[Does the Electronic Health Record reflect the social determinants of health from Primary Health Care?] / ¿Refleja la historia clínica electrónica los determinantes sociales de la salud desde Atención Primaria?

OBJECTIVE: Analyze whether the use of Z codes in the Electronic Health Record (EHR) correlates with the socioeconomic reality of the population attended. DESIGN: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, ecological study. LOCATION: 90 health centres of two Primary Health Care (PHC) Departments of the Community of Madrid. PARTICIPANTS: The total number of patients treated during 2016: 1,920,124 (54.33% women, 45.67% men). The 7.15% received some Z code (67.29% women, 32.71% men). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: As a dependent variable, the proportion of patients with Z code records in their EHRs was established. As independent variable, two socioeconomic indicators were selected that objectively reflect the differences between Basic Health Areas: Average Income Available per capita and Proportion of Economic Immigrants. To evaluate the correlation between dependent and independent variables, a multivariate correlation-regression analysis was used. RESULTS: It was observed that the higher the disposable income, the lower the proportion of Z code records in the EHRs (Pearson correlation coefficient: -0.56). However, there is a great variability in the registration of Z codes and the coding fails to make visible the socio-economic realities of the populations covered (Diagnostic Odds Ratio: 0.12. CI: 0.05-0.32). CONCLUSIONS: The use of different tools that facilitate the visualization of the health impact of social inequalities, as well as their evaluation through various research methodologies, is relevant for a community orientation of the PHC. The Z codes do not make visible in the studied area the social determinants of health of the population attended.

Multistakeholder partnerships with the Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea to improve childhood immunisation: A perspective from global health equity and political determinants of health equity.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the current partnerships to improve the childhood immunisation programme in the Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea (DPRK) in the context of the political determinants of health equity. METHODS: A literature search was conducted to identify public health collaborations with the DPRK government. Based on the amount of publicly accessible data and a shared approach in health system strengthening among the partners in immunisation programmes, the search focused on these partnerships. RESULTS: The efforts by WHO, UNICEF, GAVI and IVI with the DPRK government improved the delivery of childhood vaccines (e.g. pentavalent vaccines, inactivated polio vaccine, two-dose measles vaccine and Japanese encephalitis vaccine) and strengthened the DPRK health system by equipping health centres, and training all levels of public health personnel for VPD surveillance and immunisation service delivery. CONCLUSION: The VPD-focused programmatic activities in the DPRK have improved the delivery of childhood immunisation and have created dialogue and contact with the people of the DPRK. These efforts are likely to ameliorate the political isolation of the people of the DPRK and potentially improve global health equity.

Equity in health: tuberculosis in the Bolivian immigrant community of São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the profile of tuberculosis (TB) among Bolivian immigrants, investigate the impact that this population has on the trends of TB and assess equity in access to TB treatment, in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Descriptive study of the epidemiological profile of TB in four city districts with large Bolivian populations, comparing cases among Brazilians and Bolivians, during the 1998-2008 period was carried out. We used logistic regression to adjust the treatment outcome for potential confounders. RESULTS: We identified 2056 new TB cases: 65.7% in Brazilians, 32.1% in Bolivians and 2.2% among other nationalities. Although TB incidence remained stable (high) over the study period, the annual proportion of cases among Bolivians increased from 15.0% to 53.0%. In comparison with the Brazilians, the Bolivians were younger (median age, 24 vs. 40 years; P < 0.0001) and presented a lower unemployment rate (3.1%vs. 11.6%; P < 0.0001), a lower rate of HIV co-infection (1.5%vs. 28.5%; P< 0.001), a higher proportion of individuals receiving supervised treatment (81.5%vs. 62.0%; P < 0.0001) and a higher proportion of cures (71.6%vs. 63.2%; P< 0.0001). After having been adjusted for potential confounder, cure after treatment was not associated with nationality. CONCLUSIONS: Bolivian immigrants influenced the incidence but not the trends of TB among Brazilians in the study area. We found no significant differences between Bolivians and Brazilians regarding healthcare access or treatment outcome. Guaranteed universal health care access for all, including undocumented individuals, contributes to health equity. Specific intervention strategies are warranted for immigrants with tuberculosis.

[Field epidemiology in times of COVID-19: challenges for public health services. SESPAS Report 2022]. / Epidemiología de campo en tiempos de COVID-19: retos para los servicios de salud pública. Informe SESPAS 2022.

During the COVID-19 crisis, local epidemiology units have been forced to manage an increasing number of cases, contacts and outbreaks for which they were not previously prepared or staffed. Under normal circumstances, the efficient study and control of outbreaks and public health alerts requires human and material resources, situation analysis to identify possible causes and present recommendations, coordination with other health system structures, as well as the providing a written report including control and prevention measures implemented and their results or other recommendations. The field study of outbreaks has been systematized in a way that has made it possible to implement quick and effective measures, for the interruption of transmission chains and management of risk situations. To achieve this, a rapid and extraordinary exercise of digital integration, staff mobilization and creation of ad hoc structures needed to be carried out. Solidarity and cooperation between professionals from different administrations has been the pillar that has sustained the surveillance systems. Despite this, obstacles have been found as a result of the lack of coordination, social inequalities, and later, pandemic fatigue, which have reduced adherence and effectiveness of the implemented measures. It has also come to light the need to properly staff these units with trained professionals, and match working conditions and salaries with other health services.

