Diving into the fish pathology of an important commercial fish species: the case of the European hake (Merluccius merluccius Linnaeus, 1758) in the northwest Mediterranean Sea.

The gross pathology and the histopathological alterations identified in juvenile specimens of the European hake (Merluccius merluccius), one of the most important target species of commercial fisheries in the northwest Mediterranean, are described. A qualitative and semi-quantitative histological approach was performed in specimens from 2007 and 2019. Prevalence and mean intensity of parasites and histopathological changes were calculated in both years. No macroscopic alterations were found in any organ but several parasites (e.g., copepods, nematodes, digeneans) were detected. Microscopically, alterations identified in gills included foci of inflammation and hyperplasia (present in 77.38% of hakes from both years), extensive hyperplasia (33.33%), and inflammation (16.65%) that were potentially related to the mechanical effects of monogeneans and copepods, cysts of unknown etiology (62.69%), and lamellar inflammation associated to Aporocotyle spinosicanalis eggs (8.33%). Granulomas and inflammatory focus were detected in the liver, spleen, and stomach, apparently associated with the presence of nematodes. Coelozoic myxosporean parasites were detected within the renal tubules (66.66%). Most of the pathologies detected were similar to those described in other gadoid species (i.e., Gadus morhua) and were usually related to the presence of ecto and endoparasites. The potential impact of parasites on the health of this fish species is discussed for improving the knowledge and management of these valuable fishing stocks.

Effects of dimension reduction of hyperspectral images in skin gross pathology.

BACKGROUND: Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is an emerging modality for the gross pathology of the skin. Spectral signatures of HSI could discriminate malignant from benign tissue. Because of inherent redundancies in HSI and in order to facilitate the use of deep-learning models, dimension reduction is a common preprocessing step. The effects of dimension reduction choice, training scope, and number of retained dimensions have not been evaluated on skin HSI for segmentation tasks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An in-house dataset of HSI signatures from pigmented skin lesions was prepared and labeled with histology. Eleven different dimension reduction methods were used as preprocessing for tumor margin detection with support vector machines. Cluster-wise principal component analysis (ClusterPCA), a new variant of PCA, was proposed. The scope of application for dimension reduction was also investigated. RESULTS: The components produced by ClusterPCA show good agreement with the expected optical properties of skin chromophores. Random forest importance performed best during classification. However, all methods suffered from low sensitivity and generalization. CONCLUSION: Investigation of more complex reduction and segmentation schemes with emphasis on the nature of HSI and optical properties of the skin is necessary. Insights on dimension reduction for skin tissue could facilitate the development of HSI-based systems for cancer margin detection at gross level.

Novel atypical Aeromonas salmonicida bath challenge model for juvenile ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta, Ascanius).

Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida (aAs) is currently one of the most routinely recovered bacterial pathogens isolated during disease outbreaks in farmed cleaner fish, ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta, Ascanius). Vibrionaceae family bacteria have also been isolated from ballan wrasse in Scotland. This study determined the infectivity, pathogenicity and virulence of aAs and Vibrionaceae isolates in juvenile farmed ballan wrasse (n = 50; approx. 2 g) using a bath challenge, and fish were monitored for a period of 16 days. Atypical As caused significant mortalities in contrast to Vibrionaceae isolates. Notably, differential virulence was observed between two aAs vapA type V strains at similar challenge doses. Diseased fish exhibited a systemic infection where aAs was detected in all analysed tissues (liver, spleen and kidney) by PCR and qPCR. Macroscopically, moribund and survivor fish exhibited hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. In moribund and surviving fish, histopathology showed granulomatous hepatitis with eosinophilic granular cells surrounding bacterial colonies and endocarditis along with splenic histiocytosis. This is the first report of a successful aAs bath challenge model for juvenile ballan wrasse which provides an important tool for future studies on vaccine efficacy and immunocompetence.

The prevalence of gross pathological damage in the livers of dairy cattle at processing plants in autumn in the North Island of New Zealand and an assessment of the gross liver pathology score as a method for estimating the prevalence of facial eczema.

