IMI-Type Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacter cloacae Complex, France and Overseas Regions, 2012-2022.

We characterized a collection of IMI-like-producing Enterobacter spp. isolates (n = 112) in France. The main clone corresponded to IMI-1-producing sequence type 820 E. cloacae subspecies cloacae that was involved in an outbreak. Clinicians should be aware of potential antimicrobial resistance among these bacteria.

Factors associated with mammography screening among Reunionese women : a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the factors associated with the uptake of mammography screening in Reunionese women aged 50-65 years. METHODS: This study included all women aged 50 to 65 years participating in a population-based cross-sectional study "FOSFORE". Participants were recruited between March and June 2017 using two sampling frames. The first frame consisted of households with a landline telephone, with or without a mobile line, by first randomly generating a telephone number and then randomly selecting an individual from among all eligible women in the household. The second sampling frame was constituted of women with an exclusive mobile line, who were selected directly if they met the eligibility criteria. Data were weighted for age and socio-professional status to ensure representativeness at the Reunion Island level. Weighted logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios while adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: 417 women were included in the study; 63.8% were up to date with guidelines on mammography screening and 36.2% were not up to date. Four factors were significantly associated with mammography screening, with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.92 (95% CI 1.51-5.61) for not having an Active Solidarity Income, 1.98 (95% CI 1.22-3.23) for having a regular gynecological follow-up by a physician, 6.53 (95% CI 3.23-13.21) for performing a Pap smear test in the past two years, and 2.07 (95% CI 1.21-3.52) for having an adequate literacy level (HLQ3). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that higher socio-economic status is an indicator of participation in mammography screening in La Réunion, and future educational and intervention programs should target women in deprived areas.

High prevalence of Bardet-Biedl syndrome in La Réunion Island is due to a founder variant in ARL6/BBS3.

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare ciliopathy with variable retinal dystrophy, polydactyly, renal abnormalities, obesity, cognitive impairment, and hypogonadism. Biallelic pathogenic variants have been identified in 24 genes, leading to BBS in an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. In this study, we investigated a cohort of 16 families (20 individuals) presenting with typical BBS originating from La Réunion Island using sequencing (Sanger and high-throughput methods) and SNP array. In eight families (12 individuals) we identified the same ARL6/BBS3 variation [c.535G > A, p.(Asp179Asn)]. Bioinformatics and functional analyses revealed an effect of this variant on the splicing of ARL6/BBS3. Owing to the relatively high frequency of this variant, a possible founder effect was suspected. Genotyping of six individuals revealed a common 3.8-Mb haplotype and estimated the most recent common ancestor to about eight generations confirmed by the known genealogy. Knowledge of this founder effect modifies our diagnostic strategy and enables a personalized genetic counseling for patients from La Réunion Island. Being the first description of BBS patients from La Réunion Island, we could estimate its prevalence between ~1/45000 and ~ 1/66000 individuals.

Vectorial status of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus of La Réunion Island for Zika virus.

La Réunion Island has been the scene of unusually large epidemics of dengue and chikungunya viruses with Aedes albopictus as the sole vector. After experimental oral infection, Ae. albopictus from La Réunion Island can disseminate both dengue and chikungunya viruses but not the Asian genotype of Zika virus, suggesting a strong midgut barrier to dissemination. Autochthonous transmission of the Asian genotype of Zika virus is improbable on La Réunion Island.

[Psychoactive substances use in Réunion Island and Mayotte, French departments in Indian Ocean]. / Consommation de substances psychoactives à la Réunion et à Mayotte, départements français de l'Océan Indien.

