Exploration of differential responses to FODMAPs and gluten in people with irritable bowel syndrome- a double-blind randomized cross-over challenge study.

INTRODUCTION: There is large variation in response to diet in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and determinants for differential response are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to investigate differential clinical and molecular responses to provocation with fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) and gluten in individuals with IBS. METHODS: Data were used from a crossover study with week-long interventions with either FODMAPs, gluten or placebo. The study also included a rapid provocation test. Molecular data consisted of fecal microbiota, short chain fatty acids, and untargeted plasma metabolomics. IBS symptoms were evaluated with the IBS severity scoring system. IBS symptoms were modelled against molecular and baseline questionnaire data, using Random Forest (RF; regression and clustering), Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC), and univariate methods. RESULTS: Regression and classification RF models were in general of low predictive power (Q2 ≤ 0.22, classification rate < 0.73). Out of 864 clustering models, only 2 had significant associations to clusters (0.69 < CR < 0.73, p < 0.05), but with no associations to baseline clinical measures. Similarly, PARAFAC revealed no clear association between metabolome data and IBS symptoms. CONCLUSION: Differential IBS responses to FODMAPs or gluten exposures could not be explained from clinical and molecular data despite extensive exploration with different data analytical approaches. The trial is registered at www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov as NCT03653689 31/08/2018.

Effect of fibre fortification of low FODMAP pasta.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a condition affecting the digestive system and can be triggered by several different factors, including diet. To ease symptoms of IBS, a diet low in fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) is often recommended. Pasta, as a staple food in the Western World, is naturally high in FODMAPs. This study investigates the impact of insoluble and soluble dietary fibre ingredients in low-FODMAPs pasta. The assessment included physicochemical, sensory, and nutritional quality. Soluble fibre strengthened gluten network, which caused a lower cooking loss and a lower release of sugars during in vitro starch digestion. Insoluble fibre interfered with the gluten network development to a higher extent causing a higher sugar release during digestion. This study reveals the most suitable fibre ingredients for the development of pasta with elevated nutritional value and sensory characteristics compared to commercial products on the market. This type of pasta has a high potential of being suitable for IBS patients.

Fructan Concentrations in Cooked Cereal Grains as a Nutritional Consideration for Low-FODMAP Diet.

Grains, essential for maintaining good health, contain short-chain carbohydrates like fructans, which can contribute to disorders in some individuals. Understanding and managing these FODMAPs (fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols) are essential for enhanced dietary guidance and well-being. The primary objective of the study was to establish safe portion sizes for grains and rice within low-FODMAP diets. A comprehensive analysis of fructan levels in diverse commercial cereal products contributes to an understanding of the potential digestive impact of FODMAPs in grains and supporting enhanced dietary guidance for individuals with FODMAP-related disorders. Various grains, like white and brown rice, barley, wheat groats, and buckwheat, highlight the challenges of handling fructans in a low-FODMAP diet. Fructans to heat-induced degradation, as demonstrated in bulgur, emphasize the need to consider cooking methods for managing their intake. Identification of potentially safe grains, like white long-grain rice and arborio rice, is significant, but caution is advised with barley groats and couscous, stressing personalized dietary decisions. Correlation analyses linking color parameters, moisture content, and fructan levels in cooked grains reveal a positive relationship, suggesting water content's potential impact on fructan stability and grain hydration properties. In conclusion, the study provides valuable insights into the intricate details of FODMAPs in grains, supporting the development of dietary strategies that enhance both health and sensory satisfaction.

Production, modification and degradation of fructans and fructooligosacharides by enzymes originated from plants.

Non-starch polysaccharides exhibit numerous beneficial health effects but compounds belonging to FODMAP (Fermentable Oligo- Di- and Monosaccharides and Polyols) has been recently connected to several gastrointestinal disorders. This review presents integrated literature data on the occurrence and types of fructans and fructooligosaccharids (classified as FODMAPs) as well as their degrading enzymes present in plants. Plants from the family Asteraceae and many monocotyledones, including families Poaceae and Liliaceae, are the most abundant sources of both fructans and fructan-degrading enzymes. So far, vast majority of publications concerning the application of these specific plants in production of bakery products is related to increase of dietary fibre content in these products. However, there is limited research on their effect on FODMAP content and fibre balance. The authors emphasize the possibility of application of enzyme rich plant extract in food production casting light on the new scientific approach to fibre modification.