AIM: To measure the prevalence of gross pathological damage in the livers of dairy cows at slaughter in the North Island of New Zealand in 2018 and 2019 and to determine, using Bayesian latent class analysis, the specificity and sensitivity of gross liver pathology score (GLS) as a method for detecting moderate to severe facial eczema (FE) at processing plants. METHOD: Meat inspectors at four processing plants located in the Northland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty and Taranaki regions of New Zealand graded all dairy cattle livers on particular days in April and May of 2018 and 2019 using a gross liver pathology score (GLS) from 0-5 (0 = no damage, 1= fatty liver, 2 = cholangitis and early cirrhosis, 3 = cirrhosis, 4 = extensive cirrhosis, 5 = regeneration). Forty livers from each grade were selected for histopathology. Sections from the apical margin of the right and the left lobes were scored using a histology biliary score (HBS; scored from 1-16) based on the classical histological lesions of FE focussing on changes that differentiate FE from fasciolosis. Mean HBS was collapsed into scores 2-6 (no and mild damage) and score 7-12 (moderate and severe) and GLS was collapsed into grades 0-2 (no or mild damage) and grades 3-5 (moderate, severe and chronic damage). A Bayesian latent class model was developed to estimate sensitivity and specificity of HBS and GLS. The diagnostic target was moderate or severe, gross and/or histological changes in the liver consistent with FE. RESULTS: A total of 2,899 dairy cow livers were graded at the four plants over the two study periods. There were 700/2,899 (24.1%) livers with at least some form of gross pathology damage (GLS≥1) and 130/2,899 (4.5%) livers with moderate, severe or chronic gross pathology damage (GLS≥3). The estimates (posterior median) for the sensitivity and specificity of GLS to liver damage were 0.844 (95% credible interval (CrI) = 0.757-0.905) and 0.932 (95% CrI = 0.866-0.973) respectively. Estimates for HBS were 0.834 (95% CrI = 0.765-0.892) and 0.778 (95% CrI = 0.707-0.854), respectively. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: GLS is a useful means of estimating liver damage consistent with FE at slaughter. Increased use of liver scoring at slaughter could be useful for monitoring the likely impacts of FE at the country and regional levels.

The value of avian gross pathology in identifying endocrine disrupting properties.

The European Chemical Agency and European Food Safety Authority recommend that gross pathology findings, from avian reproduction studies, be used to support assessment of potential endocrine disrupting properties of active pesticidal and biocidal substances. In open literature, little information is available on the utility of gross pathology data for informing endocrine evaluations. Here the gross pathology data from historical control groups of 51 northern bobwhite and 51 mallard reproduction tests is analyzed to evaluate the utility of such information. Incidence of gross morphology findings in untreated birds may aid the interpretation of some gross abnormalities, potentially indicative of an endocrine interaction (e.g. reproductive condition). Statistical analysis of the historical control data indicates that gross pathology is not likely to be useful for detecting endocrine effects as abnormalities with relatively high increases in prevalence (more than 20-30%, depending on prevalence in controls) are reliably interpreted as a treatment response. Gross pathology changes are only indicative and not diagnostic of endocrine interactions making it difficult to distinguish gross pathology abnormalities, due to endocrine-mediated effects, from systemic toxicity. This work demonstrates the utility of using historical control analyses to establish the value and properties of selected endpoints for regulatory applications.

Black and white box: Take good gross pathology photographs.

Macroscopic study of surgical samples sent to the histopathology lab provides the first diagnostic approach. Obtaining quality photographs of these pieces facilitates proper case documentation for publication, sharing, teaching and research.This device has been originally designed for enucleated eyes but it could be used for a wide diversity of human or animal samples including thyroids, pituitary glands, prostates… It can be coupled to any smartphone camera.The Black and White Box is an affordable and easy option for taking gross pathology photographs of high quality. In this work we provide full instructions on how to make it.

Pentameric last-digit preference and stage border avoidance in pathology measurement.

AIMS: Cancer treatment relies on accurate staging, an essential aspect of which is determination of the size of a tumour. Measuring the size of a tumour in daily practice often proves problematic and results in rounding of values to approximate values. It has been shown that size values are most frequently reported with end digits of 0 or 5. METHODS AND RESULTS: We sought to determine whether this observation holds true in our national cancer registry of breast and lung tumours. Data from patients with breast and lung cancer were retrieved from the Netherlands National Cancer Registry and analysed for tumour size. Whereas a preference for terminal digits of 0 or 5 (pentameric preference) was clearly present for lung cancer, critical pentameric values at stage boundaries were avoided in breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, pathologists adopt a practical approach to tumour size measurement by rounding values and avoiding stage border boundary values, thus circumventing potential difficulties in treatment decisions.