[Efficiency is not enough. Ethical analysis and recommendations for the allocation of scarce resources in a pandemic situation]. / La eficiencia no basta. Análisis ético y recomendaciones para la distribución de recursos escasos en situación de pandemia.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a support tool to decision-making in the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Different ethical recommendations that emerged in Spain on prioritizing scarce health resources in the COVID-19 pandemic first wave were searched; it was conducted a narrative review of theoretical models on distribution in pandemics to define an ethical foundation. Finally, recommendations are drawn to be applied in different healthcare settings. RESULTS: Three principles are identified; strict equality, equity and efficiency, which are substantiated in specific distribution criteria. CONCLUSIONS: A model for the distribution of scarce health resources in a pandemic situation is proposed, starting with a decision-making procedure and adapting the distribution criteria to different healthcare scenarios: primary care settings, nursing homes and hospitals.

[Accessibility of deaf women to the public health system of the Basque Country (Spain)]. / Accesibilidad de las mujeres sordas al sistema público sanitario del País Vasco.

OBJECTIVE: To explore what are the perceptions and experiences of deaf women in relation to accessibility to the Basque Public Health System (Osakidetza). As a secondary objective, explore the experience of these women about gender violence. METHOD: A qualitative study with exploratory design is developed. The selection of the informants was carried out through intentional sampling. Deaf women were invited to participate through the Federation of Deaf People of the Basque Country. Four discussion groups were developed between October 2013 and July 2014, with duration of 90-120minutes. The discussion groups were recorded in video for their later literal transcription in which the service of interpreters of sign language of Euskadi participated. Thematic analyses carried out. RESULTS: Three main categories arise: 1) feelings of discrimination and limitation of the principle of autonomy; 2) barriers and facilitators in the accessibility to the health system; and 3) vulnerability of deaf women as a result of the lack of communication. CONCLUSIONS: Nowadays, deaf women continue having difficulties in accessing to the health system in our context. The results of this study can be the starting point for the development of health policies and institutional protocols.

[Barriers for indigenous women to access obstetric services within the framework of integrated health services networks]. / Barreras en mujeres indígenas para acceder a servicios obstétricos en el marco de redes integradas de servicios de salud.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the barriers that indigenous women face in access to the network of obstetric services in the context of the implementation of integrated healthcare networks (IHN). METHOD: We designed a cross-sectional descriptive study including quantitative and qualitative methods. Sampling was intentional, no probabilistic. Data collection was carried out in Oaxaca, Mexico, during 2017-2018. A total of 149 indigenous women who used obstetrical services were surveyed and sociodemographic characteristics were obtained. Later were selected 30 cases that had complications during pregnancy and childbirth for a semi-structured interview. Non-participant observation was conducted. RESULTS: The network of obstetric services comprises four institutions with different models of care and therefore different types of facilities and human resources to assist indigenous women. Nearly 20% of women did not start prenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy and 27.2% had complications during the gestational period. The main barriers were availability (hours of operation, geographical aspects), accessibility (lack of financial resources), acceptability (ancestral practices vs. medical recommendations), and continuity of service (difficulties for admit patients in hospitals referred from first line of care). CONCLUSIONS: The networks model allows access to obstetric services but does not guarantee care. For this it is necessary to improve both: the infrastructure of the obstetric service providers, and the care processes. It is necessary to broaden the vision of the IHN management model considering the perspective of human rights and equity in health.

[Public participation in research projects: ways of creating collective knowledge in health]. / Participación pública en los proyectos de investigación: formas de crear conocimiento colectivo en salud.

Public participation in research projects is an emerging area in Spain and Latin American countries. There are five types of projects according to the degree of involvement that the participants have in the processes: contributory, collaborative, co-created, contractual and independent. In order to promote public participation in health research teams, their practices and competencies need to be redefined. To this end, it may be useful to ask questions in the different phases of the research, as well as to develop strategies that include audiences that have fewer channels of participation in favour of favouring equity in health. This way of doing science allows gathering experience and expertise prioritizing and adapting the research to the needs of the population, which increases its transforming capacity and the social impact of its results.

[Health in all policies in the Valencian Community: steps towards the health impact assessment]. / Salud en todas las políticas en la Comunitat Valenciana: pasos hacia la evaluación del impacto en salud.

