Slow convergence: Career impediments to interdisciplinary biomedical research.

Despite the long-standing calls for increased levels of interdisciplinary research as a way to address society's grand challenges, most science is still disciplinary. To understand the slow rate of convergence to more interdisciplinary research, we examine 154,021 researchers who received a PhD in a biomedical field between 1970 and 2013, measuring the interdisciplinarity of their articles using the disciplinary composition of references. We provide a range of evidence that interdisciplinary research is impactful, but that those who conduct it face early career impediments. The researchers who are initially the most interdisciplinary tend to stop publishing earlier in their careers-it takes about 8 y for half of the researchers in the top percentile in terms of initial interdisciplinarity to stop publishing, compared to more than 20 y for moderately interdisciplinary researchers (10th to 75th percentiles). Moreover, perhaps in response to career challenges, initially interdisciplinary researchers on average decrease their interdisciplinarity over time. These forces reduce the stock of interdisciplinary researchers who can train future cohorts. Indeed, new graduates tend to be less interdisciplinary than the stock of active researchers. We show that interdisciplinarity does increase over time despite these dampening forces because initially disciplinary researchers become more interdisciplinary as their careers progress.

Interdisciplinary college curriculum and its labor market implications.

This article sheds light on how to capture knowledge integration dynamics in college course content, improves and enriches the definition and measurement of interdisciplinarity, and expands the scope of research on the benefits of interdisciplinarity to postcollege outcomes. We distinguish between what higher education institutions claim regarding interdisciplinarity and what they appear to actually do. We focus on the core academic element of student experience-the courses they take, develop a text-based semantic measure of interdisciplinarity in college curriculum, and test its relationship to average earnings of graduates from different types of schools of higher education. We observe that greater exposure to interdisciplinarity-especially for science majors-is associated with increased earnings after college graduation.

What can pediatricians learn from adult inherited metabolic diseases?

The field of inherited metabolic diseases (IMD) has initially emerged and developed over decades in pediatric departments. Still, today, about 50% of patients with IMD are adults, and adult metabolic medicine (AMM) is getting more structured at national and international levels. There are several domains in which pediatricians can learn from AMM. First, long-term evolution of IMD patients, especially those treated since childhood, is critical to determine nutritional and neuropsychiatric outcomes in adults so that these outcomes can be better monitored, and patient care adjusted as much as possible from childhood. Conversely, the observation of attenuated phenotypes in adults of IMD known to present with severe phenotypes in children calls for caution in the development of newborn screening programs and, more largely, in the interpretation of next-generation sequencing data. Third, it is important for pediatricians to be familiar with adult-onset IMD as they expand our understanding of metabolism, including in children, such as oxysterols and glycogen metabolism. Last, the identification of common molecular and cellular mechanisms in neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration opens the way to synergistic therapeutic developments that will benefit both fields of pediatric and adult medicine. Overall, these observations underline the need of strong interdisciplinarity between pediatricians and adult specialists for the diagnosis and the treatment of IMD well beyond the issues of patient transition from pediatric to adult medicine.

A poetic inquiry: the role of the social sciences and humanities in revitalising AIDS.

For the past four decades, biomedical science has transformed clinical outcomes for HIV and AIDS. However, the social, economic and gendered determinants of HIV remain largely intact. The social science and humanities offer concepts and methods for articulating why these remain intractable. I used poetic inquiry - an arts-based, qualitative approach - as I reviewed literature on the "end of AIDS, and post-AIDS". As I did so, I considered what contribution the social sciences and humanities could make in moving us closer to these ideals. Several themes and found poems emerged in this reading: (1) how language oversimplifies complex social realities; (2) the voices of people living with HIV and AIDS must be included; (3) HIV and AIDS intersects with social inequalities; (4) social and structural issues are no barrier to HIV prevention and (5) the need for radical interdisciplinarity. The paper concludes that the end of AIDS requires responses that are integrated, holistic and that radically challenge our silo'd disciplinary boundaries and frames. The social sciences and humanities are key to this charge.