Effect of the combined intervention of low-FODMAPs diet and probiotics on IBS symptoms in Western China: A randomized controlled trial.

The effect of low-FODMAPs diet on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in Western China has not been reported. We aimed to investigate the effect of low-FODMAPs diet on IBS patients in the area and whether low-FODMAPs diet-induced alterations of microbiota could be improved through probiotics. IBS patients were randomized to the control group, low-FODMAPs diet group, probiotics group, or combined group. IBS Symptom Severity Score questionnaire (IBS-SSS) and IBS Quality of Life Score questionnaire (IBS-QOL) were completed at baseline, 2 and 4 weeks to evaluate the severity of symptoms. Fresh feces were collected for analyses of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids at baseline and 4 weeks after intervention. Seventy-three patients were included in the per protocol analysis. After intervention, there was significant improvement in IBS-SSS in the low-FODMAPs group (37.5%, 44.2%), probiotics group (51.4%, 62.0%), and combined group (34.1%, 40.4%) at both 2 weeks and 4 weeks, compared with the baseline (p < .05). In the low-FODMAPs group, the abundance of several microbiota (Lachnoclostridium, Enterococcus, etc.) was significantly decreased. Furthermore, after the supplementation of probiotics in the combined group, the abundance of Genus_Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Acidaminococcus, Ruminiclostridium, Akkermansia, Eggerthella, and Oxalobacter was significantly increased, which was associated with the improvements of symptoms score in the Pearson correlation analysis. Our study confirmed the effectiveness and safety of short-term low-FODMAPs diet in IBS symptoms based on the Chinese diet in Western China. The combination of low-FODMAPs and probiotics plays a beneficial role in gut microbiota in IBS.

Diet and Physical Activity in Fabry Disease: A Narrative Review.

Fabry disease (FD) is caused by mutations in the galactosidase alpha (GLA) gene which lead to the accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb-3). Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and oral chaperone therapy are the current pharmacological treatments for this condition. However, in the literature, there is a growing emphasis on exploring non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies to improve the quality of life of patients with FD. In particular, the nutritional approach to FD has been marginally addressed in the scientific literature, although specific dietary interventions may be useful for the management of nephropathy and gastrointestinal complications, which are often present in patients with FD. Especially in cases of confirmed diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a low-FODMAP diet can represent an effective approach to improving intestinal manifestations. Furthermore, it is known that some food components, such as polyphenols, may be able to modulate some pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the disease, such as inflammation and oxidative stress. Therefore, the use of healthy dietary patterns should be encouraged in this patient group. Sports practice can be useful for patients with multi-organ involvement, particularly in cardiovascular, renal, and neurological aspects. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the role of nutrition and physical activity in FD patients.

Fructan content in most commonly consumed Slovenian foods and estimation of daily fructan consumption.

Fructans can be considered as part of the group of fermentable oligo-, di- and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs). Short-chain fructans have a rapid fermentation rate and can thus worsen symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. In this study, the fructan content in 40 of the most commonly consumed foods in Slovenia was measured. Overall, the fructan content was relatively low: 0.1-1.97 g/100 g fresh weight. The highest fructan content was found in onion (1.97 g/100 g), followed by wheat flour (0.75 g/100 g). A simple model for calculating fructan intake was developed based on the results of the SI. Menu 2017/2018 national survey, which collected data on the frequency of intake of different foods and food groups (expressed in g/day). After calculating the daily intake of the surveyed foods, we used our results on fructan content to estimate daily fructan consumption. Mean daily fructan intake reaches 1.6-1.7 g/day, with no differences between men and women. Our assessment of fructan intake at the national level represents the first step toward the creation of a database on FODMAP intake.

The Role of the FODMAP Diet in IBS.