This paper describes the beginning of the implementation process of the health impact assessment in the Valencian Community (Spain), as an instrument to incorporate the framework of social determinants and health inequalities in the policies issued by the different departments of the Valencian government. The proposal involves: 1) political commitment, with legislative and strategic planning actions; 2) the creation of structures to allow intersectoral collaboration, with the establishment of the health impact assessment commission and the intersectoral technical committee; and 3) the design and validation of a tool for the simplified health impact assessment of non-health policies adapted to the Valencian Community. We highlight the importance of the participatory methodology used in the whole process and the potential of the health impact assessment for the development of public policies oriented to improve health and equity.

[Equity and patient autonomy in the care strategies for patients with chronic disease of health services in Spain]. / Equidad y autonomía del paciente en las estrategias de atención a personas con enfermedades crónicas en los servicios de salud de España.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the chronic care models of the different Spanish health services and to discuss the ethical questions derived from implementing some of their components. METHOD: Narrative review of care strategies and programmes for chronic patients in the different Autonomous Communities, searching in official health departments' web pages, using the terms "Programmes", "Strategies", "Chronic patients", and "Chronicity". RESULTS: 15 programmes were found. Most of them include all components of the chronic care model, "decision-making support" being under-represented. The main conflicts in the autonomy of patients arise from the use of big data to stratify the population and from telemonitoring. The stratification of population does not consider the social factors that accompany the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic care strategies should consider the autonomy and privacy of patients in the use of clinical data and telemonitoring. In order to be equitable, they would have to provide an integrated health care system, incorporating measures to reduce the inequalities due to the social determinants that accompany the disease.

Tendencias en la mortalidad por accidentes de tránsito en motocicleta en Colombia, 2008-2021 / Trends in motorcycle road deaths in Colombia, 2008-2021 / Tendências de mortalidade por acidentes de motocicleta na Colômbia, 2008-2021

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar las tendencias de mortalidad por accidentes de tránsito en motocicleta en Colombia entre los años 2008 y 2021. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo de tendencias de la mortalidad por accidentes de tránsito en motocicleta a partir de los registros oficiales de defunciones entre 2008 y 2021. Se efectuó un análisis de regresión Jointpoint Poisson para detectar los puntos de inflexión en las tasas de mortalidad específicas por edad, sexo y área de residencia. Resultados. Se identificaron 28 200 muertes por accidentes de tránsito en motocicleta en todo el período; fallecieron 24 271 hombres y 3 929 mujeres. El 74,1% de las defunciones ocurrió en el área urbana y el 25,9% en el área rural. En esta área se observó una tendencia creciente en la mortalidad en adultos jóvenes de ambos sexos a lo largo de todo el período. Lo mismo ocurrió en hombres de más de 65 años. En el área urbana, se identificó una tendencia al aumento de la mortalidad en las edades entre 45 a 64 años para ambos sexos durante todo el período. Solo se detectó un punto de inflexión en el año 2015, que mostró una disminución en la tendencia, en mujeres adolescentes. Conclusión. La tendencia en la mortalidad por accidentes de tránsito en motocicleta en Colombia se mantuvo en aumento durante todo el período (2008-2021) tanto en áreas rurales para adultos jóvenes como en áreas urbanas para personas de mediana edad.

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify trends in motorcycle road deaths in Colombia between 2008 and 2021. Methods. An observational and descriptive study of trends in motorcycle road deaths was conducted using official death records from 2008 to 2021. Jointpoint Poisson regression analysis was performed to detect inflection points in mortality rates specific to age, sex, and area of residence. Results. A total of 28 200 motorcycle road deaths were identified during the period; 24 271 men and 3 929 women died. Of the deaths, 74.1% occurred in urban areas and 25.9% in rural areas. In rural areas, there was an increasing trend in fatalities in young adults of both sexes during the period. The same occurred in men over 65 years of age. In urban areas, there was an upward trend in fatalities in the age group from 45-64 for both sexes during the period. Only one inflection point was detected, in 2015, showing a downward trend in adolescent females. Conclusion. The trend in motorcycle road deaths in Colombia continued to rise during the 2008-2021 period, both in rural areas for young adults and in urban areas for middle-aged adults.

RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar tendências de mortalidade por acidentes de motocicleta na Colômbia entre 2008 e 2021. Métodos. Realizou-se um estudo observacional e descritivo das tendências de mortalidade por acidentes de motocicleta com base em registros oficiais de óbitos entre 2008 e 2021. Conduziu-se uma análise baseada na regressão de Poisson (Joinpoint) para detectar pontos de inflexão em taxas de mortalidade específicas por idade, sexo e área de residência. Resultados. Foram identificadas 28 200 mortes por acidentes de motocicleta durante todo o período, correspondendo a 24 271 homens e 3 929 mulheres. As mortes ocorreram tanto na área urbana (74,1%) quanto rural (25,9%). Na área rural, observou-se uma tendência crescente na mortalidade de adultos jovens de ambos os sexos ao longo de todo o período. O mesmo ocorreu em relação a homens com mais de 65 anos. Na área urbana, identificou-se uma tendência de aumento da mortalidade na faixa etária de 45 a 64 anos, em ambos os sexos, durante todo o período. Apenas um ponto de inflexão foi detectado em 2015, mostrando uma redução na tendência em adolescentes do sexo feminino. Conclusão. A tendência de mortalidade por acidentes de motocicleta na Colômbia continuou a aumentar durante todo o período (2008 a 2021), tanto na área rural, para jovens adultos, quanto na área urbana, para pessoas de meia-idade.