Appraisal of interpretation criteria for the single intra-dermal comparative cervical tuberculin test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in dromedary camels in Ethiopia.

Dromedary camels are the main sources of milk, meat and income for the Ethiopian pastoralists as they withstand the harsh environments of the regions of the country. Tuberculosis (TB) affects dromedary camels causing morbidity and mortality in these animals. Hence, early diagnosis and identification of infected camels play a significant role in reducing the transmission of TB in camels. This study was conducted on 168 camels between October 2014 and July 2015 to evaluate the performance of single intra-dermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) to diagnose TB in camels. Gross pathology was used as a gold standard to define disease status of each camel. The result showed that at the cutoff value of ≥ 3 mm SICCT had optimum performance with sensitivity and specificity of 60.7 and 85%, respectively. Moreover, at a cutoff ≥ 3 mm, the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) revealed area under the ROC curve was 0.729 (0.615-0.842) which is statistically significant (p = 0.000). Thus, the result of the present study could suggest the use of ≥ 3 mm cutoff value for the diagnosis of TB in dromedary camels in Ethiopia.

Pathological, immunological and molecular epidemiological analysis of lumpy skin disease virus in Indian cattle during a high-mortality epidemic.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically significant, emerging viral disease of Cattle and Buffaloes. This study aimed to investigate the causes of high mortality in a recent LSD epidemic in India. We examined 1618 animals across seventy outbreaks and conducted post-mortem on 48 cattle out of 513 clinically suspected LSD cases. The morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates recorded were 31.70%, 2.97 and 9.37% respectively. Disease stages were categorized as early (20.81%), mid (42.02%), and late (37.17%) and the distribution of skin lesions was classified as mild (34.14%), moderate (39.39%), and severe (26.47%). Post-mortem findings revealed systemic infection with necrotic and ulcerative nodules on multiple internal organs. Histologically, necrotizing vasculitis and mononuclear cell infiltration with intracytoplasmic inclusions were observed in various organs. The highest viral load was found in skin nodules/scabs, trachea, tongue, and lymph nodes. The viral load was significantly higher in mid- and late-stages of skin nodules and internal organs; whereas, blood from early-stage showed high viral load. The expression of Th1-type and Th2-type cytokines varied significantly across different stages of the disease. The downregulation of the apoptotic intrinsic and upregulation of the extrinsic pathway genes, suggesting that the latter plays a role in LSDV infection. Genetic analysis revealed that the LSD virus (LSDV) isolates were derived from a Kenyan ancestral strain with unique nucleotide changes in RPO30 and P32 gene. In conclusion, the high mortality in the recent Indian LSD epidemic can be attributed to a newly identified, highly virulent strain of LSDV causing systemic infection.

Hyperspectral and multispectral image processing for gross-level tumor detection in skin lesions: a systematic review.

SIGNIFICANCE: Skin cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. In the advent of medical digitization and telepathology, hyper/multispectral imaging (HMSI) allows for noninvasive, nonionizing tissue evaluation at a macroscopic level. AIM: We aim to summarize proposed frameworks and recent trends in HMSI-based classification and segmentation of gross-level skin tissue. APPROACH: A systematic review was performed, targeting HMSI-based systems for the classification and segmentation of skin lesions during gross pathology, including melanoma, pigmented lesions, and bruises. The review adhered to the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. For eligible reports published from 2010 to 2020, trends in HMSI acquisition, preprocessing, and analysis were identified. RESULTS: HMSI-based frameworks for skin tissue classification and segmentation vary greatly. Most reports implemented simple image processing or machine learning, due to small training datasets. Methodologies were evaluated on heavily curated datasets, with the majority targeting melanoma detection. The choice of preprocessing scheme influenced the performance of the system. Some form of dimension reduction is commonly applied to avoid redundancies that are inherent in HMSI systems. CONCLUSIONS: To use HMSI for tumor margin detection in practice, the focus of system evaluation should shift toward the explainability and robustness of the decision-making process.

