[Therapeutic restraint management in Intensive Care Units: Phenomenological approach to nursing reality]. / Manejo de la inmovilización terapéutica en Unidades de Cuidados Críticos: aproximación fenomenológica a la realidad enfermera.

AIMS: To identify nursing experience on physical restraint management in Critical Care Units. To analyse similarities and differences in nursing experience on physical restraint management according to the clinical context that they are involved in. METHOD: A multicentre phenomenological study was carried out including 14 Critical Care Units in Madrid, classified according to physical restraint use: Common/systematic use, lacking/personalised use, and mixed use. Five focus groups (23 participants were selected following purposeful sampling) were convened, concluding in data saturation. Data analysis was focused on thematic content analysis following Colaizzi's method. FINDINGS: Six main themes: Physical restraint meaning in Critical Care Units, safety (self-retreat vital devices), contribution factors, feelings, alternatives, and pending issues. Although some themes are common to the 3 Critical Care Unit types, discourse differences are found as regards to indication, feelings, systematic use of pain and sedation measurement tools. CONCLUSIONS: In order to achieve real physical restraint reduction in Critical Care Units, it is necessary to have a deep understanding of restraints use in the specific clinical context. As self-retreat vital devices emerge as central concept, some interventions proposed in other settings could not be effective, requiring alternatives for critical care patients. Discourse variations laid out in the different Critical Care Unit types could highlight key items that determine the use and different attitudes towards physical restraint.

[Translated article] Immobilisation with compression bandage vs. antebraquial splint in distal radius fractures operated by open reduction and locking plate. Randomised clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, there is a lack of prospective studies to unify criteria about type and time for postoperative immobilisation in surgical distal radius fractures. The aim of this study is to compare functional and radiological results in two groups of distal radius fractures treated with internal fixation with locking plate, and immobilised with antebrachial splint or compression bandage for 3 weeks. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A randomised clinical trial was carried out with two parallel groups with 3, 6, and 12 weeks of follow-up. Main and secondary functional variables were measured, such as pain on VAS scale, values on PRWE, DASH and MRS scale, range of motion in flexion-extension, complications, etc. In addition, some radiological variables were measured at preoperative period and one week after surgery, such as union time, dorsal displacement, shortening, ulnar variance, etc. RESULTS: A total of 62 patients were evaluated: 27 immobilised with bandage and 35 with splint. Analysis of the results obtained showed significant differences in both groups for almost all radiological variables from pre to postoperative period, and for all functional variables from 3 to 12 weeks after surgery. No significant differences were found between the two groups for any of the radiological and functional variables evaluated (VAS 3-12 weeks: p=.584; PWRE 3-12 weeks: p=.248; flexion range of motion 3-12 weeks: p=.959; extension range of motion: p=.50; union time: p=.89). CONCLUSIONS: We do not find clinical or radiological differences between immobilisation with antebrachial splint or compression bandage for distal radius fractures operated with locking plate. A greater number of patients and follow-up are necessary to extrapolate the results to the general population and to establish criteria for good postoperative management of these fractures.

Mortality risk factors for adult trauma patients treated with halo brace for cervical spine fracture.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Halo braces treat upper cervical spine fractures and serve as the most rigid form of external immobilization. Recently, halo braces have lost favor due to known complications and advances in surgical stabilization. This study aims to determine the contemporary incidence for use of halo braces and identify risk factors associated with mortality in trauma patients undergoing halo brace for cervical spine fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 2017-2019 Trauma Quality Improvement Program Database was queried for patients ≥18 years-old with a cervical spine fracture undergoing halo brace. Patients sustaining penetrating trauma and severe torso injuries (abbreviated injury scale >3 for the abdomen or thorax) were excluded. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: From 144,434 patients with a cervical spine fracture, 272 (0.2%) underwent halo brace and 14 (5%) of these died. Those who died were older (73.5 vs. 53 years-old, p = 0.011) and had higher rates of hypertension (78.6% vs 33.1%, p < 0.001) and chronic kidney disease (14.3% vs. 1.2%, p < 0.001). Glasgow Coma Scale ≤8 (46.2% vs. 8.2%, p < 0.001) and cervical spinal cord injury (71.4% vs. 21.3%, p < 0.001) were more common in patients who died. In addition, those who died more often sustained respiratory complications (7.1% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.004) and sepsis (7.1% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.004). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, only Glasgow Coma Scale ≤8 (OR 19.77, 3.04-128.45, p = 0.002) was associated with increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Only 5% of cervical spine fracture patients undergoing halo brace died. Respiratory complications and sepsis were more common in those who died. On multivariable analysis only Glasgow Coma Scale ≤8 remained an independent associated risk factor for mortality.

Immobilization with compression bandage vs antebraquial splint in distal radius fractures operated by open reduction and locking plate. Randomized clinical trial. / Inmovilización con vendaje compresivo vs férula antebraquial en fracturas de radio distal intervenidas mediante reducción abierta y placa bloqueada. Ensayo clínico aleatorizado.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, there is a lack of prospective studies to unify criteria about type and time for postoperative immobilization in surgical distal radius fractures. The aim of this study is to compare functional and radiological results in two groups of distal radius fractures treated with internal fixation with locking plate, and immobilized with antebrachial splint or compression bandage for 3weeks. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A randomized clinical trial was carried out with two parallel groups with 3, 6, and 12weeks of follow-up. Main and secondary functional variables were measured, such as pain on VAS scale, values on PRWE, DASH and MRS scale, range of motion in flexion-extension, complications, etc. In addition, some radiological variables were measured at preoperative period and one week after surgery, such as union time, dorsal displacement, shortening, ulnar variance, etc. RESULTS: A total of 62 patients were evaluated: 27 immobilized with bandage and 35 with splint. Analysis of the results obtained showed significant differences in both groups for almost all radiological variables from pre to postoperative period, and for all functional variables from 3 to 12weeks after surgery. No significant differences were found between the two groups for any of the radiological and functional variables evaluated (VAS 3-12weeks: P=.584; PWRE 3-12weeks: P=.248; flexion range of motion 3-12weeks: P=.959; extension range of motion: P=.50; union time: P=.89). CONCLUSIONS: We do not find clinical or radiological differences between immobilization with antebrachial splint or compression bandage for distal radius fractures operated with locking plate. A greater number of patients and follow-up are necessary to extrapolate the results to the general population and to establish criteria for good postoperative management of these fractures.