Barreras y facilitadores de la atención en salud de personas con cáncer en una comuna del norte de Chile: reporte cualitativo

Introducción: Los pacientes oncológicos constituyen un grupo vulnerable de la población por la fragilidad que les provoca la enfermedad. Consultada la literatura se describen problemas en el acceso a la atención en salud Objetivo: Analizar las barreras y facilitadores de acceso que afectan a personas con cáncer en una comunidad del norte de Chile Metodología: Se abordó desde el paradigma interpretativo, metodología cualitativa y enfoque análisis de contenido según Bardin. La muestra fue intencionada y consideró cuatro pacientes con cáncer y cuatro familiares cuidadores. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad y se utilizó una parrilla de preguntas orientadoras. Se contó con autorización de un comité de ética de investigación acreditado Resultados: Se identificaron barreras de a) disponibilidad, b) accesibilidad, c) psicosociales y d) burocráticas, y facilitadores en e) redes de apoyo y f) estrategias de prevención Conclusiones: Las barreras de disponibilidad son especialmente importantes para los pacientes, ya que se asocian a un déficit de oferta de servicios oncológicos oportunos. Destacan las redes de grupos de autoayuda como facilitador del proceso terapéutico. La identificación de barreras y facilitadores contribuye a mejorar las estrategias de acción, para una mejor atención de pacientes oncológicos

Introdução: Os pacientes oncológicos constituem um grupo vulnerável da população devido à fragilidade causada pela doença. Após consulta à literatura, são descritos problemas no acesso aos cuidados de saúde Objetivo: Analisar as barreiras e os facilitadores de acesso que afetam as pessoas com câncer em uma comuna no norte do Chile Metodologia: Foi abordado a partir do paradigma interpretativo, metodologia qualitativa enfocada em análise de conteúdo segundo Bardin. A amostra foi intencional e considerou quatro pacientes com câncer e quatro cuidadores familiares. Foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade e utilizada uma grade de perguntas orientadoras. Foi obtida autorização de um comitê de ética em pesquisa credenciado Resultados: Foram identificadas barreiras de a) disponibilidade, b) acessibilidade, c) psicossociais e d) burocráticas, e facilitadores em e) redes de apoio e f) estratégias de prevenção Conclusões: As barreiras de disponibilidade são especialmente importantes para os pacientes, uma vez que estão associadas a um déficit na oferta de serviços oncológicos oportunos. As redes de grupos de autoajuda destacam-se como facilitadores do processo terapêutico. A identificação de barreiras e facilitadores contribui para aprimorar estratégias de ação para um melhor atendimento aos pacientes oncológicos

Introduction: Cancer patients constitute a vulnerable group of the population due to the fragility caused by the disease. After consulting the literature, problems in access to health care are described. Objective: Analyze the access barriers and facilitators that affect people with cancer in a commune in northern Chile. Methodology: It was approached from the interpretive paradigm, qualitative methodology, and content analysis approach according to Bardin. The sample was intentional and considered four patients with cancer and four family caregivers. In-depth interviews were conducted, and a grid of guiding questions was used. Authorization was obtained from an accredited research ethics committee Results: There were identified a) availability, b) accessibility, c) psychosocial and d) bureaucratic barriers, and facilitators in e) support networks and f) prevention strategies. Conclusions: Availability barriers are especially important for patients since they are associated with a deficit in the supply of timely oncological services. Networks of self-help groups stand out as facilitators of the therapeutic process. The identification of barriers and facilitators contributes to improving action strategies for better care of cancer patients

Vulnerabilidade social no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19: uma discussão bioética / Social vulnerability in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: a bioethical discussion / Vulnerabilidad social en el contexto de la pandemia del COVID-19: una discusión bioética

