Photobiomodulation CME Part I: Overview and Mechanism of Action.

Photobiomodulation (PBM), previously known as low-level laser light therapy, represents a non-invasive form of phototherapy that utilizes wavelengths in the red light (RL, 620-700 nm) portion of the visible light (VL, 400-700 nm) spectrum and the near-infrared (NIR, 700-1440 nm) spectrum. PBM is a promising and increasingly used therapy for the treatment of various dermatologic and non-dermatologic conditions. Photons from RL and NIR are absorbed by endogenous photoreceptors including mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase (COX). Activation of COX leads to the following changes: modulation of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and alterations in intracellular calcium levels. The associated modulation of ATP, ROS and calcium levels promotes the activation of various signaling pathways (e.g., insulin-like growth factors, phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways), which contribute to downstream effects on cellular proliferation, migration and differentiation. Effective PBM therapy is dependent on treatment parameters (e.g., fluence, treatment duration and output power). PBM is generally well-tolerated and safe with erythema being the most common and self-limiting adverse cutaneous effect.

Management of androgenic alopecia: a systematic review of the literature.

We aimed to determine the efficacy of the various available oral, topical, and procedural treatment options for hair loss in individuals with androgenic alopecia. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a systematic review of the National Library of Medicine was performed. Overall, 141 unique studies met our inclusion criteria. We demonstrate that many over the counter (e.g. topical minoxidil, supplements, low-level light treatment), prescription (e.g. oral minoxidil, finasteride, dutasteride), and procedural (e.g. platelet-rich plasma, fractionated lasers, hair transplantation) treatments successfully promote hair growth, highlighting the superiority of a multifaceted and individualized approach to management.

Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Novel Therapeutic Approach to Alzheimer's Disease Made Possible by the Evidence of a Brain-Gut Interconnection.

The evidence of brain-gut interconnections in Alzheimer's disease (AD) opens novel avenues for the treatment of a pathology for which no definitive treatment exists. Gut microbiota and bacterial translocation may produce peripheral inflammation and immune modulation, contributing to brain amyloidosis, neurodegeneration, and cognitive deficits in AD. The gut microbiota can be used as a potential therapeutic target in AD. In particular, photobiomodulation (PBM) can affect the interaction between the microbiota and the immune system, providing a potential explanation for its restorative properties in AD-associated dysbiosis. PBM is a safe, non-invasive, non-ionizing, and non-thermal therapy that uses red or near-infrared light to stimulate the cytochrome c oxidase (CCO, complex IV), the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, resulting in adenosine triphosphate synthesis. The association of the direct application of PBM to the head with an abscopal and a systemic treatment through simultaneous application to the abdomen provides an innovative therapeutic approach to AD by targeting various components of this highly complex pathology. As a hypothesis, PBM might have a significant role in the therapeutic options available for the treatment of AD.

High-intensity versus low-level laser in musculoskeletal disorders.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the current evidence comparing low level to high level laser therapy to reveal any superiorities in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. METHODS: Five databases were searched till September 2022 to obtain relevant RCTs comparing high intensity and low-level laser therapies in the management of musculoskeletal disorders. Two authors assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale and meta-analysis was conducted for studies that showed homogeneity. RESULTS: Twelve articles were included in this systematic review with a total population of 704 participants across various musculoskeletal pathologies including tennis elbow, carpal tunnel syndrome, chronic non-specific low back pain, knee arthritis, plantar fasciitis, and subacromial impingement. There were no statistical differences between the two interventions in pain, electrophysiological parameters, level of disability, quality of life, postural sway or pressure algometer, however, Low level laser therapy showed superiority in increasing grip strength compared to high intensity laser therapy while results were significant in favour of high intensity laser therapy regarding long head of biceps diameter and cross sectional area, supraspinatus thickness and echogenicity and acromio-humeral distance. CONCLUSION: The current literature suggests no superiority of both types of laser therapy in musculoskeletal disorders, however, more RCTs with larger sample size are required to reach a definitive conclusion regarding the superiority of either form of laser therapy in musculoskeletal disorders.

In-vitro study on type I collagen synthesis in low-level laser therapy on the early ligament fibroblasts' healing process.