Prospective study about orthopaedic treatment of fifth metacarpal neck fractures. / Estudio prospectivo sobre el tratamiento conservador de las fracturas de cuello de quinto metacarpiano.

INTRODUCTION: The fifth metacarpal neck fracture is traditionally treated with closed reduction and intrinsic plus cast immobilization. Another alternative and more functional treatment is the syndactylia. The aim of our study is to compare both treatments searching for any differences in their functional outcomes. METHOD: We did a prospective, controlled, masked, randomized cohort study with patients over 18 years old attended from May 2019 to May 2020 in Vigo's Sanitary Area with this injure and an angle below 40°. The collected data was: sex, age, fracture angle, range of motion of the metacarpophalangeal articulation (MCFA), grip strength, pain, fracture consolidation, Quick DASH and comfort 4 and 6 weeks after the injury. RESULTS: 39 men and 1 woman were included in the sample. 36.1 years old as the age average. 90% of the injuries affected the right hand, being all the patients right-handed, finding statistically significant differences in MCFA flexion within 4 weeks and in grade of discomfort, both in favour of the syndactylia (p<0.05). Any of the other collected data was statistically significant. Every fracture achieved consolidation at the end of the follow-up. CONCLUSION: Following the results, we consider both immobilizations good treatment options of these fractures; nevertheless, syndactylia has proven an earlier MCFA flexion recovery and a better tolerance.

Self-extraction with and without a cervical collar: a biomechanical simulation study. / Comparación biomecánica de la autoextracción con y sin collarín cervical: estudio de simulación.

OBJECTIVES: To compare self-extraction with and without a cervical collar in subjects at low risk of cervical spine injuries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Simulation study analyzing biomechanical data from inertial sensors to detect misalignment of the cervical spine during self-extraction with and without a cervical collar. RESULTS: Misalignment was a mean (SD) 3.12 (34.62) degrees greater during self-extraction with a Stiffneck collar in place (95% CI, -15.33 to 21.57 degrees; P=.7234) than during extraction without a collar. Misalignment was also greater, by 5.95 (31.76) degrees, with an X-collar in place (95% CI, -10.98 to 22.87; P=.4654) than without a collar. The between-collar comparison of differences showed that misalignment was 2.83 (12.10) degrees greater with the X-collar (95% CI, -3.62 to 9.27 degrees; P=.3650). CONCLUSION: Misalignment of the cervical spinal column is similar during self-extraction with or without a cervical collar in place.

OBJETIVO: Comparar la autoextracción (AE) frente a la AE con collarines en sujetos con bajo riesgo de lesión cervical. METODO: Estudio de simulación mediante análisis biomecánico con sensores inerciales, determinando la desalineación de la columna cervical durante la AE con y sin collarines cervicales. RESULTADOS: El desequilibrio fue 3,12 (DE 34,62) grados mayor con el collarín STIFNECK (SN) (IC al 95% de ­15,33 a 21,57; p =0,7234) que con AE y también 5,95 (DE 31,76) grados mayor con collarín X-COLLAR (XC) (IC al 95% de ­10,98 a 22,87; p = 0,4654) que con AE. Cuando comparamos la AE con los diferentes tipos de collarines, observamos que con el collarín XC se produjeron 2,83 (DE 12,10) grados de desalineación más que con el collarín SN (IC al 95% de ­3,62 a 9,27; p = 0,3650). CONCLUSIONES: La desalineación de la columna cervical mediante la AE es similar a la provocada cuando se aplican collarines cervicales.

Imobilidade e síndrome da imobilidade: implicações para a saúde da pessoa idosa / Immobility and immobility syndrome: implications for the health of the elderly / Síndrome de inmovilidad e inmovilidad: implicaciones para lasalud de las personas mayores

Objetivo: Extrair evidências científicas na literatura acerca dos fatores que podem causar imobilidade ou síndrome da imobilidade no idoso e possíveis intervenções. Métodos: Estudo do tipo revisão integrativa da literatura, realizado durante os meses de dezembro de 2019 a julho de 2020 por meio de buscas de evidências nas seguintes bases de dados: Medline, Scielo, Lilacs, Pubmed, Cinahl, Web of Science, Cochrane/Librany, Ebsco, Embase e Scorpus. Resultados: Foram identificadas 1656 produções, sendo selecionados dez estudos para a elaboração desta revisão. A maior parte das investigações foi produzida no Brasil, e as demais na Espanha, em Portugal, na Austrália e nos Estados Unidos. Os estudos evidenciaram que as causas da imobilidade no idoso são multifatoriais, que requerem intervenções específicas e adequadas, visando prevenir a imobilidade e a síndrome da imobilidade, suas consequências e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos idosos. Conclusão: Ressalta-se a necessidade de construir um instrumento que possibilite avaliar a síndrome da imobilidade no idoso, a fim de direcionar o cuidado individualizado e específico, assim como, promover a qualificação de profissionais na área de Gerontologia. (AU)

Objective: To extract scientific evidence in the literature about the factors that can cause immobility or immobility syndrome in the elderly and possible interventions. Methods: Study of the integrative literature review type performed from evidence searches in the databases: Medline, Scielo, Lilacs, Pubmed, Cinahl, Web of Science, Cochrane/Librany, Ebsco, Embase and Scorpus, during the months of December from 2019 to July 2020. Results: 1,656 productions were identified, and 10 studies were selected for the preparation of this review. Most of the investigations were produced in Brazil and the rest in Spain, Portugal, Australia and the United States. Studies have shown that the causes that compromise mobility in the elderly are multifactorial; indicate the need for specific and appropriate interventions, aimed at preventing immobility and immobility syndrome, and their consequences, with a view to improving the quality of life of the elderly. Conclusion: It points to the need to build an instrument to assess the immobility syndrome in the elderly, in order to guide individualized and specific care, as well as the importance of training professionals in the field of gerontology. (AU)