Objetivo: analisar, sob um olhar bioético, a vulnerabilidade social referente à saúde durante o contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. Metodologia: foram incluídas publicações de 1º de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 2020, revisadas por pares, identificadas nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO e LILACS. Foram utilizados para realizar a busca na base Pubmed o termo MESH "COVID-19" conjugado com os termos: "vulnerable population", "population groups", "social determinants of health", "health equity". Os descritores DECS equivalentes em português e em espanhol dos termos MESH foram utilizados na busca nas outras duas bases. Resultados: de um total de 132 artigos, após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram identificados 21 artigos elegíveis. Os temas mais abordados na amostra foram: vulnerabilidades referentes a pessoas idosas, raça, minorias étnicas, condições socioeconômicas precárias, gênero feminino, pessoas com deficiência e condições crônicas de saúde. Observou-se artigos abordando mais de uma temática, integrando aspectos diversos de populações vulneráveis. Com base nos dados encontrados foram feitas análise e discussão com foco em vulnerabilidade como conceito bioético, além de conexões com discriminação e determinação social da saúde. Conclusão: os resultados apontam para a violação de direitos explicitados na Declaração Universal de Bioética e Direitos Humanos. Ao aumentar a disparidade da morbimortalidade por COVID-19 de grupos populacionais já impactados pela determinação social da saúde, constata-se uma violação do direito à saúde, indicando que governos e sociedades falham em respeitar a vulnerabilidade de grupos sociais no contexto pandêmico.

Objective: to analyze, from a bioethical perspective, social vulnerability in relation to health during the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study included peer-reviewed publications from January 1st until December 31st 2020, identified in Pubmed, SciELO and LILACS data basis. Mesh terms were utilized for research in Pubmed as follows: "COVID-19" conjugated with the terms: "vulnerable population", "population groups", "social determinants of health", "health equity". Portuguese and Spanish equivalents DECS terms were used for searching in the other two databases. Results: a total of 132 articles were found. After applied inclusion and exclusion criteria, were 21 eligible articles. The most recurrent themes were: racial, ethnic and social-economics, gender, age, disability and chronic health conditions. Articles addressing more than one theme were observed, integrating different aspects of vulnerable populations. A bioethical discussion with focus in vulnerability based in the data retrieved took place and connections with discrimination and social determinants of health were made. Conclusion: results point to the violation of rights explained in the Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights. By increasing the disparity in morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 of population groups already impacted by the social determination of health, there is a violation of the right to health, indicating that governments and societies fail to respect the vulnerability of social groups in the pandemic context.

Objetivo: analizar desde un punto de vista bioético, la vulnerabilidad social relacionada con la salud durante el contexto de la pandemia de la COVID-19. Metodología: se incluyeron publicaciones revisadas por pares del 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2020, identificadas en las bases de datos Pubmed, SciELO y LILACS. Se utilizó el término MESH "COVID-19" para buscar en la base de datos Pubmed junto con los términos: "población vulnerable", "grupos de población", "determinantes sociales de la salud", "equidad en salud". Los descriptores DECS equivalentes en portugués y español de los términos MESH fueron utilizados en la búsqueda en las otras bases.Resultados: de un total de 132 artículos, tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se identificaron 21 artículos. Los temas más discutidos fueron: vulnerabilidades relacionadas con los adultos mayores, raza (énfasis en personas negras), minorías étnicas, condiciones socioeconómicas precarias, género femenino, personas con discapacidad y condiciones crónicas de salud. Se observaron artículos que abordaban más de un tema, integrando diferentes aspectos de las poblaciones vulnerables. A partir de los datos encontrados, se realizó análisis y discusión con foco en la vulnerabilidad como concepto bioético, así como las conexiones con la discriminación y la determinación social de la salud. Conclusión: los resultados apuntan a la violación de los derechos explícitos en la Declaración Universal de Bioética y Derechos Humanos. Al aumentar la disparidad en la morbimortalidad por COVID-19 de grupos poblacionales ya impactados por la determinación social de la salud, se vulnera el derecho a la salud, indicando que los gobiernos y las sociedades no respetan la vulnerabilidad de los grupos sociales ante la pandemia.

Estrategias usadas en la atención de la salud sexual de poblaciones rurales de bajos ingresos / Strategies Used in Sexual Health Care for Low-Income Rural Populations / Estratégias utilizadas na atenção à saúde sexual de populações rurais de baixa renda

Introducción: en la ejecución de políticas públicas de salud sexual, resultan cruciales las estrategias utiliza-das en la construcción de la relación agente de salud-usuario. En la literatura son pocos los artículos que exploran las estrategias que utilizan los agentes de salud para interactuar con pobladores rurales al abor-dar estas problemáticas. Este artículo se propone describir y comprender las estrategias que utilizan los agentes de salud en la atención de la salud sexual y reproductiva de pobladores rurales de bajos ingresos. Para ello, se conceptualiza la relación médico-paciente como una interfaz social, es decir, como un espacio de articulación entre los mundos de sentido de los actores involucrados. Materiales y métodos: se desarrolló un estudio de carácter exploratorio-descriptivo de tipo transversal. Se realizaron 21 entrevistas semiestruc-turadas a agentes del sistema de salud, y su análisis se hizo desde un enfoque cualitativo. Resultados: los agentes de salud utilizan un amplio repertorio de estrategias para abordar la salud sexual de los pobladores rurales. Se identificaron y caracterizaron dos tipos de estrategias (dialógicas y monológicas), con sus respectivos subtipos. Conclusión: el estudio visibiliza las estrategias dialógicas como modo alternativo de relación médico-paciente, en contraste con estrategias tradicionales, de tipo monológico. Además, contribuye a la formación de los agentes de salud, y en la conformación de los equipos que abordan la salud sexual y reproductiva en contextos rurales