BACKGROUND: Low-level Laser Therapy (LLLT) has demonstrated its potential in promoting fiber matrix maturation, collagen synthesis, and fibroblast proliferation, contributing to tissue regeneration. Our study aimed to investigate the impact of LLLT on collagen type I synthesis, cell proliferation, and viability in human ligament fibroblasts derived from the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL). METHODS: Tissue samples were obtained from individuals undergoing arthroscopic ACL reconstruction surgery. Primary human fibroblasts were isolated, and immunohistochemical assays confirmed their characteristics. LLLT at 850 nm was administered in three groups: Low dose (1.0 J/cm²), High dose (5.0 J/cm²), and Control (0.0 J/cm²). Cell viability was calculated using a membrane integrity assay, proliferation was determined by automated counting, and collagen type I concentration in cell culture was measured using an immunoassay. RESULTS: Fibroblasts showed decreased viability after low and high doses of LLLT, increased proliferation at the low dose, and increased collagen synthesis at the high dose on day 10 for both sexes after treatment. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that LLLT may improve the early ligament healing process by increasing cell proliferation at the low dose and enhancing collagen type I synthesis at the high dose in human ligament fibroblasts.

Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on the morphology, intracellular calcium concentration, free radical generation, apoptosis and necrosis of human mesenchymal stem cells-an in vitro study.

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of multiwave locked system (MLS M1) emitting synchronized laser radiation at 2 wavelength simultaneous (λ = 808 nm, λ = 905 nm) on the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Human MSCs were exposed to MLS M1 system laser radiation with the power density 195-318 mW/cm2 and doses of energy 3-20 J, in continuous wave emission (CW) or pulsed emission (PE). After irradiation exposure in doses of energy 3 J, 10 J (CW, ƒ = 1000 Hz), and 20 J (ƒ = 2000 Hz), increased proliferation of MSCs was observed. Significant reduction of Fluo-4 Direct™ Ca2+ indicator fluorescence over controls after CW and PE with 3 J, 10 J, and 20 J was noticed. A decrease in fluorescence intensity after the application of radiation with a frequency of 2000 Hz in doses of 3 J, 10 J, and 20 J was observed. In contrary, an increase in DCF fluorescence intensity after irradiation with laser radiation of 3 J, 10 J, and 20 J (CW, ƒ = 1000 Hz and ƒ = 2000 Hz) was also shown. Laser irradiation at a dose of 20 J, emitted at 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz, and 3 J emitted at a frequency of 2000 Hz caused a statistically significant loss of MSC viability. The applied photobiomodulation therapy induced a strong pro-apoptotic effect dependent on the laser irradiation exposure time, while the application of a sufficiently high-energy dose and frequency with a sufficiently long exposure time significantly increased intracellular calcium ion concentration and free radical production by MSCs.

Potential of combined red and near-infrared photobiomodulation to mitigate pro-osteoclastic and inflammatory gene expression in human mandibular osteogenic cells.

Appropriate regeneration of jawbone after dental or surgical procedures relies on the recruitment of osteoprogenitor cells able to differentiate into matrix-producing osteoblasts. In this context, photobiomodulation (PBM) has emerged as promising therapy to improve tissue regeneration and to facilitate wound healing processes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of PBM on human osteoprogenitor cells isolated from mandibular trabecular bone.Bone marrow stromal cell cultures were established from 4 donors and induced toward osteogenic differentiation for 14 days in a standard osteogenic assay. Cells were irradiated with a combined red/near-infrared (NIR) laser following different schedules and expression of osteogenic, matrix-related, osteoclastogenic and inflammatory genes was analyzed by quantitative PCR.Gene expression analysis revealed no overall effects of PBM on osteogenic differentiation. However, a statistically significant reduction was observed in the transcripts of COL1A1 and MMP13, two important genes involved in the bone matrix homeostasis. Most important, PBM significantly downregulated the expression of RANKL, IL6 and IL1B, three genes that are involved in both osteoclastogenesis and inflammation.In conclusion, PBM with a red/NIR laser did not modulate the osteogenic phenotype of mandibular osteoprogenitors but markedly reduced their expression of matrix-related genes and their pro-osteoclastogenic and pro-inflammatory profile.

Comparison of low-level laser therapy and standard treatment for temporomandibular disorders: An assessment of therapeutic and placebo effects.