The low FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol) diet is a beneficial therapeutic approach for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, how the low FODMAP diet works is still not completely understood. These mechanisms encompass not only traditionally known factors such as luminal distension induced by gas and water but also recent evidence on the role of FOMAPs in the modulation of visceral hypersensitivity, increases in intestinal permeability, the induction of microbiota changes, and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as well as metabolomics and alterations in motility. Although most of the supporting evidence is of low quality, recent trials have confirmed its effectiveness, even though the majority of the evidence pertains only to the restriction phase and its effectiveness in relieving abdominal bloating and pain. This review examines potential pathophysiological mechanisms and provides an overview of the existing evidence on the effectiveness of the low FODMAP diet across various IBS subtypes. Key considerations for its use include the challenges and disadvantages associated with its practical implementation, including the need for professional guidance, variations in individual responses, concerns related to microbiota, nutritional deficiencies, the development of constipation, the necessity of excluding an eating disorder before commencing the diet, and the scarcity of long-term data. Despite its recognized efficacy in symptom management, acknowledging these limitations becomes imperative for a nuanced comprehension of the role of a low FODMAP diet in managing IBS. By investigating its potential mechanisms and evidence across IBS subtypes and addressing emerging modulations alongside limitations, this review aims to serve as a valuable resource for healthcare practitioners, researchers, and patients navigating the intricate landscape of IBS.

Quality characteristics of cereal-based foods enriched with different degree of polymerization inulin: A review.

Vegetables, cereals and fruit are foods rich in fibre with beneficial and nutritional effects as their consumption reduces the onset of degenerative diseases, especially cardiovascular ones. Among fibres, inulin, oligofructose or fructooligosaccharide (FOS) are the best-studied. Inulin is a generic term to cover all linear ß(2-1) fructans, with a variable degree of polymerization. In this review a better understanding of the importance of the degree of polymerization of inulin as a dietary fibre, functions, health benefits, classifications, types and its applications in the food industry was considered in different fortified foods. Inulin has been used to increase the nutritional and healthy properties of the product as a sweetener and as a substitute for fats and carbohydrates, improving the nutritional value and decreasing the glycemic index, with the advantage of not compromising taste and consistency of the product. Bifidogenic and prebiotic effects of inulin have been well established, inulin-type fructans are fermented by the colon to produce short-chain fatty acids, with important local and systemic actions. Addition of inulin with different degrees of polymerization to daily foods for the production of fortified pasta and bread was reviewed, and the impact on sensorial, technological and organoleptic characteristics even of gluten-free bread was also reported.

Effect of the Low Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols (FODMAP) Diet on Control of Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Quality of Life Among a Sample of Egyptian Children: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a pediatric pain-dominant functional gastrointestinal disorder that has a negative impact on all children's dimensions of quality of life. A dietary approach that focuses on limiting food elements with high fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) can be used to decrease symptoms of IBS. This study aims to evaluate the effect of low FODMAP dietary intervention on health-related quality of life among a sample of Egyptian children. METHODS: Eighty-four children aged 5-15 years old were randomly assigned to two groups, 42 patients in the low FODMAP diet group and 42 patients in the standard diet group. They received the diet for six weeks and were followed up weekly using a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain severity assessment, the Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL) Inventory Gastrointestinal (GI) Symptoms Module Scale, and the PedsQL Inventory Generic Core Scale to assess the physical and psychosocial functioning of the patients. RESULTS: The VAS score decreased more in the low FODMAP group, which caused a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.001). The PedsQL Inventory GI Symptoms Module score increased more among the low FODMAP group, and this caused a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.001). PedsQL Inventory Generic Core score increased more among the low FODMAPs group, and this caused a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Low FODMAP dietary intervention in pediatrics for six weeks decreased abdominal pain severity, improved gastrointestinal symptoms, and improved the health-related quality of life of the affected children.

Higher Short-Chain Fermentable Carbohydrates Are Associated with Lower Body Fat and Higher Insulin Sensitivity in People with Prediabetes.

