 patients. Tacrolimus trough levels were similar in CYP3A5 expressers and nonexpressers over the entire 2-year follow-up period. However, we observed a trend toward slightly higher tacrolimus trough levels in CYP3A5 expressers, who, as expected, required tacrolimus dosages twice as high as did nonexpressers during follow-up. Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) nephrotoxicity-free survival rates were comparable between CYP3A5 expressers and nonexpressers (p = 0.49). Rejection-free survival rates (p = 0.89), de novo anti-HLA antibody-free survival rates (p = 0.57) and de novo DSA-free survival rates (p = 0.61) did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Early detection of CYP3A5-expression status and resultant genotype-based adjustment of tacrolimus dosage after renal transplant protected patients from transplant rejection and de novo DSA formation and was not associated with increased incidence of CNI toxicity among CYP3A5 expressers.

Impact of Resolved Preformed, Persistent Preformed, and De Novo Anti-HLA Donor-Specific Antibodies in Kidney Transplant Recipients on Long-Term Renal Graft Outcomes.

The post-transplant evolution of antihuman leukocyte antigen donor-specific antibodies (anti-HLA DSAs) includes three clinical patterns: resolved preformed DSAs, persistent preformed DSAs, and de novo DSAs. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the impact of resolved preformed, persistent preformed, and de novo anti-HLA-A, -B, and -DR DSAs in kidney transplant recipients on long-term renal allograft outcomes. This is a post hoc analysis of the study conducted in our transplant center. One hundred eight kidney transplant recipients were included in the study. Patients were followed for a minimum of 24 months after allograft biopsy, which was performed 3 to 24 months after kidney transplantation. The identification of persistent preformed DSAs at the time of biopsy was the most significant predictor of the combined endpoint of the study (>30% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate or death-censored graft loss; HR = 5.96, 95% CI 2.041-17.431, p = 0.0011), followed by the occurrence of de novo DSAs (HR = 4.48, 95% CI 1.483-13.520, p = 0.0079). No increased risk was observed in patients with resolved preformed DSAs (HR = 1.10, 95% CI 0.139-8.676, p = 0.9305). Patients with resolved preformed DSAs have similar graft prognoses as patients without DSAs, therefore, the persistence of preformed DSAs and development of de novo DSAs are associated with inferior long-term allograft outcomes.

Evaluating the long-term geomorphic process in-relation to hydrodynamics in the central coastal zone of Bangladesh.

The central coast of Bangladesh is dynamic for its geographical location, hydrodynamic characteristics and residual flow. The research employed the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), an ArcGIS extension tool, to conduct a historical trend analysis of shoreline. The study demonstrates that the central coast is eroding to the north and accreting to the south. The highest accretion value was found as 195.42 m/year, whereas the maximum value of erosion was estimated as -185.83 m/year, according to End Point Rate (EPR). The Linear Regression Rate (LRR) indicates that the average rate of erosion and accretion are -17.77 m/year and 17.88 m/year, respectively. Meanwhile, using Weighted Linear Regression (WLR), 0.48% of all transects demonstrated statistically significant erosion, while 0.43% showed statistically significant accretion. During the wet season, heavy river discharge leads to a low salt level in the ocean. Ocean currents hit central coast of Bangladesh from east to west, affecting the majority of the islands in the Meghna Estuary in the dry season. Changes in current directions can be seen during the wet seasons. Southern central coast areas are hit by south-east currents that split in two directions. The Sandwip Channel has a flow of 10,000 to 15,000 m³ s-1 northward. The Tetulia River, Shahbazpur Channel, and Hatia-Sandwip flow southward at rates ranging from 3000 to 17,000 m³ s-1, 14,000 to 60,000 m³ s-1, and 7000 to 39,000 m³ s-1, respectively. In the Meghna Estuary, the combined forces result in a counter-clockwise residual circulation, with the northward flow in the Sandwip channel and southbound flow in the Hatia and Shahbazpur channels. As a result of hydrodynamic, ocean currents, and residual flow, the Central Coast of Bangladesh is continually changing in appearance.

Multi-temporal shoreline analysis and future regional perspective for Kuwait coast using remote sensing and GIS techniques.

Coastal regions are of extraordinary significance for the financial and welfare of human communities. Unfortunately, coastal regions are naturally pressured by anthropogenic activities that increase their vulnerability. Hence, there is a drastic need to monitor coastal changes to protect and manage them sustainably. Since Kuwait's coast is inhabited by about 94% of the inhabitants and most of the metropolitan area and the urgent need for sustainable planning and management of Kuwait's coast, this paper aims to analyze the historical changes rate of Kuwait's coast and Kuwait islands over 40 years from 1980 to 2020 and to predict the future changes of the shoreline in 2035 using EPR model. The results show that the highest accretion rate of the shoreline is 32.79 m/year, while the lowest erosion rate is -23.45 m/year. EPR of the islands revealed a fluctuation between erosion and deposition at each island. The future predicted shoreline changes were also mapped for the shoreline and islands.