Objetivo: Extraer evidencia científica enla literatura sobre losfactores que pueden provocar inmovilidad o síndrome de inmovilidad em el anciano y posibles intervenciones. Métodos: Estudio del tipo de revisión integrativa de la literatura realizada a partir de búsquedas de evidencia em las bases de datos: Medline, Scielo, Lilacs, Pubmed, Cinahl, Web of Science, Cochrane / Librany, Ebsco, Embase y Scorpus, durante los meses de diciembre de 2019 a julio. 2020. Resultados: se identificaron 1.656 producciones y se seleccionaron 10 estudios para laelaboración de esta revisión. La mayoría de lasinvestigaciones se produjeronen Brasil y el resto em España, Portugal, Australia y Estados Unidos. Los estudioshan demostrado que las causas que comprometenlamovilidad em losancianossonmultifactoriales; indicanlanecesidad de intervenciones específicas y adecuadas, dirigidas a prevenir lainmovilidad y el síndrome de inmovilidad, y sus consecuencias, con miras a mejorarlacalidad de vida de las personas mayores. Conclusión: Es necesario construir un instrumento para evaluar el síndrome de inmovilidad em el anciano, com el fin de orientar cuidados individualizados y específicos, así como la importancia de formar professional esenel campo de la gerontología. (AU)

Differences in lung function after the use of 2 extrication systems: a randomized crossover trial. / Análisis de las variaciones en la función respiratoria tras la utilización de dos sistemas de extricación.

OBJECTIVES: The main purpose of this study in healthy volunteers was to compare the lung function effects of 2 extrication devices that use spinal vests: the Kendrick Extrication Device (KED) and the Ferno KED-XT board. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Randomized crossover trial in 50 healthy adult volunteers. The subjects were placed in the KED and KED-XT devices for 5 minutes each and rested for 10 minutes between devices. Assignment to the first device was randomized. Each subject underwent spirometry at baseline and after placement of each device. The subjects were seated for all tests. The main outcome measures were the mean absolute differences between baseline and other measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and the FVC/FEV1 ratio. RESULTS: Use of the devices led to statistically significant mean decreases from baseline FVC (KED-XT, -0.48 L; 95% CI, -0.16 to -0.81 L [P=.016] and KED, -0.79 L; 95% CI, -0.44 to -1.13 L [P<.001]) and from baseline FEV1 (KED-XT, -0.35 L/s; 95% CI, -0.14 to -0.56 L/s [P=.002] and KED, -0.52 L/s; 95% CI, -0.31 to -0.72 L/s [P<.001]). The decrease in FVC was greater after use of the KED device (mean difference, KED vs KED-XT, -0.30 L; 95% CI, -0.08 to -0.69 L [P<.016]). CONCLUSION: The use of spinal vests leads to decreases in lung function variables. The KED vest causes a greater decrease in FVC than the new KED-XT board, possibly because the crossed straps on the board compress the abdomen less.

OBJETIVO: El objetivo principal del estudio fue comparar el efecto en la función pulmonar de dos chalecos espinales (Kendrick Extrication Device® ­KED­ y Ferno-XT® ­KED-XT­) entre sujetos voluntarios sanos. METODO: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado de un solo brazo cruzado que se llevó a cabo en 50 sujetos adultos voluntarios sanos. Se aplicó cada uno de los dispositivos, KED y KED-XT, durante 5 minutos con un periodo de descanso entre ellos de 10 minutos. Se realizó una espirometría basal y otra después de la aplicación de cada uno de los dispositivos en sedestación. Las variables de resultado principales fueron la diferencia absoluta de medias de la capacidad vital forzada (FVC), el volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (FEV1) y el coeficiente FEV1/FVC entre el momento basal y tras la aplicación de los dispositivos KED y KED-XT. RESULTADOS: La aplicación de los dispositivos hizo disminuir de forma estadísticamente significativa respecto a la situación basal la FVC (diferencia de medias de FCV KED-XT = ­0,48 l [IC95% ­0,16 a ­0,81 l]; p = 0,016 y diferencia de medias de FCV KED = ­0,79 l [IC95% ­0,44 a ­1,13 l]; p < 0,001) y la FEV1 (diferencia de medias de FEV1 KED-XT = ­0,35 l/s [IC95% ­0,14 a ­0,56 l/s]; p = 0,002 y diferencia de medias de FCV KED = ­0,52 l/s [IC95% ­0,31 a ­0,72 l/s]; p < 0,001). El KED produjo una mayor disminución de la FVC que el KED-XT (diferencia de medias de FCV KED vs KED-XT = ­0,30 l [IC95% ­0,08 a ­0,69 l]; p < 0,016). CONCLUSIONES: Los chalecos espinales producen una diminución de los parámetros de la función pulmonar. El dispositivo KED produjo una mayor disminución de la FVC, en comparación con el nuevo dispositivo KED-XT, posiblemente por el diseño de fijaciones oblicuas que no comprimen tanto el abdomen.

Intubation through 2 supraglottic airway device in cervical spine immobilization: a randomized trial of residents' use of the intubating laryngeal mask airway and the intubating laryngeal tube in manikins. / Intubación realizada por profesionales sin experiencia en un maniquí mediante un dispositivo de vía aérea supraglótico con inmovilización de la columna cervical: comparación entre el uso de la máscara laríngea de intubación y el tubo de intubación laríngea.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the intubating laryngeal mask (iLM) airway and the new intubating laryngeal tube (iLTS-D) in use by residents with minimal previous intubation experience during simulated conditions of reduced cervical spine mobility. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty first-year residents in anesthesiology participated in the study (18 women). All participants had minimal intubation experience (fewer than 10 previously performed intubations) and were novices in the specialty. Both devices were used by each participant after random assignment of order. We recorded the time required to insert the device and start to ventilate through it (T1) and the time from insertion and intubation to successful ventilation (T2). Efficacy of intubation and each resident's assessment of ease of use were also assessed.Observational study using biomechanical inertial sensors to detect movement in the spinal column during removal of helmets. RESULTS: The residents' mean (SD) T1 values were similar for the 2 devices (iLMA, 15.3 [5.5] seconds; iLTS-D, 15.4 [5.5] seconds; P=.938). T2 was shorter with the iLTS-D (25.4 [8.6] seconds vs 31.9 [8.8] seconds with the iLMA; P=.005). There were no failed intubation attempts with the iLTS-D. CONCLUSION: The new iLTS-D may be a good alternative to the iLMA because a patient can be intubated and successfully ventilated in less time. The rate of successful intubation is also better with the iLTS-D.

