The impact of green roofs' composition on its overall life cycle.

Green roof systems have been developed to improve the environmental, economic, and social aspects of sustainability. Selecting the appropriate version of the green roof composition plays an important role in the life cycle assessment of a green roof. In this study, 10 compositions of an intensive green roof for moderate zone and 4 green roof compositions for different climatic conditions were designed and comprehensively assessed in terms of their environmental and economic impacts within the "Cradle-to-Cradle" system boundary. The assessment was carried out over a 50-year period for a moderate climate zone. The results showed that asphalt strips and concrete slab produced the highest total emissions. It was found that most greenhouse gases emissions were released in the operational energy consumption phase and in the production phase. The energy consumption phase (48.78%) for automatic irrigation and maintenance caused the highest Global Warming Potential (GWP) value (758.39 kg CO2e) in the worst variant, which also caused the highest life cycle cost (878.47€). On the contrary, in the best variant, planting more vegetation and lower maintenance and irrigation requirements led to a reduction in GWP (445.0 kg CO2e), but in terms of cost (506.6€) this composition didn't represent the best variant. The Global Warming Potential Biogenic (GWP-bio) compared to the Global Warming Potential Total (GWP-total) represents a proportion ranging from 0.8% to 78% depending on the proposed vegetation. Overall higher biogenic carbon values (up to 1525 kg CO2e) were observed for the proposed tall vegetation of Magnolia, Red Mulberry, Hawthorne, Cherry, and Crab-apple Tree. Based on the results of the multicriteria analysis, which included core environmental & economic parameters, biogenic carbon emission levels, the outcome of this paper proposed optimal green roof composition. Optimal intensive green roof composition was subjected to a sensitivity analysis to determine the impact of changing climatic conditions on CO2 emissions and life cycle costs. The results of the sensitivity analysis show that the optimal variant of the green roof can be implemented in the cold and subtropical zone with regard to CO2 emissions, but not with regard to life cycle costs.

A comparative study of environmental and economic assessment of vegetation-based slope stabilization with conventional methods.

The heavy rainfall induced by global warming has increased the risk of landslides. Eco-friendly approaches, such as employing vegetation, prove effective in satisfying the requirements of both engineering and environmental considerations in slope engineering. The research aims to comprehensively assess and compare the environmental, economic, and slope stability of new stabilization methods, including vegetation cover, in comparison to conventional approaches such as anchorage and nailing. The research initially explored the stability of slopes in various geometries, identifying areas prone to slope failure. Subsequently, slope stabilization designs were implemented using three methods: vegetation, nailing, and anchoring. To enable a comprehensive comparison from environmental and economic perspectives, both life cycle assessment and life cost assessment were conducted. According to the results, employing vegetation proves effective in stabilizing slopes at lower heights, particularly up to 8 m, leading to a negative carbon emission attributed to photosynthesis, reaching up to -249 kg CO2. In the mid-angle range (30°≤ θ ≤ 60°), anchoring emits less carbon dioxide than nailing due to fewer elements. As the slope angle is increased, the nailing method becomes preferable to the anchoring method due to its use of materials and equipment with lower carbon emissions. During slope stabilization through nailing and anchoring, cement and steel emerge as the primary contributors to carbon emissions. Vegetation stands out as the most cost-effective slope stabilization option, with costs potentially reduced by 250% compared to conventional methods. Based on this research, vegetation emerges as an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative for slope stabilization in particular conditions where plants effectively ensure stability. Decisions regarding the use of anchoring or nailing can be made based on environmental and economic aspects, considering the slope geometry.

Trickling filter systems for sustainable water supply: An evaluation of eco-environmental burdens and greenhouse gas emissions.