Gross pathology of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5N1 2021-2022 epizootic in naturally infected birds in the United Kingdom.

High pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) clade 2.3.4.4b has re-emerged in the United Kingdom in 2021-2022 winter season, with over 90 cases of HPAIV detected among poultry and captive birds in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Globally, HPAIV H5N1 has also had a wide geographical dispersion, causing outbreaks in Europe, North America, Asia, and Africa, impacting on socioeconomic and wildlife conservation. It is important to raise awareness of the gross pathological features of HPAIV and subsequently aid disease investigation through definition of pathological indicators following natural infection. In this study, we report on the gross pathology of HPAI H5N1 in poultry species (chicken, turkey, pheasant, guineafowl, duck, goose), and captive or wild birds (mute swan, tufted duck, jackdaw, peahen, white-tailed eagle) that tested positive between October 2021 and February 2022. Pancreatic and splenic necrosis were the common pathological findings in both Galliformes and Anseriformes. In addition to the more severe lesions documented in Galliformes, we also noted increased detection of pathological changes in a broader range of Anseriformes particularly in domestic ducks, in contrast to those reported in previous seasons with other H5Nx HPAIV subtypes. A continual effort to characterise the pathological impact of the disease is necessary to update on the presentation of HPAIV for both domestic/captive and wild birds whilst guiding early presumptive diagnosis.

Hyperspectral imaging for tumor segmentation on pigmented skin lesions.

Significance: Malignant skin tumors, which include melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers, are the most prevalent type of malignant tumor. Gross pathology of pigmented skin lesions (PSL) remains manual, time-consuming, and heavily dependent on the expertise of the medical personnel. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) can assist in the detection of tumors and evaluate the status of tumor margins by their spectral signatures. Aim: Tumor segmentation of medical HSI data is a research field. The goal of this study is to propose a framework for HSI-based tumor segmentation of PSL. Approach: An HSI dataset of 28 PSL was prepared. Two frameworks for data preprocessing and tumor segmentation were proposed. Models based on machine learning and deep learning were used at the core of each framework. Results: Cross-validation performance showed that pixel-wise processing achieves higher segmentation performance, in terms of the Jaccard coefficient. Simultaneous use of spatio-spectral features produced more comprehensive tumor masks. A three-dimensional Xception-based network achieved performance similar to state-of-the-art networks while allowing for more detailed detection of the tumor border. Conclusions: Good performance was achieved for melanocytic lesions, but margins were difficult to detect in some cases of basal cell carcinoma. The frameworks proposed in this study could be further improved for robustness against different pathologies and detailed delineation of tissue margins to facilitate computer-assisted diagnosis during gross pathology.

Distinctive Gross Presentation in Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with Rabies.

The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is a popular game species in North America and often lives in close proximity to humans and domestic animals. Deer with neurologic signs are of high interest to the general public and wildlife managers because of disease and safety concerns. Our aim was to describe diagnostic findings from free-ranging white-tailed deer diagnosed with rabies from across the eastern US from 2000 to 2021, with emphasis on gross lesions in the skin and soft tissue overlying the skull. We reviewed diagnostic reports of white-tailed deer cases submitted to the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study for those diagnosed with rabies from 2000 to 2021. Rabies virus infection was confirmed by immunohistochemistry or fluorescent antibody test of brain, or both. Nine adult deer from five states were diagnosed with rabies, including seven (78%) females and two (22%) males. Three (33%) deer were found dead, and six (67%) were humanely dispatched for abnormal behavior. Six deer heads were examined grossly and had lesions, including forehead or periorbital alopecia, cutaneous erythema, abrasions and ulcers, and subcutaneous edema. Histologic examination was performed for eight of nine cases, all of which had intraneuronal eosinophilic inclusion (Negri) bodies in cerebrum, cerebellum, or both. Most (6/8; 75%) had perivascular lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis. Rabies should be considered a differential diagnosis in deer with this pattern of head lesions, suggestive of head rubbing or head pressing.