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el uso de la mascarilla de intubación laríngea y el reciente tubo de intubación laríngea en manos de residentes con poca experiencia previa en intubación, simulando condiciones de movilidad reducida en la columna cervical. METODO: Treinta residentes de anestesia de primer año participaron en el estudio (18 mujeres). Todos ellos tenían una experiencia mínima en intubación (< 10 intubaciones realizadas previamente). Los dos dispositivos fueron utilizados por cada participante con asignación al azar del orden. Se registró tanto el tiempo requerido para insertar el dispositivo supraglótico y ventilar a través de él (T1), como el tiempo de colocación del tubo hasta la intubación y ventilación con éxito (T2). También se evaluó la eficacia de la intubación y la facilidad de su uso. RESULTADOS: El tiempo medio requerido para insertar el dispositivo de vía aérea supraglótica y ventilar a través de él fue similar para ambos dispositivos estudiados (15,3 s [DE 5,5] vs 15,4 s [DE 5.5]; p = 0,938). El tubo de intubación laríngea se asoció con un menor tiempo desde su inserción hasta la intubación y ventilación exitosa (25,4 s [DE 8,6] vs 31,9 s [SD 8,8], p = 0,005). No hubo intubaciones fallidas con el uso del tubo de intubación laríngea. CONCLUSIONES: El nuevo tubo laríngeo puede ser una buena alternativa a la mascarilla laríngea, ya que acorta el tiempo requerido para intubar y ventilar con éxito el paciente. También mejora la tasa de intubaciones exitosas.

Restrição do movimento da coluna: uma análise do conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem / Restricted movement of the spine: an analysis of the knowledge of nursing professionals / Restricción del movimiento de la columna vertebral: un análisis del conocimiento de los profesionales de enfermería

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar o conhecimento de profissionais de enfermagem sobre restrição do movimento da coluna em vítimas de trauma e descrever a tomada de decisão. Método: Estudo exploratório, descritivo, quali-quantitativo. Realizou-se entrevista semiestruturada com 27 profissionais de enfermagem de serviços de emergência hospitalar e pré-hospitalar em São Leopoldo, Brasil, em março de 2022. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e análise de conteúdo. Resultados: 48% dos profissionais tinham conhecimento quanto às recomendações atuais; a maioria atuantes no pré-hospitalar. A cervicalgia/lombalgia foi a indicação predominante. Na categoria "a tomada de decisão e a transição do cuidado", identificou-se falta de padronização nas condutas do intra-hospitalar, enfatizando a importância da sequência no atendimento e confiança entre profissionais. Considerações finais: Identificou-se pouca apropriação das equipes do intra-hospitalar sobre as atuais evidências, falta de padronização nas condutas e dificuldades na transição do cuidado entre os serviços.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze nursing professionals' knowledge about restricting spinal movement in trauma victims and describe their decision-making. Method: An exploratory, descriptive, qualitative-quantitative study. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 27 nursing professionals from hospital and pre-hospital emergency services in São Leopoldo, Brazil, in March 2022. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Results: 48% of the professionals knew the current recommendations; most worked in pre-hospital care. Cervicalgia/lumbago was the predominant indication. In the category "decision making and the transition of care", a lack of standardization in in-hospital conduct was identified, emphasizing the importance of sequence in care and trust between professionals. Final considerations: It was found that in-hospital teams had little knowledge of the current evidence, a lack of standardization in procedures, and difficulties in the transition of care between services.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los conocimientos de los profesionales de enfermería sobre la restricción del movimiento de la columna vertebral en víctimas de traumatismos y describir su toma de decisiones. Método: Un estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, cualitativo-cuantitativo. Se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada a 27 profesionales de enfermería de los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios y prehospitalarios de São Leopoldo, Brasil, en marzo de 2022. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y análisis de contenido. Resultados: El 48% de los profesionales conocía las recomendaciones actuales; la mayoría de ellos trabajaba en atención prehospitalaria. La cervicalgia/lumbago fue la indicación predominante. En la categoría "toma de decisiones y transición de los cuidados", se detectó una falta de normalización en la conducta intrahospitalaria, lo que subraya la importancia de la secuencia en los cuidados y la confianza entre los profesionales. Consideraciones finales: Se identificó que los equipos intrahospitalarios tenían escaso conocimiento de las evidencias actuales, que había una falta de normalización en los procedimientos y dificultades en la transición de la atención entre los servicios.