Introduction: The strategies used for constructing health agent-user relationship are crucial for exe-cuting public policies on sexual health. In the literature, few articles explore the strategies used by health agents to interact with rural residents when addressing these problems. We aimed to describe and understand these strategies used by health agents for sexual health care in low-income rural resi-dents. To achieve this, the doctor­patient relationship is assumed to be a social interface and a space of articulation between the worlds of meaning of the actors involved. Materials and methods: An explor-atory, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was developed. Overall, 21 semistructured interviews were conducted with health agents, and the results were qualitatively analyzed. Results: Health agents use a wide repertoire of strategies to address the sexual health of rural residents. Two types of strategies (dia-logical and monological) and their respective subtypes were identified and characterized. Conclusion:Dialogic strategies are an alternative to the doctor­patient relationship and are contradictory to the traditional monological strategies. They impact the training of health agents and the formation of teams that address sexual and reproductive health in rural settings

Introdução: na execução das políticas públicas de saúde sexual, as estratégias utilizadas na construção da relação agente de saúde-usuário são cruciais. Na literatura são escassos os artigos que exploram as estratégias utilizadas pelos agentes de saúde para interagir com os moradores rurais na abordagem desses problemas. Este estudo se propõe a descrever e compreender as estratégias utilizadas pelos agen-tes de saúde na atenção à saúde sexual e reprodutiva de moradores rurais de baixa renda. Para isso, a relação médico-paciente é conceituada como interface social, ou seja, como espaço de articulação entre os mundos de sentido dos atores envolvidos. Materiais e métodos: foi desenvolvido um estudo transver-sal exploratório-descritivo. Foram realizadas 21 entrevistas semiestruturadas com agentes do sistema de saúde e sua análise foi feita a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa. Resultados: os agentes de saúde utilizam um amplo repertório de estratégias para abordar a saúde sexual dos residentes rurais. Dois tipos de estratégias (dialógicas e monológicas) foram identificadas e caracterizadas, com seus respecti-vos subtipos. Conclusão: este estudo torna visíveis as estratégias dialógicas como modo alternativo de relação médico-paciente, em contraste com as estratégias tradicionais de tipo monológico. Além disso, contribui para a formação de agentes de saúde e na formação de equipes que abordem saúde sexual e reprodutiva em contextos rurais.

Informação na judicialização da saúde: o protótipo JUDJe / Information in the judicialization of health: the JUDJe prototype / Información en la judicialización de la salud: el prototipo JUDJe

O fenômeno da judicialização da saúde carece de dados organizados e comparáveis entre estudos sobre o tema. Diversas fontes, recortes prévios e intermediários geram resultados conflitantes e de difícil repro-dução. Esta nota argumenta a necessidade de definir um padrão/elemento comum nos processos judiciais em saúde, propondo o sistema JUDJe, que utiliza o Diário de Justiça Eletrônico para extrair, organizar e classificar esses dados. O JUDJe gerou um banco de dados aberto com 100 mil movimentações processuais sobre casos de câncer. Defende mais qualidade e conexão dos dados, e mais acesso a esses últimos, pro-movendo equidade e visão multidimensional. Propõe a "judicialização 2.0" com dados em rede conectando saúde e direito.

The phenomenon of health judicialisation lacks organised and comparable data between studies on the subject. Different sources, previous and intermediate pieces of information generate conflicting results that are difficult to reproduce. This note argues the need to define a common standard/element in health lawsuits and proposes the JUDJe system, using the online Official Gazette to extract, organize and classify such data. JUDJe generated an open geo-referenced database with 100 thousand legal proceedings on cancer cases. It advocates more quality and connection of data, and more access to them, promoting equity and a multidimensional vision. It proposes a "judicialization 2.0" connecting the health and law domains.

El fenómeno de la judicialización de la salud carece de datos organizables y comparables entre los estudios sobre el tema. Diferentes fuentes, cortes previos y intermedios generan resultados contradictorios y dificiles de reproduzir. Esta nota argumenta la necesidad de definir un elemento común/estándar en los procesos judiciales de salud, proponiendo el sistema JUDJe, que utiliza el Diario Oficial Electrónico de Justicia para extraer, organizar y clasificar esos datos. El JUDJe generó una base de datos abiertos georreferenciada con 100 mil actuaciones judiciales sobre casos de cáncer. Defiende más calidad y conexión de datos, y más acceso a esos últimos, promoviendo la equidad y una visión multidimensional. Propone la "judicialización 2.0" con datos en red que conecten salud y derecho.

[Social determinants of health and disability: updating the model for determination]. / Determinantes sociales de la salud y discapacidad: actualizando el modelo de determinación.