Importance of methodological pluralism in deriving counterfactuals for evidence-based conservation.

Most protected area impact research that uses counterfactuals draws heavily on quantitative methods, data, and knowledge types, making it valuable in producing generalizations but limited in temporal scope, historical detail, and habitat diversity and coverage of ecosystem services. We devised a methodological pluralistic approach, which supports social science qualitative methods, narratives, mixed methods, and interdisciplinarity, to fully unlock the potential of counterfactuals in ensuring a place-based and detailed understanding of the socioecological context and impacts of protected areas. We applied this approach to derive possible counterfactual conditions for the impact of a montane protected area on 40 years of vegetation change in the Cape Floristic Region-a global biodiversity hotspot and UNESCO World Heritage Site in South Africa. We incorporated diverse methods, knowledge, and information sources, drawing on before-after protected area comparisons for inside and outside the protected area. A significant increase in shrubland vegetation (17-30%) was observed and attributed primarily to a decline in frequent burning for grazing. This also occurred outside the protected area and was driven by socioeconomic drivers and not by concerns over biodiversity conservation or land degradation. Had the protected area not been established the area would have seen intensification of cultivation and increased road networks, buildings, and water storage in dams. Our approach increased historical temporal coverage of socioecological change and contextualized assumptions around causality. Protected area impact evaluation should reengage in place-based research that fully incorporates pluralism in methodologies for constructing counterfactuals in a way that builds regional and global understanding from the local level upward. We devised 10 key principles for deriving counterfactuals grounded in methodological pluralism, covering aspects of collaboration, cocreation, inter- and transdisciplinarity, diverse values and lived experiences, multiple knowledge types, multiple possible causal mechanisms, social science qualitative methods, perceptions, perspectives, and narratives.

Importancia del pluralismo metodológico en la derivación de situaciones contrafactuales para la conservación basada en evidencias Resumen La mayoría de las investigaciones sobre el impacto de las áreas protegidas que usan situaciones contrafactuales se basan en gran medida en métodos cuantitativos, datos y tipos de conocimiento, por lo que son muy valiosas para producir generalizaciones, pero limitadas en el enfoque temporal, el detalle histórico y la diversidad de hábitats y cobertura de los servicios ambientales. Diseñamos una estrategia metodológica pluralista, la cual apoya los métodos cualitativos de las ciencias sociales, narrativas, métodos mixtos e interdisciplinarios para utilizar por completo el potencial de las situaciones contrafactuales para asegurar un conocimiento detallado y basado en el lugar del contexto socio ecológico y el impacto de las áreas protegidas. Aplicamos esta estrategia para derivar las posibles condiciones contrafactuales del impacto de un área protegida montañosa sobre 40 años de cambio de vegetación en el reino florístico del Cabo ­ un punto caliente de biodiversidad y Sitio de Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO en Sudáfrica. Incorporamos varios métodos, conocimientos y fuentes de información a partir de las comparaciones antes­después dentro y fuera del área protegida. Observamos un incremento significativo en la vegetación del matorral (17­30%), el cual atribuimos principalmente en la disminución de la quema frecuente para el pastoreo. Esto también ocurrió fuera del área protegida y fue causado por factores socioeconómicos y no por preocupación por la conservación de la biodiversidad o por la degradación del suelo. De no haberse establecido el área protegida, la zona habría sufrido una intensificación de cultivos y un incremento de carreteras, edificios y almacenamiento de agua en presas. Nuestra estrategia incrementó la cobertura histórica temporal del cambio socio­ecológico y contextualizó las suposiciones sobre la causalidad. La evaluación del impacto del área protegida debe volver a la investigación basada en el lugar que incorpora de lleno el pluralismo en la metodología para construir situaciones contrafactuales de una forma que genere conocimiento regional y global a partir del nivel local y hacia arriba. Diseñamos diez principios clave para derivar las situaciones contrafactuales basados en el pluralismo metodológico, la cobertura de los aspectos de colaboración, creación conjunta, inter­ y transdisciplinariedad, valores diversos y experiencias vividas, varios tipos de conocimiento, diferentes mecanismos causales posibles, métodos cualitativos de las ciencias sociales, percepciones, perspectivas, historias y narrativas.