Antioxidant defense of fish collagen peptides attenuates oxidative stress in gastric mucosa of experimentally ulcer-induced rats.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of fish collagen peptides (FCP) from the skin of great hammerhead shark (Sphyrna mokarran) to avert the occurrence of gastric ulcer in experimental rats. FCP treatment prevented the formation of ulcerative lesions on gastric tissues with 86% of inhibition. The histopathology analysis of gastric tissue revealed that the FCP intake prevented the occurrence of hemorrhage and erosion in gastric tissue with formation of mild edema and necrosis, as well as normalized the pH and volume of gastric juice. It also downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory marker interferon-ɤ (IFN-ɤ) and upregulated the anti-inflammatory marker interleukin-4 (IL-4) in gastric tissue. FCP is capable to modulate the oxidative stress by enhancing the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase and by lowering the levels of membrane lipid peroxidation.

A multidisciplinary approach to optimize primary prostate cancer biobanking.

PURPOSE: Biobanking tissue of high quality and fidelity is imperative for cancer genomics research. Since it is a challenging process, we sought to develop a protocol that improves the fidelity and quantity of biobanked primary prostate cancer (CaP) tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a pilot study evaluating pathologic concordance of biobanked tissue and the radical prostatectomy specimen using either standard protocol (SP) vs. next-generation protocol (NGP). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in clinical and pathologic characteristics (age, BMI, preoperative PSA, prostate weight, race, final prostatectomy Gleason score, or pathologic tumor and nodal stages) between the two protocol arms. Utilization of the NGP compared to the standard protocol resulted in a significantly higher rate of pathologic concordance between the biobanked and RP specimens (61.8% vs. 37.9%, P = 0.0231) as well as a nearly two-fold increase in the amount of biobanked tumor tissue (330 mm3 vs. 174 mm3, P < 0.001). When looking at relevant clinical and pathologic characteristics, NGP was associated with pathologic concordance on both univariate [OR 2.65 (95% CI 1.13-6.21), P = 0.025] and multivariate analysis [OR 3.11 (95% CI 1.09-8.88), P = 0.034]. CONCLUSIONS: Our study validates the NGP as a multidisciplinary approach for improving the fidelity and amount of biobanked primary CaP tissue for future studies. Given the challenges to banking tissue from primary CaP as tumors are often difficult to visualize grossly and are frequently multifocal, optimizing the fidelity and volume of biobanked tissue is an important step forward to improve the generalizability of genomic data as we move towards precision medicine.

A detailed macroscopic scoring system for experimental post-traumatic Osteoarthritis in the equine middle carpal joint.

OBJECTIVE: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a significant health issue in humans as well as horses. Experimental models of equine carpal OA have been used to investigate OA pathogenesis and potential therapeutic candidates. A 5-scale scoring system (OARSI) for macroscopic pathological cartilage changes already exists, but there is a need for a scoring system with better differentiation of severity. The aim of this study was therefore to develop and validate such a scoring system. RESULTS: New scoring system were developed for cartilage erosions (Copenhagen Equine Total Cartilage Score, CEqTCS) along with synovial membrane pathology and osteochondral fragment healing (Copenhagen Equine Carpal Osteoarthritis Score, CEqCOAS). For the CEqTCS there was excellent intraclass agreement (ICC = 0.993; CI 0.985-0.996; p = 1.08e-31) and consistency (ICC = 0.992; CI 0.985-0.996; p = 4.61e-31), as well as excellent interclass agreement (ICC = 0.974; CI 0.948-0.987, p = 2e-22) and consistency (ICC = 0.973; CI 0.946-0.987; p = 2.77e-22), while the OARSI system had moderate (κ = 0.47) and weak (κ = 0.28) inter- and intra-class agreement, respectively. The OARSI score and the CEqTCS correlated excellently, but every OARSI grade encompassed a wide range of CEqTCS grades. The new score for assessment of equine OA provides means to a better differentiation of OA changes than the existing OARSI system.

Inconspicuous post-mortem findings in rabbits from Switzerland naturally -infected with Rabbit Haemorrhagic -Disease Virus 2.