BACKGROUND: Despite extensive research on the use of low-power lasers for TMD treatment, the extent of their effectiveness remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic or placebo effect of LLLT for TMD, and to compare it with standard treatment methods. A unique aspect of this study was the inclusion of a control group that received only standard treatment, allowing for an assessment of the placebo effect of LLLT. METHODS: A total of 42 patients with TMD were referred to Kerman Dental School Pain Clinic and were randomly assigned to three groups: group A received LLLT, group B was a placebo group and group C was a control group that received only standard treatment. The laser groups received gallium-aluminium-arsenide laser treatment twice a week for 10 sessions. Patients' jaw movement rate indicators and VAS index were evaluated at the start of treatment, and indicators were re-recorded every week for 5 weeks. SPSS 21 was used for statistical analysis, including ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests for inter-group comparisons. The repeated measurement test was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: All groups showed significant improvement in VAS indicators (p = .0001), lateral jaw movements (p = .0001), forward jaw movement (p = .007) but not for maximum mouth opening. No significant difference was observed between the groups at the end of the study (p = .000). CONCLUSION: Our study provides insights into LLLT's effectiveness for TMD, suggesting it cannot replace standard treatment alone. These findings contribute to the literature and emphasise the importance of including a control group in future studies to assess the placebo effect of LLLT.

Non-invasive Body Contouring Technologies: An Updated Narrative Review.

INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, a lot of body contouring devices and methods are introduced all over the world. The object of the present narrative review was to update and classify existing evidence on these methods and devices. METHODS: We searched databases including PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar for 11 essential keywords, including cryolipolysis, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), shock wave, low-level laser therapy (LLLT), radiofrequency (RF), capacitive resistive electrical transfer (TECAR), high-intensity focused electromagnetic (HIFEM), electromyostimulation (EMS), carboxytherapy, mesotherapy, and acupuncture and their abbreviations, in addition to obesity, overweight, cellulite, subcutaneous fat, and body contouring. RESULTS: Totally 193 references were used in 11 main topics. CONCLUSION: In order to help physicians with finding the best evidence in different methods, the data were summarised in 11 topics. Furthermore, FDA-approved devices, side effects and common protocols were described in each section. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I: This journal requires that authors 39 assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full 40 description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, 41 please refer to the Table of Contents or the online 42 Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Efficacy of different low-level laser therapy sessions in the management of masseter muscle trigger points.

BACKGROUND: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is one of the recent treatment modalities for myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome with trigger points. The objective of the present study was to examine the impact of varying LLLT sessions on the treatment of masseter muscle trigger points. METHODS: 90 patients diagnosed with orofacial pain and trigger points in the masseter muscle for at least 6 months were selected and divided into 3 groups (n = 30) based on the number of LLLT sessions provided to patients. Patients in Group I received one session/per week, group II received two sessions/per week, and Group III received three sessions/per week. The sessions continued for 4 weeks, evaluations of pain levels, maximum mouth opening (MMO), and quality of life were conducted before and after the procedure at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 weeks. RESULTS: The pain scores exhibited a highly statistically significant difference among the three groups (p < 0.001) over the 8-week study period. MMO was statistically significantly different between groups at week 4 and week 8. The Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) score was statistically significant difference between groups at week 8. The time showed a highly significant effect on the study outcomes within each group. CONCLUSION: Increased the number of LLLT sessions reduced the pain improved the MMO, and subsequently improved the quality of life. GOV ID: NCT06327204 - retrospectively registered.

[Role of neodymium laser in surgery: stimulation of postoperative surgical wounds healing. Results of clinical studies]. / Rol' neodimovogo lazera v khirurgii: stimulyatsiya zazhivleniya posleoperatsionnykh khirurgicheskikh ran. Rezul'taty klinicheskikh issledovanii.

OBJECTIVE: To prove the effectiveness of the low-intensity laser radiation application in the treatment of wounds of different origin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The clinical study involved 110 persons, divided into 55 subjects in both the study and control groups. The patients of the study group were exposed to the long-wave short-pulse neodymium laser immediately and within 35 days after interventions with a skin incision using it, in a way that wound treated with laser received low-level laser therapy. The control group patients' wounds were treated with standard methods by the means of topical drugs corresponding to the clinical manifestations of the wound process in each particular case. The study was carried out in the hospital of the department of maxillofacial and plastic surgery of the dental complex of the «Russian University of Medicine¼ from 2019 to 2022, and further conservative treatment was conducted in the department of dermatology and cosmetology of the University Hospital of the Medical Graduate School (Institute) of the RSSU. All wounds were classified into three groups for the convenience of systematization and formation of a generalized treatment protocol for postoperative surgical wounds. RESULTS: The objectivity and optimality of the chosen by us actions were confirmed in the conducted work. The formed scars were visually assessed on the POSAS scale at the end of the treatment by patients and 4 independent doctors, as well as each scar was visually assessed by four independent doctors and patients. At the end of the study we formed and proposed an algorithm for the treatment of surgical wounds of various origins. The parameters of the Aerolase Neo Light Pod neodymium laser for the treatment of patients with different types of skin wounds were clinically determined. Experimentally proven properties of the Aerolase Neo Light Pod neodymium laser on accelerating the healing process of surgical wounds through photobiomodulation mechanism support their regeneration with the formation of negligible normotrophic scars, as well as reduce the length of patients' treatment in surgical hospitals, as compared to patients receiving standard external drugs.