The growing interdisciplinarity of developmental psychopathology: Implications for science and training.

The field of developmental psychopathology has grown exponentially over the past decades, and has become increasingly multifaceted. The initial focus on understanding abnormal child psychology has broadened to the study of the origins of psychopathology, with the goals of preventing and alleviating disorder and promoting healthy development. In this paper, we discuss how technological advances and global events have expanded the questions that researchers in developmental psychopathology can address. We do so by describing a longitudinal study that we have been conducting for the past dozen years. We originally planned to examine the effects of early adversity on trajectories of brain development, endocrine function, and depressive symptoms across puberty; it has since become an interdisciplinary study encompassing diverse domains like inflammation, sleep, biological aging, the environment, and child functioning post-pandemic, that we believe will advance our understanding of neurobehavioral development. This increase in the breadth in our study emerged from an expansion of the field; we encourage researchers to embrace these dynamic changes. In this context, we discuss challenges, opportunities, and institutional changes related to the growing interdisciplinarity of the field with respect to training the next generation of investigators to mitigate the burden of mental illness in youth.

Let the foxes run free: Arresting bioethics' inward turn.

As bioethics matures, a number of voices have called for a narrowing of what officially "counts" as bioethics. Bioethics defined broadly, they argue, creates a space that lacks objectivity and rigor, jeopardizing the credibility of the profession. Although a variety of proposed solutions exist, most advance a definitional narrowing of bioethics. In doing so, they mimic the siloed nature of the academy writ large, an institution that organizes itself through the logic of atomization, the belief that knowledge is generated through the process of isolation, examination, theorization, and ultimately reintegration. Borrowing language from Isaiah Berlin's essay "The Hedgehog and the Fox," I argue that bioethics has thrived precisely because it stands distinct from other departments of learning, constituting one of the few places within the academy where true inter, multi, and cross-disciplinary scholarship can thrive. Reducing bioethics to an internally defined set of axiomatic rationales does violence to this vision, eroding, in the process, one of the field's greatest assets.

The golden age of social science.

Social science is entering a golden age, marked by the confluence of explosive growth in new data and analytic methods, interdisciplinary approaches, and a recognition that these ingredients are necessary to solve the more challenging problems facing our world. We discuss how developing a "lingua franca" can encourage more interdisciplinary research, providing two case studies (social networks and behavioral economics) to illustrate this theme. Several exemplar studies from the past 12 y are also provided. We conclude by addressing the challenges that accompany these positive trends, such as career incentives and the search for unifying frameworks, and associated best practices that can be employed in response.

A cross-disciplinary approach to learning medical physiology and behavioral skills involving drama students performing as simulated patients.

The early years of physiology education in medical curricula provide unique challenges. As well as inculcating concepts that are seen as difficult, modern curricula require that students learn in context in case-based learning courses. Additionally, regulating bodies stress that the soft skills of compassion, communication, and empathy are embedded throughout curricula. This has driven work in our organization involving drama and final-year medicine students during which they collaborate in realistic simulations of doctor/patient interactions. We adapted this transdisciplinary approach to second-year physiology tutorials. This emphasized the holistic importance of physiology to patient care, while also embedding "human factors" skills from the very earliest stages of the curriculum. After preparing by attending acting classes based on aspects of Konstantin Stanislavski's "System," the authors supervised tutorials in which drama students participated in a "physiology of hypofertility" session for second-year medical students, playing a 34-year-old woman with premature menopause (or their partner). Opinion (from all students) was evaluated by Likert questionnaires (which included open questions). A focus group of drama students was also interviewed, and the conversation was recorded for thematic analysis. Positive Likert scores were recorded for the authenticity of the tutorials, skills development, fostering empathy, and motivating students to improve. All participants evaluated the tutorial as highly enjoyable. These scores are reflected in positive open commentary on the questionnaires and in the focus group interviews. The results suggest that even basic science tutorials give opportunities for interdisciplinary study and enhancement of behavioral skills while gaining enthusiastic student acceptance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This work details how physiology tutorials for early years medical students are transformed by taking the clinical case off the two-dimensional page and instead having the case scenario acted by drama students. This adds context and authenticity. The benefits are twofold: emphasizing the importance of physiology to the budding clinician and embedding empathy and compassion from the earliest points in a clinician's career.