INTRODUCTION: Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus 2 (RHDV-2) emerged in France in 2010. In Switzerland, RHDV-2 was first identified in 2015 and apparently has almost replaced the classical Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) by now. Like RHDV, RHDV-2 causes a viral hepatitis with a peracute course and an increased mortality rate within the rabbitry. RHDV infection causes consistent gross pathological findings, especially in the liver and respiratory tract. Reports about gross pathology for animals naturally infected with RHDV-2 is scarce. The present study analysed the anamnesis and necropsy reports of 35 rabbits examined during routine diagnostics between March 2015 and May 2017. A reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) specific for RHDV-2 and RHDV proved a total of 25 animals to be positive for RHDV-2, while none was positive for RHDV. Additionally, histological examinations were performed on liver, lung, and kidney of 18 rabbits that had tested positive by RHDV-2 RT-qPCR. The anamnestic report more often stated an increased mortality rate in RHDV-2 positive (16/18, 89 %) compared to RHDV-2 negative rabbits (3/9, 33 %). Gross pathology did not reveal any pathognomonic changes in RHDV-2 positive animals. Histologically, the liver showed the most severe lesions followed by lung and kidney. Animals positive for RHDV-2 frequently showed signs of gastro-intestinal disease (n = 5) and/or septicaemia (n = 6) masking possible indicators of an RHDV-2 infection, such as the rather unspecific findings of an enlarged spleen or an enlarged, friable, tan-coloured liver. The authors want to raise awareness among clinicians and pathologists that in case of sudden death in commercial or pet rabbits, RHDV-2 needs to be considered as differential diagnosis and should be confirmed by laboratory diagnosis.

INTRODUCTION: Le virus 2 de la maladie hémorragique du lapin (RHDV-2) est apparu en France en 2010. En Suisse, le RHDV-2 a été identifié pour la première fois en 2015 et semble avoir presque remplacé le virus classique de la maladie hémorragique du lapin (RHDV). Comme le RHDV, le RHDV-2 provoque une hépatite virale avec une évolution suraiguë et un taux de mortalité élevé chez les lapins. L'infection par le RHDV entraîne des constatations pathologiques bruts cohérents, notamment au niveau du foie et des voies respiratoires. Les rapports sur la pathologie macroscopique des animaux naturellement infectés par le RHDV-2 sont rares. La présente étude a analysé les rapports d'anamnèse et de nécropsie de 35 lapins examinés lors de diagnostics de routine entre mars 2015 et mai 2017. Une réaction en chaîne par polymérase en temps réel à la transcriptase inverse (RT-qPCR) spécifique pour le RHDV-2 et le RHDV a prouvé qu'un total de 25 animaux étaient positifs pour le RHDV-2, tandis qu'aucun n'était positif pour le RHDV. De plus, des examens histologiques ont été réalisés sur le foie, les poumons et les reins de 18 lapins qui avaient été testés positifs par RT-qPCR pour le RHDV-2. Le rapport anamnestique faisait plus souvent état d'un taux de mortalité accru chez les lapins RHDV-2 positifs (16/18, 89 %) que chez les lapins RHDV-2 négatifs (3/9, 33 %). La pathologie macroscopique n'a révélé aucun changement pathognomonique chez les animaux RHDV-2 positifs. Sur le plan histologique, le foie présentait les lésions les plus graves, suivi des poumons et des reins. Les animaux positifs pour le RHDV-2 présentaient fréquemment des signes de maladie gastro-intestinale (n = 5) et/ou de septicémie (n = 6) masquant les indicateurs possibles d'une infection par le RHDV-2, tels que les découvertes plutôt peu spécifiques d'une rate hypertrophiée ou d'un foie hypertrophié, friable et de couleur beige. Les auteurs souhaitent sensibiliser les cliniciens et les pathologistes au fait qu'en cas de mort subite chez des lapins d'élevage ou de compagnie, le RHDV-2 doit être considéré comme un diagnostic différentiel et doit être confirmé par un diagnostic de laboratoire.

Comparison of gross pathology inspection and 9.4 T magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of radiofrequency ablation lesions in the left ventricle of the swine heart.