Cacería para autoconsumo durante la pandemia de COVID-19: el caso de las comunidades Matsigenkas del Parque Nacional del Manu

En este trabajo, se hipotetiza el periodo de aislamiento, la inmovilización y la migración inversa que sucedidos durante la pandemia del COVID-19 (años 2020 y 2021) incrementaron la capacidad de caza de las comunidades Matsigenkas asentadas en el Parque Nacional del Manu (PN Manu). Para esto, evaluamos los cambios en los patrones del volumen de extracción de la caza a través de un monitoreo participativo utilizando el modelo de monitoreo de la intensidad de cacería. Se evidenció que hubo un incremento de la capacidad de caza de las comunidades nativas. Los volúmenes más altos de extracción y el mayor incremento del número de cazadores, esfuerzo y área de cacería se dieron en el periodo 2020 - 2021, cuando las medidas de aislamiento e inmovilización fueron establecidas. Sin embargo, hubo una disminución de los indicadores para la temporada 2021 - 2022, año en que se flexibilizaron las medidas de aislamiento y se dio la reactivación económica, permitiendo que las personas retornaran a sus actividades económicas y educativas fuera del PN Manu. Se debe considerar que los efectos de solo un año de pandemia sobre los medios de subsistencia de las comunidades pudieron afectar la abundancia de la fauna silvestre, donde el mono maquisapa y mono choro (especies vulnerables) tuvieron altos incrementos de extracción. Por otro lado, nuestros resultados indicarían que el buen estado de conservación del PN Manu permitió la provisión de alimentos a las comunidades durante la pandemia. Se recomienda la planificación de programas que mitiguen los efectos negativos de pandemias o eventos semejantes, además se señala la importancia de medir el grado de resiliencia de las principales especies de caza, ya que el incremento de caza también podría tener efectos sobre la seguridad alimentaria de estas comunidades.

In this work, we hypothesize that the period of isolation, immobilization, and reverse migration that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic (years 2020 and 2021) increased the hunting capacity of the Matsigenka communities settled in Manu National Park (PN Manu). To evaluate this, we assessed changes in hunting volume patterns through participatory monitoring using the hunting intensity monitoring model. It was evident that there was an increase in the hunting capacity of Matsigenka communities. The highest extraction volumes and the greatest increase in the number of hunters, hunting effort, and hunting area occurred in the 2020-2021 period, the year in which isolation and immobilization measures were established. However, there was a decrease in the indicators for the 2021-2022 period, the year in which isolation measures were relaxed and economic reactivation occurred, allowing people to return to their economic and educational activities outside PN Manu. It should be considered that the effects of only one year of the pandemic on the livelihoods of the communities could have affected the abundance of wildlife, with vulnerable species such as maquisapa monkeys and choro monkeys experiencing high extraction rates. On the other hand, our results indicate that the good conservation status of PN Manu provided food provisions for the communities during the pandemic. Planning programs to mitigate the negative effects of pandemics or similar events is recommended, and the importance of measuring the resilience of key hunting species is emphasized, as increased hunting could also have effects on the food security of these communities.

[Kinematic analysis of the spine during placement on 2 transfer devices: a spinal backboard and a scoop stretcher]. / Análisis cinemático de la columna vertebral durante la colocación de dos dispositivos de transferencia: tablero espinal frente a camilla de cuchara.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze and compare measurements of spine kinematics during prehospital emergency responders' placement of a patient on a spinal backboard or a scoop stretcher. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross sectional, quasi-experimental clinical simulation to compare misalignment (main endpoint) by means of data from a 3-dimensional motion capture system. RESULTS: Mean (SD) misalignment during placement on the 2 devices was 37.53° (14.15°). By device, mean misalignment was 31.08° (6.38°) for the scoop stretcher and 43.97° (7.97°) for the backboard (P=.048). CONCLUSION: Less misalignment occurs during placement on the scoop stretcher than on the spinal backboard.

OBJETIVO: Analizar y comparar la cinemática de la columna vertebral durante la colocación del tablero espinal (TE) y de la camilla de cuchara (CC) en una situación simulada realizada por expertos en emergencias prehospitalarias. METODO: Estudio transversal, cuasiexperimental, de simulación clínica para comparar la desalineación (variable principal), mediante un sistema de captura de movimiento en 3 dimensiones. RESULTADOS: Los resultados obtenidos en la desalineación media durante la colocación de los dispositivos fueron de 37,53°: 31,08° (6,38) para la CC y de 43,97° (7,97) para el TE (p = 0,048). CONCLUSIONES: La colocación de la camilla de cuchara provoca menos desalineación que el tablero espinal.

Salud mental y derechos humanos: La experiencia de los profesionales en formación en el uso de sujeciones mecánicas en Madrid, España / Mental health and human rights: The experience of professionals in training with the use of mechanical restraints in Madrid, Spain

RESUMEN La sujeción mecánica en psiquiatría es un procedimiento permitido en España que despierta importantes conflictos éticos. Diversos estudios sostienen que su uso depende de factores no clínicos, como las experiencias de los profesionales y las influencias del contexto, más que de factores clínicos (diagnósticos o síntomas). El objetivo del estudio es comprender las experiencias de profesionales de salud mental en formación en relación con el uso de sujeciones en la red de salud mental de Madrid. Es un estudio cualitativo de tipo fenomenológico mediante grupos focales, realizados en 2017. Las entrevistas fueron transcritas para su discusión y análisis temático mediante Atlas.ti. Los resultados descriptivos sugieren que estas medidas producen malestar y conflicto con relación al rol de cuidador y se observan estrategias de adaptación a los mismos. A partir de los hallazgos, se reflexiona acerca de aspectos de sus experiencias y del contexto que influyen en su uso, así como de las contradicciones del cuidado en la práctica clínica

ABSTRACT Mechanical restraint is a coercive procedure in psychiatry, which despite being permitted in Spain, raises significant ethical conflicts. Several studies argue that non-clinical factors - such as professionals' experiences and contextual influences - may play a more important role than clinical factors (diagnosis or symptoms) in determining how these measures are employed. The aim of this study is to understand how the experiences of mental health professionals in training relate to the use of mechanical restraints in Madrid's mental health network. Qualitative phenomenological research was conducted through focus groups in 2017. Interviews were transcribed for discussion and thematic analysis with Atlas.ti. Descriptive results suggest that these measures generate emotional distress and conflict with their role as caregivers. Our findings shed light on different factors related to their experiences and contexts that are important in understanding the use of mechanical restraint, as well as the contradictions of care in clinical practice

PRO-Trauma: Protocolo para promoção do conforto às vítimas de trauma imobilizadas / Pro-trauma: protocol to promoting comfort in immobilised trauma victims / Pro-trauma: protocolo para promover la comodidad en las víctimas de traumas inmovilizados