[Transdisciplinary treatment of functional movement disorders: integration instead of dissociation]. / Die transdisziplinäre Behandlung funktioneller Bewegungsstörungen: Integration statt Dissoziation.

Successful treatment of patients with functional motor disorders is integrative in several ways: the primary treatment goal is the (re)integration of sensorimotor, cognitive and social functioning. The prerequisites for this are an integrated biopsychosocial model of everyone involved as well as close transdisciplinary cooperation. Instead of a simple addition of treatment components, all care providers and patients act in concert.

Strategic Ambiguity: The Pragmatic Utopianism of Daniel Callahan's "Bioethics as a Discipline".

This article highlights the continuing relevance of a classic bioethical text, "Bioethics as a Discipline," published by the Hastings Center's cofounder Daniel Callahan in 1973. Connecting the text's programmatic recommendations with later reflections and interventions Callahan wrote about the development of bioethics illuminates how the vision Callahan established and the reality this vision helped create were interrelated-just not in the way Callahan had hoped for. Although this portrait relies on an individual perception of the development of bioethics, it might nevertheless, through its unique linkage of different bioethical temporalities, contribute to a broader reassessment of what bioethics became and why.

[The collaborative project "Personalized medicine for oncology" (PM4Onco) as part of the Medical Informatics Initiative (MII)]. / Das Verbundprojekt "Personalisierte Medizin für die Onkologie" (PM4Onco) als Teil der Medizininformatik-Initiative (MII).

The collaborative project Personalized Medicine for Oncology (PM4Onco) was launched in 2023 as part of the National Decade against Cancer (NKD) and is executed within the Medical Informatics Initiative (MII). Its aim is to establish a sustainable infrastructure for the integration and use of data from clinical and biomedical research and therefore combines the experience and preliminary work of all four consortia of the MII and the leading oncology centers in Germany. The data provided by PM4Onco will be prepared in a suitable form to support decision making in molecular tumor boards. This concept and infrastructure will be extended to 23 participating partner sites and thus improve access to targeted therapies based on clinical information and analysis of molecular genetic alterations in tumors at different stages of the disease. This will help to improve the treatment and prognosis of tumor diseases.Clinical cancer registries are involved in the project to improve data quality through standardized documentation routines. Clinical experts advise on the expansion of the core datasets for personalized medicine (PM). Information on quality of life and treatment outcomes reported by patients in questionnaires, which is rarely collected outside of clinical trials, will make a significant contribution. Patient representatives are involved from the onset to ensure that the important perspective of patients is taken into account in the decision-making process. PM4Onco thus creates an alliance between the MII, oncological centers of excellence, clinical cancer registries, young scientists, patients, and citizens to strengthen and advance PM in cancer therapy.

Opinion Models, Election Data, and Political Theory.