The quality of carbohydrates has metabolic consequences in people with prediabetes. However, the causality of short-chain fermentable carbohydrate intakes and metabolic parameters has not been explored in the prediabetic or diabetic population. We investigated associations between different types of carbohydrates, including fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, polyols (FODMAPs), and polysaccharides (dietary fibre), and body composition and glucose/insulin responses in subjects with prediabetes. In this prospective cross-sectional study, 177 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (mean age: 60 (54-62) years, 41% men) underwent an assessment of body composition and completed six-point oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA2-IR), insulin sensitivity, detailed 3-day food records, and physical activity questionnaire. Daily habitual FODMAP intake decreased progressively with increasing BMI, ranging from 7.9 (6.2-12.7) g/d in subjects with normal BMI and 6.6 (4.6-9.9) g/d in subjects with overweight to 5.8 (3.8-9.0) g/d in subjects with obesity (p = 0.038). After adjustment for age and gender, galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) were negatively correlated with body fat (Standardised Beta coefficient ß = -0.156, p = 0.006) and positively associated with insulin sensitivity (ß = 0.243, p = 0.001). This remained significant after adjustment for macronutrients, fibre, and physical activity (p = 0.035 and p = 0.010, respectively). In individuals with IGT, higher dietary GOS intake was associated with lower body fat and higher insulin sensitivity independent of macronutrients and fibre intake, calling for interventional studies to evaluate the effect of FODMAP intake in prediabetes.

Severidade dos sintomas da síndrome do intestino irritável e consumo de FODMAPs em estudantes universitários / Severity of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms and fodmaps intake in university students

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms such as diarrhea, bloating and abdominal pain can reduce University student's productivity and learning ability. One of the possible treatments for IBS is the temporarily exclusion of foods that have a high content of short-chain fermentable carbohydrates, the fermentable, oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess University student's intake of foods that are rich in FODMAPs, looking for possible associations with the severity of IBS symptoms. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out, with undergraduate students from a private University in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, aged between 19 and 46 years old and that were enrolled in different courses and stages. Students were invited to participate and those who gave their formal consent were included in this research. A sociodemographic and lifestyle questionnaire was applied, in addition to the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale - GSRS. Students also responded a short Food Frequency Questionnaire, developed to investigate habitual FODMAPs intake of Brazilian adult population. Spearman's correlation analysis between the student's GSRS scores and the frequency of foods rich in FODMAPs intake were performed in SPSS v.21. RESULTS: Fifty-six students were interviewed, with mean age of 21.4 years old (SD=4.41), with a predominance of women (76.8%). The GSRS results showed that 58.9% of students felt minimal to moderate abdominal discomfort and 14.3% had moderately severe to very severe abdominal pain during the prior week to the interview. Besides abdominal pain, the gastrointestinal symptoms that were most reported by students were flatulence (98.2%), stomach rumbling (89.3%) and eructations (85.7%). Greater symptom severity was observed in women (P=0.004) and sedentary students (P=0.003). Regarding FODMAPs consumption, honey (P=0.04), chocolate (P=0.03) and milk table cream (P=0.001) intakes were positively correlated with the greater severity of symptoms. CONCLUSION: Although clinical diagnosis is necessary to establish IBS, 73.2% of the students presented minimal to very severe abdominal pain during the prior week. Female had sedentary students had greater severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. A low FODMAP diet, well oriented, could bring some symptoms relief to these University students.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Os sintomas da síndrome do intestino irritável (SII), como diarreia, "inchaço" e dor abdominal, podem reduzir a produtividade e a capacidade de aprendizagem do estudante universitário. Um dos possíveis tratamentos para a SII é a exclusão temporária de alimentos que possuem alto teor de carboidratos fermentáveis de cadeia curta, os fermentáveis, oligossacarídeos, dissacarídeos, monossacarídeos e polióis (FODMAPs). OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ingestão de alimentos ricos em FODMAPs por estudantes universitários, buscando possíveis associações com a gravidade dos sintomas da SII. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, com alunos de graduação de uma Universidade privada da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, com idades entre 19 e 46 anos, matriculados em diferentes cursos e estágios. Os alunos foram convidados a participar e aqueles que deram seu consentimento formal foram incluídos nesta pesquisa. Foi aplicado um questionário sociodemográfico e de estilo de vida, além da Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale - GSRS. Os alunos também responderam a um pequeno Questionário de Frequência Alimentar, desenvolvido para investigar o consumo habitual de FODMAPs na população adulta brasileira. A análise de correlação de Spearman entre os escores GSRS do aluno e a frequência do consumo de alimentos ricos em FODMAPS foi realizada no SPSS v.21. RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistados 56 alunos, com média de idade de 21,4 anos (DP=4,41) e predomínio do sexo feminino (76,8%). Os resultados do GSRS mostraram que 58,9% dos alunos sentiram desconforto abdominal mínimo a moderado e 14,3% tiveram dor abdominal moderadamente intensa a muito intensa durante a semana anterior à entrevista. Além das dores abdominais, os sintomas gastrointestinais mais referidos pelos estudantes foram flatulência (98,2%), roncos estomacais (89,3%) e eructações (85,7%). Maior gravidade dos sintomas foi observada em mulheres (P=0,004) e estudantes sedentários (P=0,003). Em relação ao consumo de FODMAPs, a ingestão de mel (P=0,04), chocolate (P=0,03) e creme de leite (P=0,001) se correlacionou positivamente com a maior gravidade dos sintomas. CONCLUSÃO: Embora o diagnóstico clínico seja necessário para o estabelecimento da presença da SII, 73,2% dos alunos apresentaram dor abdominal mínima a muito intensa na semana anterior ao estudo. Estudantes do sexo feminino e sedentários apresentaram maior gravidade dos sintomas gastrointestinais. Uma dieta pobre em FODMAP, bem orientada, poderia trazer algum alívio destes sintomas a estes universitários.