Androgenetic alopecia in transgender and gender diverse populations: A review of therapeutics.

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) management is a significant clinical and therapeutic challenge for transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) patients. Although gender-affirming hormone therapies affect hair growth, there is little research about AGA in TGD populations. After reviewing the literature on approved treatments, off-label medication usages, and procedures for treating AGA, we present treatment options for AGA in TGD patients. The first-line treatments for any TGD patient include topical minoxidil 5% applied to the scalp once or twice daily, finasteride 1 mg oral daily, and/or low-level laser light therapy. Spironolactone 200 mg daily is also first-line for transfeminine patients. Second-line options include daily oral minoxidil dosed at 1.25 or 2.5 mg for transfeminine and transmasculine patients, respectively. Topical finasteride 0.25% monotherapy or in combination with minoxidil 2% solution are second-line options for transmasculine and transfeminine patients, respectively. Other second-line treatments for any TGD patient include oral dutasteride 0.5 mg daily, platelet-rich plasma, or hair restoration procedures. After 6-12 months of treatment, AGA severity and treatment progress should be assessed via scales not based on sex; eg, the Basic and Specific Classification or the Bouhanna scales. Dermatologists should coordinate care with the patient's primary gender-affirming clinician(s) so that shared knowledge of all medications exists across the care team.

Photobiomodulation at 660 nm promotes collagen synthesis via downregulation of HIF-1α expression without photodamage in human scleral fibroblasts in vitro in a hypoxic environment.

PURPOSE: The increasing prevalence of myopia is a global public health issue. Because of the complexity of myopia pathogenesis, current control methods for myopia have great limitations. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) on human sclera fibroblasts (HSFs) under hypoxia, in the hope of providing new ideas for myopia prevention and control. METHODS: Hypoxic cell model was established at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h time points to simulate myopia microenvironment and explore the optimal time point. Control, hypoxia, hypoxia plus light, and normal plus light cell models were set up for the experiments, and cells were incubated for 24 or 48 h after PBM (660 nm, 5 J/cm2), followed by evaluation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and collagen I a1 (COL1A1) proteins using Western blotting and immunofluorescence, and photo damage was detected by CCK-8, scratch test, and flow cytometry assays. We also used transfection technology to further elucidate the regulatory mechanism. RESULTS: The change of target proteins is most obvious when hypoxia lasts for 24 h (p < 0.01). PBM at 660 nm increased extracellular collagen content (p < 0.001) and downregulated expression of HIF-1α (p < 0.05). This treatment did not affect the migration and proliferation of cells (p > 0.05), and effectively inhibited apoptosis under hypoxia (p < 0.0001). After overexpression of HIF-1α, the effect of PBM was attenuated (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Photobiomodulation at 660 nm promotes collagen synthesis via downregulation of HIF-1α expression without photodamage.

Short-term effects of low-level laser versus ultrasound therapy on children's neck posture after long-term use of electronic devices.

The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT), ultrasound therapy (US), and strengthening and stretching exercise in children diagnosed with cervical straightening caused by long-term use of electronic devices. A total of 60 patients from 12 to 18 years of both gender diagnosed with straight neck syndrome which is losing the normal C shape of cervical vertebrae. Patients were randomized into three groups. In group A, patients received LLLT plus exercise, while in group B, they received US plus exercise, and group C received exercise. In group A and B, Cobb angle and VAS showed a significant improvement (more significant in group A) with P < 0.001, while in group C P = 0.006. LLLT, US, and exercise improved the cervical straight curve, and reduced pain with maximum effect was done by LLLT.