A unifying setup for opinion models originating in statistical physics and stochastic opinion dynamics are developed and used to analyze election data. The results are interpreted in the light of political theory. We investigate the connection between Potts (Curie-Weiss) models and stochastic opinion models in the view of the Boltzmann distribution and stochastic Glauber dynamics. We particularly find that the q-voter model can be considered as a natural extension of the Zealot model, which is adapted by Lagrangian parameters. We also discuss weak and strong effects (also called extensive and nonextensive) continuum limits for the models. The results are used to compare the Curie-Weiss model, two q-voter models (weak and strong effects), and a reinforcement model (weak effects) in explaining electoral outcomes in four western democracies (United States, Great Britain, France, and Germany). We find that particularly the weak effects models are able to fit the data (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) where the weak effects reinforcement model performs best (AIC). Additionally, we show how the institutional structure shapes the process of opinion formation. By focusing on the dynamics of opinion formation preceding the act of voting, the models discussed in this paper give insights both into the empirical explanation of elections as such, as well as important aspects of the theory of democracy. Therefore, this paper shows the usefulness of an interdisciplinary approach in studying real world political outcomes by using mathematical models.

Integrating Machine Learning and Color Chemistry: Developing a High-School Curriculum toward Real-World Problem-Solving.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming our world, making it imperative to educate the next generation about both the potential benefits and challenges associated with AI. This study presents a cross-disciplinary curriculum that connects AI and chemistry disciplines in the high school classroom. Particularly, we leverage machine learning (ML), an important and simple application of AI to instruct students to build an ML-based virtual pH meter for high-precision pH read-outs. We used a "codeless" and free ML neural network building software - Orange, along with a simple chemical topic of pH to show the connection between AI and chemistry for high-schoolers who might have rudimentary backgrounds in both disciplines. The goal of this curriculum is to promote student interest and drive in the analytical chemistry domain and offer insights into how the interconnection between chemistry and ML can benefit high-school students in science learning. The activity involves students using pH strips to measure the pH of various solutions with local relevancy and then building an ML neural network model to predict the pH value based on color changes of pH strips. The integrated curriculum increased student interest in chemistry and ML and demonstrated the relevance of science to their daily lives and global issues. This approach is transformative in developing a broad spectrum of integration topics between chemistry and ML and understanding their global impacts.

Introduction to Special Issue: Geneses, organizations and transformations of psychiatric epidemiology.

Recent historiography has revealed a growing interest in the developments of psychiatric epidemiology. This volume aims to explicitly tackle the problem of transforming a diversity of knowledge into a structured scientific unit. Furthermore, it aims to answer this by bringing together historical studies that demonstrate how epistemic authority has led to the hierarchization of knowledge and the institutionalization of psychiatric epidemiology. Interdisciplinary research teams are traced back in history, and their organization is interrogated. Tracing the history of psychiatric epidemiology involves an exploration of disciplinary divisions of labour, such as how survey methods are based on theoretical frameworks, how research programmes are regulated with political and moral ideals, and how the wider public recognizes public health expertise.

[Diagnostic Options for Suspected Cases of Emotional Maltreatment - Presentation of the Interdisciplinary Perspective of a Child Protection Outpatient Clinic]. / Möglichkeiten der Diagnostik bei Verdachtsfällen von Emotionaler Gewalt ­ Darstellung der interdisziplinären Perspektive einer Kinderschutzambulanz.

Compared to sexual and physical violence, cases of emotional abuse are often more difficult to detect. An increasingly advocated approach involves regular assessments within social and healthcare structures tto proactively identify affected children and adolescents at an early stage. This enables the prompt initiation of appropriate interventions. Following, interdisciplinary institutions such as a child protection outpatient clinic can play an important role for professionals in the clarification of suspected child endangerment.This article aims to show possible courses of action for the early detection of emotional abuse based on a child protection outpatient clinic. In addition to the description of the interdisciplinary diagnostic procedure a selection of psychometric questionnaires and interviews is presented, which inquire about emotional abuse. When looking at the total number of 1,388 cases seen at the child protection outpatient clinic, it is noticeable that only 117 cases (8.4 %) were assigned with a suspicion of emotional abuse.This contrasts with 477 cases (34.3 %) in which confirmed indications for emotional abuse were found after the clarification process. An intersection of emotional abuse with other forms of child maltreatment was given in 341 cases (71.4 %). Psychometric questionnaires and interviews can facilitate a regular recording in health and social service institutions. Emotional abuse often goes unnoticed despite its frequency. Itsmanifestations are diverse and significantly overlap with other forms of maltreatment, necessitating a nuanced evaluation process. Specific diagnostic tools and interdisciplinary collaboration can contribute to better recognition of emotional abuse.