Objetivo: Apresentar o protocolo de um estudo que procura desenvolver uma escala para avaliação do desconforto provocado pela imobilização nas vítimas de trauma e um modelo de maca eficaz na imobilização da vítima de trauma em desenvolvimento. Método: Realizar-se-ão quatro estudos sequenciais: Estudo descritivo, exploratório de abordagem quantitativa para avaliar o grau de desconforto provocado pela imobilização na maca de vácuo e/ou plano duro; Estudo psicométrico para construir e validar um instrumento que permita avaliar o desconforto provocado pela imobilização na maca de vácuo e plano duro; Construção da ImoConfort Mattress para imobilização e transporte de vítimas; e Ensaio clínico randomizado para avaliar a eficácia da ImoConfort Mattress quanto ao conforto, imobilização, aquecimento e controlo da trepidação/vibração provocada pelo transporte. Considerações finais: A criação de um instrumento que monitorize o desconforto durante o socorro e transporte com imobilização, contribuirá para melhorar o tratamento implementado às vítimas de trauma. Espera-se que a ImoConfort Mattress contribua para a melhoria da qualidade da assistência clínica durante o socorro extra-hospitalar. (AU)

Objective: To present the protocol of a study that seeks to develop a scale to assess the discomfort caused by immobilisation in trauma victims and an effective mattress model for immobilization of trauma victims, in desenvolviment. Methods: Four sequential studies will be carried out: Descriptive, exploratory quantitative approach study to assess the degree of discomfort caused by the vacuum mattress splint and/or spine board; Psychometric study to construct and validate an instrument to assess the discomfort caused by immobilization on vacuum mattress splint and/or spine board; Construction of the ImoConfort Mattress for immobilization and transportation of victims; Randomized clinical trial to assess the effectiveness of the mattress in terms of comfort, immobilization, rewarming and control of trepidation/vibration caused by transportation. Final considerations: The creation of an instrument to monitor discomfort during rescue and transport with immobilisation will help to improve all the treatment implemented for trauma victims. The construction of ImoConfort Mattress will improve the quality of clinical care during out-of-hospital rescue. (AU)

Objetivo: Presentar el protocolo de un estudio que pretende desarrollar una escala para evaluar las molestias causadas por la inmovilización en las víctimas de trauma y un modelo de una camilla efectiva para la inmovilización de la víctima de trauma en desenvolvimiento. Métodos: Se llevarán a cabo cuatro estudios secuenciales: Estudio descriptivo y exploratorio del enfoque cuantitativo para evaluar el grado de incomodidad causado por la camilla de vacío y/o plano duro; Estudio psicométrico para construir y validar un instrumento para evaluar la incomodidad causada por la inmovilización; Construcción del ImoConfort Mattress para la inmovilización y el transporte de las víctimas; Ensayo clínico aleatorio para evaluar la eficacia de la camilla respecto a la comodidad, la inmovilización, el calentamiento y el control de las trepidaciones/vibraciones causadas por el transporte. Consideraciones finales: La creación de un instrumento para monitorizar la incomodidad durante el rescate y el transporte con inmovilización contribuirá a mejorar todo el tratamiento aplicado a las víctimas de trauma. La construcción del ImoConfort Mattress mejorará la calidad de la atención clínica durante la ayuda extrahospitalaria. (AU)

[Management of difficult airway with inhalation induction in a patient with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and neck injury]. / Manejo de vía aérea difícil con inducción inhalatoria en paciente con síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut y traumatismo cervical.

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is a childhood epileptic encephalopathy, and is characterized by frequent and difficult to treat seizures associated with mental retardation. The case is presented of a 21 year-old male with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, with bilateral cervical facet joint dislocation fracture at C6-C7 and spinal canal compression as a result of a fall during a seizure. In this case the management of the difficult airway expected in an awake and uncooperative patient, with cervical spinal cord injury is described. An airway management strategy was proposed, that allowed a rapid and safe airway control with the best possible tolerance and maintaining the neck immobilised, so as not to increase neurological injury. Within this strategy, plan A was defined as inhalation induction with sevoflurane to maintain spontaneous breathing and tracheal intubation with Airtraq®. We believe that the Airtraq® video laryngoscope with inhalational induction with sevoflurane is a valid and effective alternative in the management of expected difficult airway.

[Magnetic resonance imaging without sedation in neonates]. / Resonancia magnética sin sedación en recién nacidos.

INTRODUCTION: The ability to perform magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without sedation in the neonatal period increases patient safety, availability and profitability of the diagnostic tool. The aim in this study was to evaluate a new protocol of MRI without sedation during a 20-month period. In the protocol, the patients are prepared in the neonatal unit. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective descriptive study, from May 2012 to December 2013. Patients included were neonates requiring MRI, clinically stable and not requiring ventilatory support. The method was based on the application of developmental centered care and the use of a vacuum matress to immobilize the baby. The principal outcome parameter of interest was the percentage of succesfully completed MRIs. The duration of the MRI and the number of interruptions, was also studied from October 2012. RESULTS: A total of 43 MRIs without sedation were carried out on 42 patients: 41 cerebral and 2 spinal. The success rate was 97.7% (42/43). The mean MRI time was 26.3 minutes (95% CI 23.3-29.3 mins; range 16-50 mins). MRIs were completed without interruption in 20 of the 34 cases (58%) in which the duration was recorded. The number of interruptions per procedure varied from 0 to 3, with a mean of 0.6 (95% CI 0.3-0.8) and a median of 0. CONCLUSION: The protocol had a success rate of over 90%. Thus MRI without sedation seems applicable in Spanish hospitals, with most of the preparation being performed in the neonatal unit, in order to reduce the occupation of the MRI unit, as well as minimizing stress to the baby.