Social determinants of health (SDH) are conditions in which people live. These conditions impact their lives, health status and social inclusion level. In line with the conceptual and comprehensive progression of disability, it is important to update SDH due to their broad implications in implementing health interventions in society. This proposal supports incorporating disability in the model as a structural determinant, as it would lead to the same social inclusion/exclusion of people described in other structural SDH. This proposal encourages giving importance to designing and implementing public policies to improve societal conditions and contribute to social equity. This will be an act of reparation, justice and fulfilment with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Experiências de mulheres transexuais no sistema de saúde: visibilidade em direção à equidade / Experiencias de mujeres transexuales en el sistema de salud: visibilidad en dirección a la equidad / Transgender women's experiences in the healthcare system: visibility towards equity

Resumo Com o objetivo de compreender o modo como mulheres transexuais têm sido atendidas em instituições do Sistema Único de Saúde, o estudo adotou o delineamento qualitativo. A análise de conteúdo temática de entrevistas e de grupo focal resultou em três categorias: utilização de serviços de saúde por mulheres trans; violência na Atenção à Saúde; falta de atendimento especializado. As participantes referiram não possuir vínculos com a Atenção Primária e buscar atendimento no ambulatório vinculado ao hospital de ensino e em pronto atendimento. Casos de violência institucional, negligência e preconceito permeiam suas experiências. Atendimento humanizado; credenciamento do hospital para o processo transexualizador; investimento no bem-estar do trabalhador; criação de protocolos de atendimento e canais de denúncia foram sugeridos. A equidade e a atenção integral requerem ampliação e qualificação dos serviços. Investimentos em Educação Permanente são essenciais. (AU)

Resumen Con el objetivo de comprender la forma en que las mujeres transexuales han sido atendidas en instituciones del Sistema Único de Salud, el estudio adoptó la delineación cualitativa. El análisis de contenido temático de entrevistas y de grupo focal resultó en tres categorías: Utilización de servicios de salud por mujeres trans; Violencia en la atención de la salud; Falta de atención especializada. Las participantes refirieron que no tenían vínculos con la atención primaria y que buscaban atención en el ambulatorio vinculado al hospital escuela y en urgencias. Casos de violencia institucional, negligencia y prejuicios atraviesan sus experiencias. Se sugirieron la atención humanizada, la acreditación del hospital para el proceso de transexualidad, la inversión en el bienestar del trabajador y la creación de protocolos de atención y canales de denuncia. La equidad y la atención integral requieren aplicación y calificación de los servicios. Son esenciales inversiones en educación permanente. (AU)

Abstract Aiming to understand how transgender women have been served in institutions of the Unified Health System, the study adopted the qualitative design. The thematic content analysis of interviews and focus group resulted in three categories: Use of health services by trans women; Violence in health care; Lack of specialized care. The participants reported having no links with primary care, seeking care in the outpatient clinic linked to the teaching hospital and in emergency care. Cases of institutional violence, negligence, and prejudice permeate their experiences. Humanized care; accreditation of the hospital for the transsexualization process; investment in the worker's well-being; creation of care protocols and complaint channels were suggested. Equity and integral attention require the expansion and qualification of services. Investments in permanent education are essential. (AU)

[The incorporation of community health in the planning and transformation of the urban environment. SESPAS Report 2018]. / La incorporación de la salud comunitaria en la planificación y la transformación del entorno urbano. Informe SESPAS 2018.

Urbanized and built-up environments are determinants of health as well as community health. Therefore, we intend to analyze the influence of urban development on both public and community health, from the perspective of gender, citizen participation in urban planning projects, and accessibility. From a bibliographic review and narrative analysis, based on the experience of the authors, we found several urban transformation projects focusing, in particular, on four large areas: school centres and playgrounds, empty urban spaces and disused buildings, pedestrian pathways, and various housing interventions. The participatory processes (driven by institutions and/or citizens) developed within the framework of urban diagnostic projects and the preparation of plans and projects, constitute a double opportunity to work on community health: on the one hand, considering them as an objective, and on the other, as a tool to design environments that promote the well-being of the community. The incorporation of citizens and the collaboration of all the agents involved, taking their diversity into account, are essential, and this is a shared responsibility between local/supra-local administration, and citizenship. Regulation must be designed to facilitate the processes and when it is applied must allow the population to take a central role in the transformation of environments that will promote well-being and health.