[The transition of adolescents with sickle cell disease: an interdisciplinary exchange]. / La transition des adolescents drépanocytaires, un échange interdisciplinaire.

With the rising incidence of sickle cell disease, this chronic pathology is becoming the most common genetic disease in France. Advances in care have led to a marked improvement in life expectancy. Caregivers in pediatric facilities are therefore increasingly confronted with the question of the transition to adulthood of the adolescents they have been following since birth. As nurses working in Robert-Debré's transfusion and curative medicine unit, in 2022, adolescents accounted for 57 % of sickle cell patients enrolled in our transfusion exchange program. Adolescence is a period of major change, and the repercussions of the disease are all the more pronounced. This raises the issue of transferring them to the adult sector.

Teaching communication skills in medical education : Best practice example of an interdisciplinary seminar in radiation oncology.

BACKGROUND: Communication with patients is challenging, especially in radiation oncology. Therefore, radiation oncology is particularly suited to sensitize medical students for this topic and to train them competently. We report on experiences with an innovative teaching project for fourth- and fifth-year medical students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The course, funded as an innovative teaching project by the medical faculty, was offered as an optional course for medical students in 2019 and again in 2022 after a pandemic-related break. The curriculum and evaluation form were developed through a two-stage Delphi process. The course consisted of, first, participation during counselling of patients prior to radiotherapy, mainly on topics with shared decision-making, and, second, a 1-week interdisciplinary block seminar with practical exercises. The topics covered a broad spectrum of the competence areas defined in the National Competence-Based Learning Objectives Catalog for Medicine (NKLM). The number of participants was limited to approximately 15 students because of the practical components. RESULTS: So far, 30 students (all at least in the seventh semester or higher) have participated in the teaching project. The most frequent reasons for participation were the desire to acquire competence in breaking bad news and confidence in talking to patients. The overall evaluation of the course was very positive, with a grade of 1.08 + 0.28 (on a scale of 1 = totally agree to 5 = totally disagree) plus German grade 1 (very good) to 6 (very bad). Notably, participants' expectations regarding specific competencies (e.g., breaking bad news) were also met. CONCLUSION: Although the evaluation results cannot be generalized to the entirety of medical students due to the limited number of voluntary participants, the very positive evaluation shows the need for such projects among students and can also be seen as an indication that radiation oncology as a patient-centered discipline is particularly well suited to teach medical communication.

Impact of (forensic) expert opinions according to the Istanbul Protocol in Germany-results and insights of the in:Fo-project.

As part of a third-party funded project, expert opinions according to the Istanbul Protocol (IP) standards were compiled in Germany on a larger scale for the first time. The assessment process was initiated for 130 project participants. Statistical analysis on numerous variables was performed to test the impact of the expert opinions, foremost of the forensic medical expert opinions, on the individuals' asylum proceedings. The variables were drawn from forensic medical expert opinions and reports of findings, questionnaires for the study participants' counsellors in the project and a query on the asylum status of the study participants. Regression analysis and bivariate analysis on two dependent variables-subjective impact on the asylum procedure from the counsellors' point of view and objective change in the asylum status-were performed to test for an influence on asylum procedures. No statistically significant results were obtained for the objective change of the study participants' asylum status. For the subjective dependent variable, a positive prediction was possible when simultaneously controlling for the independent variables introduction of a forensic medical expert opinion and highest IP grade; a negative prediction was possible when simultaneously controlling for the independent variables introduction of a forensic medical expert opinion and use of IP grading. Apart from the statistical analysis, a positive effect of the assessment on the psychosocial well-being of the study participants could be demonstrated. The results differed from other European studies which demonstrated a correlation between the objective outcome of an asylum procedure (asylum status) and, for example, specific types of violence or the number of documented injuries. Differences also occurred in the use of the plausibility grades proposed by the IP, which questions their use in cases in which the reported torture happened a relevant time ago. Therefore, compiling individually worded evaluations instead of using the IP grading system-if possible, by an experienced forensic physician-is recommended in this scenario. Still, the assessment of alleged torture experiences should follow the IP guidelines, since psychological assessments are of especially high importance in cases with healed physical injuries and since the results also demonstrated a positive effect on the psychosocial well-being of the study participants.