Immobilization of bromelain on cobalt-iron magnetic nanoparticles (CoFe2O4) for casein hydrolysis / Inmovilización de bromelina sobre nanopartículas magnéticas de cobalto-hierro (CoFe2O4) para la hidrólisis de caseína / Inmovilización de bromelina sobre nanopartículas magnéticas de cobalto-hierro (CoFe2O4) para a hidrólise de caseína

Abstract By means of recycling an enzyme, bromelain was used in casein hydrolysis facilitated by a nanobiocatalyst consisting of bromelain, CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles, chitosan, and glutaraldehyde. Bromelain was immobilized on the chitosan cobalt-magnetite nanoparticle surface via covalent bonds to form the nanobiocatalyst. Immobilized bromelain showed 77% immobilization binding, retaining 85 ± 2% of the initial catalytic activity. Nanoparticles and immobilized bromelain were characterized using UV-Vis and IR spectroscopies, X-ray, square wave voltammetry (SWV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), vibrating-sample magnetization (VSM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) and VMAX of the free and immobilized enzyme were calculated: KM = 2.1 ± 0.18 mM and 1.8 mM, respectively and VMAX = 6.08 x 10-2 ± 2.1 x 10-2 U/min and 6.46 ± 0.91 U/min, respectively. The thermal stability of the free enzyme was higher than the immobilized enzyme: 95-98% and 83-87%, respectively. An optimum pH of 6 and a temperature of 20 °C were determined in both cases. Immobilized bromelain maintained 50% of the initial catalytic activity after the fifth use. The immobilized bromelain proved to be effective and reusable for casein hydrolysis. As novel contribution the characterization by VOC and CV was carried out.

Resumen Se investigó la reutilización de la bromelina inmovilizada sobre nanopartículas magnéticas de CoFe2O4 para la hidrólisis de caseína. La inmovilización se efectuó covalentemente en un catalizador de nanopartículas de hierro y cobalto recubiertas con quitosano, glutaraldehído y bromelina. La bromelina alcanzó un máximo de inmovilización del 77%, conservando el 85 ± 2% de su actividad catalítica inicial a los 30 min. La caracterización del catalizador se realizó por espectrofotometría IR y UV-Vis, microscopía electrónica de transmisión (TEM), difracción de rayos X, voltametría de onda cuadrada (VOC), voltametría cíclica (VC) y magnetización de muestra vibrante (VSM). Los parámetros cinéticos KM y VMAX de la enzima libre e inmovilizada fueron: KM = 2,1 ± 0,18 mM y 1,8 ± 0,16 mM, respectivamente y VMAX = 6,08 x 10-2 ± 2,1 x 10-2 U/min y 6,46 ± 0,91 U/min, respectivamente. La estabilidad térmica de la enzima libre fue mayor que la de enzima inmovilizada: 95-98% y 83-87%, respectivamente. Se determinó un pH óptimo de 6 y temperatura de 20 °C en ambos casos. La bromelina inmovilizada mantuvo el 50% de su actividad catalítica hasta el quinto uso. Como aporte novedoso se realizó, en este estudio se realizó la caracterización por VOC y VC.

Resumo Foi estudado o reuso da enzima bromelina imobilizada sobre nano partículas magnéticas de CoFe2O4, para a hidrólise de caseína. A imobilização efetuou-se covalentemente em um catalisador de nano partículas de cobalto e ferro recobertas com quitosano, glutaraldehido e bromelina. A bromelina atingiu seu máximo de imobilização do 77% aos 30 minutos, conservando o 85 ± 2% da sua atividade catalítica inicial. A caraterização foi feita mediante espectrofotometria IV e UV-Vis, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM), difração de raios X, voltametria de onda quadrada (VOQ), voltametria cíclica (VC) e por magnetização de amostra vibrante (VSM). Os parâmetros cinéticos KM e VMAX da enzima livre e imobilizada foram KM = 2,1 ± 0,18 mM e 1,8 8 ± 0,16mM, respeitivamente; VMAX = 6,08 x 10-2 ± 2,1 x 10-2 U/min e 6,46 ± 0,91 U/min, respectivamente. A estabilidade térmica da enzima livre (95-98%) foi maior do que a estabilidade da enzima imobilizada (83-87%), determinou-se um pH óptimo de 6 e temperatura de 20 °C em ambos os casos. A bromelina imobilizada manteve o 50% de sua atividade catalítica até o quinto uso. Como aporte inovador neste estudo apresenta-se a caraterização por VOQ e VC.

Specificities and isotypes of erythrocytes autoantibodies in patients with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia / Especificidades e isotipos de autoanticuerpos eritrocitarios en pacientes con anemia hemolítica autoinmune caliente

Introduction: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a rare disorder characterized by hemolysis mediated by autoantibodies directed against red blood cells. The demonstration of antibody specificity is a very difficult procedure since autoantibodies in general are nonspecific of antigens and react with all erythrocytes analyzed. Occasionally, specificity is observed against the Rh system antigens. Objective: To determinate the specificity of erythrocytes autoantibodies in DAT positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia by MAIEA technique. Methods: The specificity and isotype of erythrocyte autoantibodies were determined in the eluate of 109 blood samples from patients with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, by means of the MAIEA technique and the use of monoclonal antibodies that recognized 11 blood group systems and the protein CD47. Results: In 100 percent of cases autoantibodies against Rh system antigens were detected; in 24 cases we detected autoantibodies of IgA and IgM isotypes that recognized different antigens that were recognized by IgG isotype autoantibodies. For idiopathic and secondary warm autoimmune hemolytic anemias, predominance was observed against three or more specificities. IgG was detected in 99.09 percent of the eluates, IgA in 35.77 percent and IgM in 16.51 percent. The high degree of hemolysis was related to the presence of several isotype autoantibodies against four or more blood group specificities. Conclusions: The MAIEA technique is a sensitive method that can be used to determine the specificities and isotypes of autoantibodies in patients with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Introducción: La anemia hemolítica autoinmune es un trastorno poco común, caracterizado por hemólisis mediada por autoanticuerpos dirigidos contra los glóbulos rojos. La demostración de la especificidad de los anticuerpos es un procedimiento muy difícil, ya que los autoanticuerpos en general no son específicos de los antígenos y reaccionan con todos los eritrocitos analizados. Ocasionalmente, se observa especificidad contra los antígenos del sistema Rh. Objetivo: Determinar la especificidad de los autoanticuerpos eritrocitarios en pacientes con anemias hemolíticas autoinmunes PAD positivas con el empleo de la técnica MAIEA Métodos: Se determinó la especificidad e isotipo de los autoanticuerpos eritrocitarios en el eluido de 109 muestras de sangre de pacientes con anemia hemolítica autoinmune caliente, mediante la técnica de MAIEA y el uso de anticuerpos monoclonales que reconocieron 11 sistemas de grupos sanguíneos y la proteína CD47. Resultados: En el ciento por ciento de los casos se detectaron autoanticuerpos contra los antígenos del sistema Rh. En 24 casos se descubrió autoanticuerpos de isotipos IgA e IgM que reconocieron diferentes antígenos que fueron a su vez reconocidos por autoanticuerpos de isotipo IgG. Se observó para las anemias hemolíticas autoinmunes calientes idiopáticas y secundarias; predominio frente a tres o más especificidades. Se detectó IgG en el 99,09 por ciento de los eluidos, IgA en 35,77 por ciento e IgM en 16,51 por ciento. El alto grado de hemólisis se relacionó con la presencia de varios isotipos de autoanticuerpos contra cuatro o más especificidades de grupos sanguíneos. Conclusiones: La técnica MAIEA es un método sensible que puede usarse para determinar las especificidades e isotipos de autoanticuerpos en pacientes con anemia hemolítica autoinmune caliente.