Effect of low-level laser therapy on orthodontic dental alignment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of this study is to systematically summarize the available evidence regarding low-level laser therapy (LLLT) speed-up effect on dental alignment in comprehensive orthodontic treatment. An extensive electronic search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus up to February 20, 2023. The Cochrane risk of bias tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Form were used by two authors independently to assess the risk of bias (RoB). Statistical analysis was performed by Review Manager 5.3. The eight eligible trials were reviewed and included in qualitative synthesis. Four studies reported the overall time of leveling and alignment (OLAT, days), enabling a synthesizing of the data. The meta-analysis results showed that LLLT significantly reduced the overall time of leveling and alignment compared to control group (MD=-30.36, 95% CI range -41.50 to -19.22, P<0.0001), with moderate heterogeneity (χ2=4.10, P=0.25, I2=27%). Based on the data available, statistically significant evidence with moderate risk of bias suggests that LLLT may have a positive effect on accelerating dental alignment. However, due to the differences in intervention strategy and evaluating method, the conclusions should be interpreted with caution.

Effect of photobiomodulation on neuropathic pain of diabetic origin: a narrative review of the literature.

To update the literature on the effectiveness of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy in relieving pain in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) compared to the effects of post-intervention, control/placebo groups, and other therapies. Search on the following databases: PORTAL PERIODICOS CAPES, PUBMED, GOOGLE ACADEMIC/SCHOLAR, SCOPUS, SCIELO, CENTRAL, and MEDLINE. Manual search: 1) manually capture the references of relevant articles originally selected to be included in the eligible studies. Two independent researchers performed the screening and selection of studies, methods assessment, and data extraction with unblinded authors and impressions. Subsequently, the full text of the originally selected studies was screened. The screening form registered the criteria for excluding literature from the full-text screening. The screening resulted in a total of 1692 citations. Out of these, 1402 citations were examined for titles and abstracts, followed by the removal of duplicated studies; therefore, 68 articles remained for full-text evaluation. 54 articles were excluded after full-text screening. Fourteen articles met the selection criteria, hence being selected and included in this narrative review. PBM showed to be a promising modality in relieving painful symptoms in DPN, especially when implemented in combination with other therapies, by improving the quality of life of diabetic patients.

Effect of photobiomodulation associated with strengthening pelvic floor muscles in volunteers with urinary incontinence: a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled clinical trial.

The dysfunctions of the female pelvic floor have a great influence on the quality of life of women, in all areas, social, psychological, and sexual. Stress urinary incontinence is the clinical condition in which the woman involuntarily loses urine to efforts, such as coughing and sneezing, causing great embarrassment and affecting her quality of life. The physiotherapeutic treatments include muscle strengthening; however, muscle fatigue is present when performing the exercises. Here we investigate the effects of photobiomodulation to prevent muscle fatigue in the pelvic floor in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, associated with a muscle strengthening exercise protocol. We used an infrared laser (808 nm, 100 mW) and 3 J/point and fluence of 107.1 J/cm2. The application was performed at 3 points on the vaginal introits and at another 3 points inside the vaginal canal cavity for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence associated with strengthening exercises with vaginal cones. Twenty-two volunteers participated in the study, divided into two groups: group 1 (laser therapy + strengthening) and group 2 (placebo laser + strengthening). In the group 1 quality of life score, the assessment (11.63 ± 4.33) was the highest score at 17 and in the reevaluation (7.81 ± 5.14) the lowest was 0 (p < 0.05). The muscular strength increased considerably (p < 0.05) for group 1, where the vast majority of patients gained more than twice the strength in the pelvic apparatus (8.36 ± 6.65 before X 13.81 ± 8.92 after). The volunteers acquired an increase in the contraction of the muscles of the pelvic apparatus (p < 0.05) (3.45 ± 1.07); after laser application, this number increased considerably (4.27 ± 0.61). Endurance had an increase of almost 50% compared to placebo, demonstrating the resistance gain in the perineal muscles (3.90 ± 2.35 X 5 ± 1.90). We concluded that photobiomodulation treatment showed significant efficacy in relation to muscle fatigue in the pelvic apparatus right after a strengthening program in women with stress urinary incontinence.