Quantitative assessment of present and the future potential threat of coastal erosion along the Odisha coast using geospatial tools and statistical techniques.

The eastern coast of India is one of the regions where most of the population resides in urban areas in the low-elevation coastal zone, making it vulnerable to frequent extreme weather events. The objectives of this study are to assess the short- to long-term shoreline changes of the Odisha coast, to understand how anthropogenic influences, and particularly extreme natural events, affect these changes, and to predict shoreline changes for 2050. This study utilized multi-temporal/spectral/spatial resolution satellite images and a digital shoreline analysis (DSAS) tool to appraise the short- (at five/six-year intervals) and long-term (1990-2019) shoreline dynamics along the coastal part of Odisha over the past three decades (1990-2019). The long-term shoreline analysis shows that the mean shoreline change is about 0.67 m/year and highlights that 52.47 % (227.4 km), 34.70 % (150.4 km), and 12.83 % (55.6 km) of the total Odisha coastline exhibit erosion, accretion, and stability, respectively. During the short-term analysis, the 2000-2005 period had the highest percentage of erosion (64.27 %), followed by the 2005-2010 period with an erosional trend of 59.06 %. The 1995-2000 period showed an accretion trend, whereas, during the last period, i.e., 2015-2019, the percentage of transects depicting erosion and accretion was almost similar. In 2050, 55.85 % of the transects are expected to show accretion, while 44.15 % would show erosion or a constant trend. The study identified the hotspots of coastal erosion along delineated study zones by synthesizing data from previous studies as well. The regional analysis of shoreline change along the Odisha coast would not only provide coastal managers with critical information on shoreline dynamics but also draw attention to vulnerable areas linked to shoreline dynamicity along the coast.

Time-dependent blood eosinophilia count increases the risk of kidney allograft rejection.

BACKGROUND: Growing evidence suggest that type 2 immune effectors play a role in solid organ transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of blood count eosinophils (BCEo) on immunological outcomes in kidney transplant recipients with stable graft function after 3 months post-transplant. METHOD: We performed cause-specific Cox model considering BCEo, the use of calcineurin inhibitors and systemic corticoids as time-dependent explicative variables on a prospective cohort of 1013 kidney transplant patients who experienced kidney allograft rejection and/or the appearance of de novo donor specific antibodies after excluding common causes of increased BCEo.. FINDINGS: BCEo ≥ 0.3 G/L was associated with a 3-fold increased risk of rejection independent of immunosuppressive regimen after 3 months post-transplant in patients without pre-transplant DSAs and with CNI-based immunosuppression. No association between BCEo either with donor specific antibodies or graft survival was noticed. INTERPRETATION: These observations in this large cohort support the hypothesis of eosinophils in allo-immunity in human and claim for further mechanistic research. FUNDING: This study was supported by the French National Research Agency, The "Institut de Recherche en Santé Respiratoire des Pays de la Loire" and the University hospital of Nantes.

Analysis of long- and short-term shoreline change dynamics: A study case of João Pessoa city in Brazil.

The coastal area of João Pessoa city, Paraíba, Brazil, is densely populated and has a large flow of trade and services. More recently, this region has been suffering from the advance of the sea, which has caused changes in the shoreline and caused a decrease in the beach area and damage to various urban facilities. Thus, the spatiotemporal changes of the short- and long-term characteristics of the shoreline of João Pessoa city over the past 34 years (1985-2019) were calculated and the forcing mechanisms responsible for the shoreline changes were analyzed. Remote sensing data (Landsat 5-TM and 8-OLI) and statistical techniques, such as endpoint rate (EPR), linear regression rate (LRR) and weighted linear regression (WLR), using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), were used. In this study, 351 transects ranging from ~1.1 km to ~6 km were analyzed within four zones (Zones I to IV), and the main controlling factors that influence the shoreline changes in these zones, such as sea level, tidal range, wave height, beach morphology and ocean currents, were discussed. The long-term change from 1985 to 2019 showed primarily accretion on the shoreline of João Pessoa city, with the rate of 0.55 m/year (WLR method); 282 transects showed accretion. The results showed that Zone-I, which was located in the south of the study area, was the only zone that primarily recorded erosion from 1985 to 2019, with a mean rate of -0.23 m/year according to the WLR method. According to the short-term shoreline change analysis, a cyclical pattern of erosion was observed in the 1985-1990, 1993-1999, 2005-2011 and 2014-2019 periods, and accretion was observed in the 1990-1993, 1999-2005 and 2011-2014 periods. It was inferred that the patterns of all analyzed zones were similar, i.e., when majority accretion was detected within a zone, the other zones also recorded accretion, except for during the period from 2014 to 2019, when Zone-I showed different behavior. Finally, the long- and short-term analyses showed that the coastal area of João Pessoa city is influenced by various forcing mechanism responsible for the shoreline changes.