Facilitating biodiversity conservation through partnerships to achieve transformative outcomes.

Conservation biology is a mission-driven discipline that must navigate a new relationship between conservation and science. Because conservation is a social and political as well as an ecological project, conservation biologists must practice interdisciplinarity and collaboration. In a comparative study of 7 cases (Jaguars in the Chaco, Grevy's zebra in Kenya, Beekeeping in Tanzania, Andean cats in Argentina, Jaguars in Mexico, Lobster fishing, and Black bears in Mexico), we examined motivations for collaboration in conservation, who can collaborate in conservation, and how conservation professionals can work well together. In 5 case studies, successful conservation outcomes were prioritized over livelihood benefits. In the other 2 cases, livelihoods were prioritized. All case studies employed participatory approaches. There were multiple external actors, including local and Indigenous communities, nongovernmental organizations, agencies, regional and national governments, and international organizations, which enhanced conservation and wider sustainability outcomes. Key collaboration aspects considered across the case studies were time (mismatch between relationship building and project schedules), trust required for meaningful partnerships, tools employed, and transformative potential for people, nature, and the discipline of conservation biology. We developed guidelines for successful collaboration, including long-term commitment, knowledge integration, multiscalar and plural approaches, cultivation of trust, appropriate engagement, evaluation, supporting students, and efforts for transformation.

Facilitación de la conservación de la biodiversidad a través de colaboraciones para lograr resultados transformadores Resumen La biología de la conservación es una disciplina impulsada por sus objetivos que debe navegar una nueva relación entre la conservación y la ciencia. Dado que la conservación es un proyecto social y político así como ecológico, los biólogos de la conservación deben practicar la interdisciplinariedad y la colaboración. En un estudio comparativo de siete casos (jaguares en el Chaco, cebras de Grevy en Kenia, apicultura en Tanzania, gatos andinos en Argentina, jaguares en México, pesca de langosta, osos negros en México), analizamos las motivaciones para colaborar en la conservación, quién puede colaborar en la conservación y cómo los profesionales de la conservación pueden trabajar bien juntos. En cinco estudios de caso, se priorizaron los resultados satisfactorios de la conservación sobre los beneficios para los medios de subsistencia. En los otros 2 casos, se dio prioridad a los medios de sustento. Todos los estudios de caso emplearon enfoques participativos. Hubo múltiples actores externos, como comunidades locales e indígenas, organizaciones no gubernamentales, agencias, gobiernos regionales y nacionales y organizaciones internacionales, que mejoraron los resultados de conservación y sostenibilidad en general. Los aspectos clave de la colaboración considerados en los estudios de caso fueron el tiempo (desajuste entre el establecimiento de relaciones y los calendarios de los proyectos), la confianza necesaria para establecer colaboraciones significativas, las herramientas empleadas y el potencial transformador para las personas, la naturaleza y la disciplina de la biología de la conservación. Se elaboraron directrices para el éxito de la colaboración, como el compromiso a largo plazo, la integración de conocimientos, los enfoques multiescalares y plurales, el fomento de la confianza, la participación adecuada, la evaluación, el apoyo a los estudiantes y los esfuerzos de transformación. Facilitación de la conservación de la biodiversidad a través de colaboraciones para lograr resultados transformadores.