Osificación heterotópica de cadera asociada a pancreatitis aguda severa: reporte de un caso / Hip heterotopic ossification associated with severe acute pancreatitis: a case report

La osificación heterotópica (OH), es la formación anormal de hueso maduro dentro de tejidos blandos extra esqueléticos donde normalmente no existe tejido óseo. Varias formas de OH han sido descritas de acuerdo a su presentación clínica, localización y ocurrencia progresiva o aislada. Su presentación en pacientes sometidos a inmovilización prolongada en el contexto de coma farmacológicamente inducido, en ausencia de lesiones del sistema nervioso central, es poco habitual. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 40 años, sexo femenino, sin antecedentes mórbidos, que presenta episodio de pancreatitis aguda grave, manejada en UCI. Producto de lo anterior, requiere coma farmacológicamente inducido por 3 meses y hospitalizaciones reiteradas y prolongadas durante los 10 meses siguientes. Durante 3 años desde la resolución de su cuadro inicial evoluciona con alteración progresiva de la marcha y rigidez de la extremidad inferior derecha, sin eventos traumáticos durante ese período. Se objetiva mediante radiografía y TAC foco de OH coxofemoral derecha. Se resuelve de forma quirúrgica y biopsia de pieza operatoria confirma el diagnóstico. La paciente logra buena recuperación posterior. NIVEL DE EVIDENCIA: IV

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the abnormal formation of mature bone within extraskeletal soft tissues where bone does not exist. Various presentation of HO have been described according to the clinical settings and location of the lesions, and progressive or isolated occurrence. A rare form of presentation occurs in induced coma patients with long-term immobilization and without central nervous system injuries. We present the case of a 40 years old female patient, without previous morbidity, who develop a severe acute pancreatitis. The patient requires an intensive care unit management (ICU) and a 3-month pharmacology induced coma and reiterative and prolonged hospitalizations during the next 8 months. During 3 years after resolution of her base disease, patient develops a progressive step claudication and a hip rigidity in adduction and external rotation. A coxofemoral HO focus is confirmed by radiology and CT. A surgical treatment of HO was performed, and the initial diagnose confirmed by anatomic pathology after biopsy of the injury. Patient had a favorable outcome.

Síndrome de inmovilidad en adultos mayores del Policlínico Bernardo Posse del municipio San Miguel del Padrón / Immobilization syndrome in elderly people in "Bernardo Posse" Policlinic in San Miguel del Padron

RESUMEN Fundamento: Dentro de los grandes síndromes geriátricos, la inmovilidad es una de las más graves consecuencias de las enfermedades que puede sufrir el anciano. Objetivo: Caracterizar el comportamiento del síndrome de inmovilidad en los adultos mayores del Grupo Básico de Trabajo n.o 1 del policlínico Bernardo Posse de San Miguel del Padrón. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, en 145 pacientes con síndrome de inmovilidad, de una población de 160 ancianos desde enero de 2015 a diciembre del 2017. Se determinó el tipo de inmovilidad, y las causas principales, así como las complicaciones. Resultados: El síndrome predominó en pacientes femeninos en edades altas de la vida. El tipo de inmovilidad más frecuente fue la larvada y las causas más frecuentes fueron las enfermedades osteomioarticulares, las infecciones, el cáncer y el síndrome del cuidador. Las complicaciones que predominaron fueron a nivel de los sistemas digestivo, respiratorio, cardiovascular y la piel. Conclusiones: El riesgo de presentar algún tipo de inmovilidad aumenta con la edad y el sexo femenino es más susceptible a este. La inmovilidad es una entidad sindromática que deteriora de manera significativa la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores ya que el anciano inmovilizado es un paciente de alto riesgo para la aparición de complicaciones.

ABSTRACT Background: Within the great geriatric syndromes, immobility is one of the most serious consequences of the diseases that the elderly can suffer. Objective: To characterize the behavior of the immobility syndrome in the elderly from the Basic Working Group No. 1 at Bernardo Posse polyclinic in San Miguel del Padrón. Methodology: A retrospective descriptive study was carried out in 145 patients with immobility syndrome, from a population of 160 elderly people, from January 2015 to December 2017. The type of immobility was determined, as well as the main causes, as well as complications. Results: The syndrome predominated in female patients at high ages of life. The most frequent type of immobility was larvae and the most frequent causes were osteomyoarticular diseases, infections, and cancer also the caregiver syndrome. The predominated complications were at the level of the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular and skin systems. Conclusions: The risk of presenting some type of immobility increases with age, and the female sex is more susceptible to it. Immobility is a syndromic disease that significantly deteriorates the quality of life of elderly, since the immobilized elderly person is a high-risk patient for complications.