INTRODUCTION: The government plan for the fight against drugs and addictive behaviors 2013-2017 includes several actions concerning French overseas territories, in particular to strengthen information on drug addiction. The Interministerial mission for combating drugs and addictive behaviors (MILD&CA) has commissioned the Bordeaux addictovigilance center to strengthen exchanges on addictovigilance with Réunion Island and Mayotte and to make an inventory of problematic drug use in these two French departments of Indian Ocean. METHOD: Two pharmacologists went on an assignment 4.5 days in Reunion and 2 days in Mayotte and met more than fifty people involved in addictology. RESULTS: In Reunion Island, alcohol is the psychoactive substance by far the most used, followed by zamal, the local name for cannabis. There is a strong tradition of medicines diversion, including trihexyphenidyl, barbiturates and more recently, benzodiazepines. Heroin and cocaine are rarely available. Poly drug use is common. In Mayotte, bangué, the local name for cannabis, is the most used psychoactive substance. The use of "chimique" has emerged in 2012-2013. It is used mainly by teenagers and young adults, causing numerous cases of hospitalizations and consultations in addictology in 2015. These could be synthetic cannabinoids bought on the Internet. DISCUSSION: It is important to report new or serious cases to better take into account the particularities of these two departments in the French addictovigilance data and to enable analysis of substances consumed.

Analysis of Solar Irradiation Time Series Complexity and Predictability by Combining Kolmogorov Measures and Hamming Distance for La Reunion (France).

Analysis of daily solar irradiation variability and predictability in space and time is important for energy resources planning, development, and management. The natural variability of solar irradiation is being complicated by atmospheric conditions (in particular cloudiness) and orography, which introduce additional complexity into the phenomenological records. To address this question for daily solar irradiation data recorded during the years 2013, 2014 and 2015 at 11 stations measuring solar irradiance on La Reunion French tropical Indian Ocean Island, we use a set of novel quantitative tools: Kolmogorov complexity (KC) with its derivative associated measures and Hamming distance (HAM) and their combination to assess complexity and corresponding predictability. We find that all half-day (from sunrise to sunset) solar irradiation series exhibit high complexity. However, all of them can be classified into three groups strongly influenced by trade winds that circulate in a "flow around" regime: the windward side (trade winds slow down), the leeward side (diurnal thermally-induced circulations dominate) and the coast parallel to trade winds (winds are accelerated due to Venturi effect). We introduce Kolmogorov time (KT) that quantifies the time span beyond which randomness significantly influences predictability.

Spatial and Temporal Non-Linear Dynamics Analysis and Predictability of Solar Radiation Time Series for La Reunion Island (France).

Analysis of daily solar irradiation variability and predictability in space and time is important for energy resources planning, development, and management. The natural intermittency of solar irradiation is mainly triggered by atmospheric turbulent conditions, radiative transfer, optical properties of cloud and aerosol, moisture and atmospheric stability, orographic and thermal forcing, which introduce additional complexity into the phenomenological records. To address this question for daily solar irradiation data recorded during the period 2011-2015, at 32 stations measuring solar irradiance on La Reunion French tropical Indian Ocean Island, we use the tools of non-linear dynamics: the intermittency and chaos analysis, the largest Lyapunov exponent, Sample entropy, the Kolmogorov complexity and its derivatives (Kolmogorov complexity spectrum and its highest value), and spatial weighted Kolmogorov complexity combined with Hamming distance to assess complexity and corresponding predictability. Finally, we have clustered the Kolmogorov time (that quantifies the time span beyond which randomness significantly influences predictability) for daily cumulative solar irradiation for all stations. We show that under the record-breaking 2011-2012 La Nina event and preceding a very strong El-Nino 2015-2016 event, the predictability of daily incident solar energy over La Réunion is affected.

Prevalence, treatment and control of hypertension in La Réunion: the RÉDIA population-based cohort study.

A better knowledge of prevalence, management and determinants of hypertension is needed in regions in epidemiological transition to adapt the strategies of public health screening and prevention, and to reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases. We conducted a prospective cohort study including 4610 participants aged between 18 and 69 years and representative of the general population of La Réunion, a French overseas island located in the western Indian Ocean. The median time between inclusion and follow-up was 7.4 years. Blood pressure data at baseline and follow-up of 3087 participants were analyzed. We found a high prevalence of hypertension, especially in women (36.7% [34.5-39.0]) and in men (40.3% [37.6-43.0]) and in the under 30s (17.1% [14.0-20.5]), with an increase of 10% at follow-up. Treatment rates were very low in men (19.5% versus 39.1% in women) as was awareness of their condition (25.7% versus 44.6%). Blood pressure control rates were similar (18% at baseline and 34% at follow-up for both sexes). Diagnosis of hypertension at follow-up among subjects normotensive at baseline was independently associated with obesity at baseline (relative risk (RR) = 1.40 [1.12-1.75] for BMI between 27 and 30 kg/m2 and 1.72 [1.33-2.25] for BMI ≥30 kg/m2 as compared with BMI <27 kg/m2) and HbA1C (RR =1.12 [1.05-1.19] per %), suggesting a prominent role of insulin resistance in our population. Our study provides original data that cannot be assimilated to any existing model and should guide the implementation of original community-based programs in such countries.