Brazilian Society for Food and Nutrition position statement: gluten-free diet

Position statement: The Brazilian Society for Food and Nutrition (SBAN) bases the following position statement on a critical analysis of the literature on the indications of a gluten-free (GF) diet. (1) There is insufficient evidence to assume that healthy individuals would experience any benefits from the consumption of a GF diet. (2) Recent studies suggest that gluten sensitivity may be confounded by sensitivity to low-fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates known as fermentable oligo-, di-, and mono-saccharides and polyols (FODMAPs). (3) Epidemiological data supports that evenover weight celiac disease (CD) individuals fail to achieve weight loss under a GF diet. (4) Recent experimental data showed possible deleterious effects of GF feeding on the intestinal microbiota of healthy individuals. (5) GF diets can be healthy for the general population, as long as GF-processed foods are avoided, and the ingestion of other whole grains, and low-energy-density vegetables is assured. This position statement has been externally reviewed and approved by the board of the Brazilian Society for Food and Nutrition, and has not gone through the journal' s standard peer review process.

Dieta restrita de FODMEPs como opção terapêutica na síndrome do intestino irritável: revisão sistemática / FODAPs restricted diet as a treatment option in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review

A Síndrome do Intestino Irritável (SII) é considerada, a partir do Consenso de ROMA III, um distúrbio gastrointestinal funcional, caracterizado por dor, mudança no hábito intestinal, distensão abdominal e constipação e/ou diarreia. Este distúrbio é classificado de acordo com o padrão de perturbações do trânsito intestinal e seu tratamento depende da apresentação clínica. A terapia farmacológica é bastante diversificada; contudo, a primeira opção para o manejo da SII são as medidas não farmacológicas. Uma modificação dietética que está se mostrando eficaz na terapêutica da SII é a redução da ingesta de FODMEPs, que é acrônimo de fermentável, oligossacarídeos, dissacarídeos, monossacarídeos e polióis. Este trabalho objetiva analisar se esta dieta propicia benefícios no tratamento da SII. Para tanto, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura científica nas bases de dados eletrônicas Pubmed, Medline, Trip, Science Direct, Scielo. Não foram encontrados artigos em língua portuguesa. A avaliação metodológica foi CASP. Um total de onze artigos primários foi incluído na revisão. A maioria dos estudos não apenas correlaciona os FODMEPs aos sintomas da SII, mas também considera a dieta com restrição FODMEPs como um tratamento não farmacológico imprescindível. Sabe-se que a sintomatologia da SII é influenciada pela ação do sistema nervoso entérico por fatores psicológicos e alimentares. Estudos observacionais expõem a restrição de FODMEPs como uma abordagem inovadora para o alívio dos sintomas. Um obstáculo na redução de FODMEPs é a dificuldade de o paciente aderir à dieta, pois esta é muito restritiva. No cenário brasileiro, essa abordagem para a SII ainda não foi explorada, o que é notabilizado pela inexistência de estudos acerca do tema. Conclui-se que a redução da ingesta de FODMEPs é uma alternativa na abordagem terapêutica da SII refratária. Os gastroenterologistas não podem mais ignorar os efeitos benéficos desse tipo de dieta. Estudos que adaptam a dieta FODMEPs aos hábitos alimentares dos brasileiros precisam ser realizados com urgência.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is considered by ROME III Criteria a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by pain, change in bowel habits, abdominal distension and constipation and/or diarrhea. This disorder is classified according to the standard of intestinal symptoms and its treatment relies on clinical presentation. The pharmacologic therapy is diverse, however, the first option for the management of IBS are non-pharmacological measures. A dietary modification that has been effective in the treatment of IBS is reducing the intake of FODMAPs, which is an acronym of fermentable, oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols. This work is a systematic review of scientific literature published on electronic databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Trip, Science Direct, Scielo and analyses whether this diet provides benefits to the treatment of IBS. There are not any articles in Portuguese on the subject and the methodological evaluation was conducted through CASP. Only ten primary studies were found and they were all included in this work. Most of these studies not only correlate FODMAPs with the symptoms of IBS, but also consider this restricted diet as an important non-pharmacological treatment. It is known that the symptoms of IBS are influenced by the action of the enteric nervous system, psychological and dietary factors. Observational studies show that restricting FODMAPs is an innovative approach for the relief of symptoms. One obstacle in reducing FODMAPs is its restrictive nature that discourages patients to adhere to it. In the Brazilian context, this approach to IBS has not been explored yet, which might be explained by the lack of studies on the subject. It was concluded that reducing the intake of FODMEPs is an alternative therapeutic approach to refractory IBS and gastroenterologists can no longer ignore the beneficial effects of this type of diet. Studies considering FODMAPs eating habits in Brazil still need to be undertaken.