Aims: Gross pathology inspection (patho) is the gold standard for the morphological evaluation of focal myocardial pathology. Examination with 9.4 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a new method for very accurate display of myocardial pathology. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that lesions can be measured on high-resolution MRI images with the same accuracy as on pathological sections and compare these two methods for the evaluation of radiofrequency (RF) ablation lesion dimensions in swine heart tissue during animal experiment. Methods: Ten pigs underwent radiofrequency ablations in the left ventricle during animal experiment. After animal euthanasia, hearts were explanted, flushed with ice-cold cardioplegic solution to relax the whole myocardium, fixed in 10% formaldehyde and scanned with a 9.4 T magnetic resonance system. Anatomical images were processed using ImageJ software. Subsequently, the hearts were sliced, slices were photographed and measured in ImageJ software. Different dimensions and volumes were compared. Results: The results of both methods were statistically compared. Depth by MRI was 8.771 ± 2.595 mm and by patho 9.008 ± 2.823 mm; p = 0.198. Width was 10.802 ± 2.724 mm by MRI and 11.125 ± 2.801 mm by patho; p = 0.049. Estuary was 2.006 ± 0.867 mm by MRI and 2.001 ± 0.872 mm by patho; p = 0.953. The depth at the maximum diameter was 4.734 ± 1.532 mm on MRI and 4.783 ± 1.648 mm from the patho; p = 0.858. The volumes of the lesions calculated using a formula were 315.973 ± 257.673 mm3 for MRI and 355.726 ± 255.860 mm3 for patho; p = 0.104. Volume directly measured from MRI with the "point-by-point" method was 671.702 ± 362.299 mm3. Conclusion: Measurements obtained from gross pathology inspection and MRI are fully comparable. The advantage of MRI is that it is a non-destructive method enabling repeated measurements in all possible anatomical projections.

Engage in Exploration: Pathology Gross Laboratory in the COVID-Era.

The outbreak of Covid-19 has changed education, including the mechanism of delivery of gross pathology laboratories. Herein, we describe how we revised our preclinical gross pathology lab to a flipped model to fit with COVID-19 regulations. A series of short, session objective-driven videos are made available online. Students are expected to watch the videos before coming to the hands-on lab. Groups of 2 students enter the gross lab on a timed basis and rotate through a series of stations. At each station, students examine gross pathology specimens while answering questions designed to apply the clinical correlation of pathophysiology and heighten observational skills. One or 2 pathologists are available throughout the lab session to address the questions from the students. The design of this laboratory exercise maintains appropriate distancing and hygiene in the time of COVID-19. The laboratory rooms are mapped to set up an appropriate number of timed stations. Flow-through of the rooms is unidirectional. Comparing with the traditional show-and-tell of teaching gross pathology, the renovated flipped model is genuinely student-centered and focuses on active learning. Holding the specimen in their hands, students learn from discovery as they are completely engaged by exploring the specimen and deriving answers themselves. The flipped learning gross pathology method has been very well received and evaluated highly by both faculty and students.

Gross Pathology of Routine Pediatric Tonsillectomy Specimens: Optimizing the Value of Patient Care.

OBJECTIVE: This investigation seeks to evaluate the effect of gross pathologic analysis on our management of patients undergoing routine tonsillectomy and to evaluate charges and reimbursement. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review from 2005 through 2016. SETTING: Academic medical center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Participants were pediatric patients aged 14 years and younger undergoing tonsillectomy for either sleep-disordered breathing or tonsillitis, with tonsillectomy specimens evaluated by pathology, and without any risk factors for pediatric malignancy. Records were reviewed for demographics, surgical indications, and pathology. Abnormal reports prompted an in-depth review of the chart. Charges and reimbursement related to both hospital and professional fees for gross tonsil analysis were evaluated. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2016, 3183 routine pediatric tonsillectomy cases were performed with corresponding specimens that were sent for gross analysis revealing no significant pathologic findings; 1841 were males and 1342 were females. Ten cases underwent microscopy by pathologist order, revealing normal tonsillar tissue. The mean charge per patient for gross analysis was $60.67 if tonsils were together as 1 specimen and $77.67 if tonsils were sent as 2 separate specimens; respective reimbursement amounts were $28.74 and $35.90. CONCLUSIONS: Gross pathologic analysis did not change our management of routine pediatric tonsillectomy patients. Foregoing the practice at our institution would eliminate $19,171.72 to $24,543.72 in charges and $9081.40 to $11,344.40 in reimbursement per year. Eliminating this test would improve the value of patient care by saving health care resources without compromising clinical outcomes.