Single session of laser photobiomodulation for symptom management of oral lichen planus: a retrospective study.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a single session of laser photobiomodulation (PBM) with flat top handpiece in reducing painful symptoms in patients with Oral Lichen Planus (OLP). The clinical charts of 20 patients of the Dental Clinic of University of Padua (Italy) who underwent a single laser PBM to manage OLP symptomatology were retrospectively analyzed. A 980 nm diode laser and a flat top handpiece with a 1-cm2 spot area were employed to perform the PBM with a single session protocol. VAS pain scores were assessed before and after the laser PBM, the day after, and on the 7th and 30th days after the treatment. No adverse effects occurred within 30 days after treatment. The mean VAS-pain score was 3.8 (SD 2.3) before PBM; 2.6 (SD 2.0) after PBM; 1.9 (SD 2.2) on day 1; 2.0 (SD 2.3) on day 7; and 1.5 (SD 2.2) on day 30. VAS pain decreased significantly over time (p < 0.0001). A single session of laser PBM may be safe and effective in reducing pain for symptomatic OLP patients. Further investigations are required to include placebo or topical corticosteroids as comparators.

Effect of Nd:YAG laser on bone formation in rat tibia defects: three-dimensional micro-computed tomography image analysis.

Nd:YAG laser is in common clinical use for the treatment of tissue incision, transpiration, and haemostasis in soft tissues. However, few studies have reported the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) from Nd:YAG laser on bone healing. The aim of this study was to perform three-dimensional (3D) morphological evaluation of the photobiomodulation of Nd:YAG laser in bone defects in rat tibiae using micro-computed tomography CT (micro-CT) imaging. A bone defect was created in each tibia of 30 rats. The right side was treated with LLLT from Nd:YAG laser (LT group) daily until sacrifice and the left tibiae served as controls (control group). All tibiae underwent micro-CT imaging at 7, 14, and 21 days after the operation. Three-dimensional image analysis of bone volume (BV) and bone surface area (BS) of new bone formation in the defects was performed and histologic analysis was conducted for all tibiae. Tibial BV and BS values were highest in both groups at 7 days after the operation and decreased at 14 days after operation. BV and BS values were both significantly higher in the LT group than in the control group at 7 and 14 days. There was no significant difference between the groups for either metric at 21 days. The present findings demonstrate that Nd:YAG laser simulates bone formation during the early healing period.

Evaluation of photobiomodulation effect on cesarean-sectioned wound healing: a clinical study.

The effects of low-level laser on the wound healing and burn injuries have been previously examined to demonstrate some satisfactory results. Despite there are a few articles available to study photobiomodulation (PBM) effects on the pain relief of cesarean sectioned wound, however no systematic examination has been carried out so far regarding its healing. Here, the aim of this clinical study was to evaluate PBM effect on the cesarean-sectioned wound healing. PBM effects of semiconductor lasers are investigated at 658 and 660 nm with 100, 150 and 350 mW output powers on 40 patients. Due to the global increasing number of cesarean sections, we have decided to investigate the effect of laser as a reliable technique to recover the wounds fast. We considered women as the target group who had their first delivery giving the birth of their children by cesarean section. We selected patients are who treated by laser therapy using indium gallium aluminum phosphide (InGaAlP) semiconductor linear scanning type with beam cross section of 12 cm2 and the output power of 100 mW at 658 nm exposing a therapeutic dose of 2 J/cm2. The purpose is to accelerate the healing process of the wounds after delivery as an intervention group against the people who chose the conventional methods (using ointments, pills, etc.) to heal their cesarean sectioned wounds as the control group. Regarding the wounds of these two groups, the questionnaires were filled by patients to assess the severity of pain from visual analogue scale (VAS) based on the healing of wounds from redness, edema, ecchymosis, discharge, and distance between the two edges of the wound (REEDA) scale in the early hours after surgery and the post-treatment follow-up on the third, seventh, and the tenth days. The data collected by these questionnaires were analyzed using statistical package for social science)SPSS( as a statistical software to give out the comparative histograms. This study reports a clinical examination of PBM under intervention group of 40 patients ranging 18-40 years old with body mass index (BMI) of 29-36, during post-cesarean surgery to elucidate successful healing of the wounds and scars against conventional methods which considered as control group. Comparison of mean REEDA scores on the third day (p = 0.035), seventh day (p = 0.03), and tenth day (p = 0.02) after delivery exhibits that the two groups benefit a statistically significant difference with each other. For instance, the mean wound healing score in the intervention group was almost half of the mean wound healing score on the tenth day in the control group (1.09 ± 0.586 vs. 2.25 ± 0.422). The post-cesarean follow-up indicates that the patients treated by the laser therapy (intervention group) encounter better recovery than the control group.