Discriminación racial y Determinantes Sociales de la salud en niños y niñas migrantes: revisión narrativa

Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre Determinantes Sociales de la Salud (DSS) y discriminación en niños, niñas y adolescentes migrantes a partir de la información disponible en la literatura científica. Método: Revisión narrativa de estudios primarios publicados entre 2008 y 2021 en las bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science. Se utilizaron los descriptores "Psychological/Social Discrimination", "Racism", "Social Stigma", "Social Determinants of Health", "Public Health", "Health Equity", "Transients and Migrants", "Refugees", "Emigrants and Immigrants", "Undocumented Immigrants", "Child", "Adolescent", "Child, "Preschool". Los operadores booleanos utilizados fueron AND y OR. Se incluyeron artículos observacionales (analíticos o descriptivos) que evaluaran la relación entre discriminación racial y DSS, publicados en inglés o español. La población de estudio fueron niños, niñas y adolescentes. La selección de artículos se realizó siguiendo las recomendaciones PRISMA. La calidad de la evidencia fue evaluada mediante la herramienta MMAT. Resultados: De un total de 1249 artículos identificados, se incluyeron 55. La mayor cantidad de artículos identificó el efecto de la relación entre discriminación racial y migración en ámbitos de salud mental negativa. Fue escasa la evidencia respecto de determinantes estructurales, sin embargo, destaca la relación entre discriminación racial y el efecto moderador de la familia y la escuela. Conclusiones: Analizar la discriminación racial que perciben niños y niñas migrantes mediante un enfoque de DSS permite identificar áreas sensibles al desarrollo estrategias de reducción de inequidades en este grupo.

Objective: To analyze the relationship between Social Determinants of Health (SDH) and racial discrimination in migrant children and adolescents, based on the information available in the scientific literature. Method: Narrative review of primary studies published between 2008 and 2021 in PubMed and Web of Science databases. The descriptors "Psychological/Social Discrimination", "Racism", "Social Stigma", "Social Determinants of Health", "Public Health", "Health Equity", "Transients and Migrants", "Refugees", "Emigrants and Immigrants", "Undocumented Immigrants", "Child", "Adolescent", "Child", "Preschool" were using. The Boolean operators used were AND OR. We included observational articles (analytical or descriptive) that evaluated the relationship between racial discrimination and SDH, published in English or Spanish. The study population was children and adolescents. We select articles following the PRISMA recommendations. The evaluation of the quality of the evidence was made using MMAT. Results: Of a total of 1249 articles identified, 55 articles were included. The most significant number of articles identified the relationship between racial discrimination and migration on adverse mental health outcomes. Evidence regarding structural determinants was scarce; however, the relationship between racial discrimination and the moderating effect of family and school stands out. Conclusions: Analyzing racial discrimination as perceived by migrant children through a DSS approach allows us to identify sensitive areas to develop strategies to reduce inequities in this group.

Momentos clave en el camino hacia la equidad en salud en la Organización Panamericana de la Salud / Milestones on the road to health equity at the Pan American Health Organization / Momentos-chave no caminho rumo à equidade em saúde na Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde

RESUMEN Hoy en día la equidad es un objetivo central para la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). Este objetivo es el resultado de movimientos multidimensionales que tienen una historia y que sólo pueden comprenderse a la luz de las relaciones sociales que estructuran los procesos que llamamos de "salud". De una preocupación por el comercio marítimo a un interés por los determinantes sociales de la salud, la OPS ha fortalecido sus esfuerzos por poner en el centro de sus acciones la idea de la equidad en salud como fin último. Se ha pasado de una idea de salud enfocada en el individuo, a una idea de salud para todas las personas, que contemple las diferencias de ser y hacer en el mundo. Estos cambios han producido políticas, análisis y estudios donde el género y la diversidad cultural son ejes transversales que deben ser contemplados en toda planificación y ejecución de políticas de salud en la Región de las Américas. En este artículo se analizan momentos clave en el camino hacia la equidad en salud en la Región desde una perspectiva histórica.

ABSTRACT Equity has become a key objective for the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). This is the result of multidimensional movements with a history that can only be understood in the light of social relations that structure the processes we refer to as "health". From an initial concern for maritime trade to a current interest in the social determinants of health, PAHO has strengthened its efforts to make the concept of health equity the ultimate goal of its actions. The idea of health focused on the individual has given way to the idea of health for all people, which considers the differences between being and doing in the world. These changes have produced policies, analyses, and studies in which gender and cultural diversity are cross-cutting themes that must be considered in all planning and implementation of health policies in the Region of the Americas. This article discusses milestones on the road to health equity in the Region from a historical perspective.

RESUMO Hoje, a equidade é um objetivo central para a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). Esse objetivo é fruto de movimentos multidimensionais que têm uma história e que só podem ser compreendidos à luz das relações sociais que estruturam os processos que chamamos de "saúde". Da preocupação com o comércio marítimo ao interesse pelos determinantes sociais da saúde, a OPAS tem intensificado seus esforços para colocar no cerne de suas ações a ideia da equidade em saúde como objetivo final. Passou de uma ideia de saúde centrada no indivíduo a uma ideia de saúde para todas as pessoas, que contempla as diferenças entre o ser e o fazer no mundo. Essas mudanças produziram políticas, análises e estudos onde o gênero e a diversidade cultural são eixos transversais que devem ser considerados em todo planejamento e execução de políticas de saúde na Região das Américas. Este artigo analisa momentos-chave no caminho rumo à equidade em saúde na região, a partir de uma perspectiva histórica.