Sensibilidad no celíaca al gluten: Una patología más que responde al gluten / Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: Another condition that responds to gluten

Remission of gastrointestinal and general symptoms after gluten withdrawal has been described in some non-celiac individuals for nearly 30 years. Only recently, efforts have been made to define this entity, now referred to as "non- celiac gluten sensitivity". It includes patients that clinically respond to gluten free diet without exhibiting allergic or autoimmune features to explain such response. Wheat allergy, celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome and symptoms induced by high FODMAPs (Fermentable, Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharides And Polyols) consumption are the main differential diagnoses. The relationship with neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism has not been demonstrated, but currently it gives ground to great hope in families with affected children. Epidemiology of non-celiac gluten sensitivity is not clear. It is described as more common among women and less common in children. Genetic and immune factors, changes in intestinal microbiota and non-gluten components present in wheat grains are main factors postulated in the pathogenesis of this condition. To date, there are no specific biomarkers for non-celiac gluten sensitivity and diagnosis is reached by excluding other causes of disease. A trial with gluten-free diet and subsequent gluten challenge is the methodology most frequently used to confirm diagnosis.

Efecto de la dieta reducida enfodmaps en el manejo desíntomas gastrointestinales / Effect of a low-fodmaps diet in gastrointestinal symptoms

El enfoque de la dieta reducida en Oligosacáridos, Disacáridos, Monosacáridos y Polialcoholes Fermentables (FODMAPs) con el fin de controlar los Síntomas Gastrointestinales (GI), ha sido estudiado principalmente en pacientes con Síndrome de Intestino Irritable (SII). La absorción deficiente, el efecto osmótico y la fermentación bacteriana de los FODMAPs en el intestino son fenómenos normales, donde la aparición de síntomas (distensión, dolor abdominal y alteración de la motilidad intestinal) ocurrirá si la respuesta subyacente es exagerada o anormal. Discusión: La implementación de la Dieta Reducida en FODMAPs (DRF) requiere de una etapa de restricción de los mismos, seguida por una de reintroducción. La evidencia que se dispone a la fecha resulta prometedora en el control de síntomas GI, tanto del SII, Sensibilidad al Gluten No Celíaca (SGNC) y Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal (EII). Asimismo, se ha vinculado el contenido de FODMAPs de las fórmulas enterales con la diarrea asociada a la nutrición enteral. El impacto a largo plazo de la restricción de FODMAPs sobre la microbiota intestinal es aún desconocido.Conclusión: Se requiere de mayor evidencia para poder recomendar la DRF como tratamiento de primera línea. El asesoramiento dietético por parte de un licenciado en nutrición sobre la misma es indispensable para su eficacia...