[Taxation of traditional rums in French overseas territories and public health: The example of Reunion Island]. / Fiscalité des rhums traditionnels en outre-mer et santé publique : l'exemple de l'île de La Réunion.

BACKGROUND: France has a complex system for the taxation of alcoholic beverages. In the French overseas territories (FOT), the system includes little-known specificities whose purpose is to preserve the sugar-cane-rum sector, a pillar for the weak economies in these territories. Taxes are reduced for traditional rums produced and sold locally. This favors the marketing of alcoholic spirits at low prices. In metropolitan France, on the contrary, spirits are heavily taxed drinks and their share in consumption is minor. Reunion Island (RI) is a FOT confronted with significant socioeconomic precariousness and with one of the highest national morbidity and mortality rates associated with alcohol abuse. Spirits account for half of the total consumption of pure alcohol, with a strong predominance for local traditional rums. These products are preferentially consumed by vulnerable subjects, often affected by an alcohol-use disorder. METHODS: This study consists of three parts. First, a comparative analysis of alcoholic beverage prices between RI and mainland France. Second, an analysis of the bibliography on the consequences of preferential consumption of spirits. Third, a literature review on the impact of taxation on alcohol-related morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: In France, the cheapest gram of pure alcohol is found in the FOT. The preferential consumption of spirits is associated with more frequent and more rapid complications. It is correlated with the level of alcoholic psychoses. Taxation is effective in reducing damage caused by the abuse of alcoholic beverages. The World Health Organization recommends the application of a minimum price for alcohol and tax increases. CONCLUSION: The reduced taxation of the traditional rums of the FOT does not take into account public health data. Its purpose is economic. In RI, it contributes to a high level of consumption of spirits and encourages excess mortality through alcohol abuse. It constitutes an inequality of health for these populations. Changes in this tax system is desirable in order to reduce the harm caused by alcohol. It should be closer to the tax system in force in metropolitan France. Alcohol lobbies and lack of political courage have so far inhibited this change to the detriment of the health of the populations.

Oxygen-induced social behaviours in Pristionchus pacificus have a distinct evolutionary history and genetic regulation from Caenorhabditis elegans.

Wild isolates of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans perform social behaviours, namely clumping and bordering, to avoid hyperoxia under laboratory conditions. In contrast, the laboratory reference strain N2 has acquired a solitary behaviour in the laboratory, related to a gain-of-function variant in the neuropeptide Y-like receptor NPR-1. Here, we study the evolution and natural variation of clumping and bordering behaviours in Pristionchus pacificus nematodes in a natural context, using strains collected from 22 to 2400 metres above sea level on La Réunion Island. Through the analysis of 106 wild isolates, we show that the majority of strains display a solitary behaviour similar to C. elegans N2, whereas social behaviours are predominantly seen in strains that inhabit high-altitude locations. We show experimentally that P. pacificus social strains perform clumping and bordering to avoid hyperoxic conditions in the laboratory, suggesting that social strains may have adapted to or evolved a preference for the lower relative oxygen levels available at high altitude in nature. In contrast to C. elegans, clumping and bordering in P. pacificus do not correlate with locomotive behaviours in response to changes in oxygen conditions. Furthermore, QTL analysis indicates clumping and bordering to represent complex quantitative traits. Thus, clumping and bordering behaviours represent an example of phenotypic convergence with a different evolutionary history and distinct genetic control in both nematode species.