Despite the global water crisis, the significant potential of trickling filter systems as a crucial auxiliary option for sustainable water supply has received insufficient attention. Therefore, this study presents the first-ever evaluation of the environmental impacts of trickling filter application in wastewater treatment, focusing on eco-environmental burdens. Additionally, the study explores greenhouse gas emissions, energy, and exergy footprints, providing novel insights into the environmental implications of using trickling filters for wastewater treatment. The study's findings indicate that the consumption of heat and electricity in trickling filters has significant environmental impacts, particularly on land use (93.24%), freshwater/marine eutrophication (∼81.98%), and human health (45.36%). The majority of the energy required for trickling filter operation is supplied by fossil fuels (96.02%), resulting in increased greenhouse gas emissions (65.58%). The exergy of trickling filters is highly efficient, accounting for over 95% of the system's energy. Mathematical modeling reveals that anaerobic digestion and secondary clarifier have the highest energy consumption, with contributions of 94.65% and 2.63%, respectively. Construction expenses account for almost 88% of the total cost, with anaerobic digestion (42.15%) and trickling filters (35.39%) being the most costly components. The cost of treating 1 m3 of wastewater is estimated at 0.52 $/m3. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that electricity (14.66%) and heat (18.65%) significantly impact terrestrial ecotoxicity and land use, respectively. This study presents a framework for future investigations in this field.

An Evaluation of the Safety Effectiveness and Cost of Autonomous Vehicles Based on Multivariable Coupling.

There is a need for in-depth studies of autonomous vehicle safety that evaluate the effectiveness of safety functions and different "atomic" technology combinations for vehicles and roads. In this paper, we provide a crash avoidance effectiveness evaluation model for autonomous vehicles enabled with different sensor combinations based on multiple variables of 14 different "atomic" sensing technologies on the vehicle side and road side, 52 safety functions, and 14 accident types. Meanwhile, a cost-sharing model is developed based on the traveled distance during the life cycle of vehicles and based on the traffic flow over the life cycle of roads to evaluate the unit cost per km of different "atomic" technology combinations. The results clearly show that the cost increases with the addition of "atomic" sensing technologies on the vehicle side, while an increase in crash avoidance effectiveness decreases. It is necessary to switch to V2X and to introduce roadside "atomic" technology combinations to realize better safety effectiveness at a lower cost for vehicles. In addition, a map that covers the safety effectiveness and cost per kilometer of all "atomic" technology combinations is calculated for decision-makers to select combinations under the preconditions of cost and safety.

Impacts of carbon markets and subsidies on carbon capture and storage retrofitting of existing coal-fired units in China.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a feasible technology option to reduce carbon emission in the power industry. However, the high cost of CCS deployment in power plants precludes its large-scale application. Carbon markets may act as an incentive for CCS, but the impact of auction and quota allocation mechanisms in carbon markets on CCS is unclear. In order to investigate the roles of the auction and quota allocation mechanism on the CCS retrofitting in coal-fired units, the life-cycle cost method was used to evaluate the CCS retrofitting cost of China's coal-fired units in the carbon market after supplementing the existing database. The impact of subsidies on stimulating CCS retrofitting was jointly considered. The results show that most units have a CCS retrofit Levelized additional cost of electricity (Lacoe) of $25.24/MWh to $64.57/MWh, making the CCS retrofitting burdensome, even for ultra-supercritical unit that has a low cost. The combination of grandfathering quota allocation mechanism and subsidy will effectively promote CCS retrofitting of coal-fired units, especially when the auction ratio is 30%-40%, about 400-540 GW units will be retrofitted under the carbon market using grandfathering and 12.05$/MWh-22.77$/MWh subsidies. Additionally, there are significant differences among provinces in terms of the lifetime costs of the CCS retrofitting of coal-fired units. Xinjiang, Guangdong, and Jiangsu, with retrofitting potentials of respectively 20.68 GW, 10.58 GW-43.00 GW and 15.00 GW-52.27 GW are best suited for the CCS retrofitting of coal-fired units.

Optimal pathways for upgrading China's wastewater treatment plants for achieving water quality standards at least economic and environmental cost.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in China must be upgraded to meet new discharge standards, but this incurs both economic and environmental costs and benefits. To select the optimal upgrade pathway, we developed ten upgrade paths based on two common decision-making scenarios for WWTP upgrade in developing countries. Using model simulation, life-cycle assessment, life-cycle cost, and multiple-attribute decision-making, we incorporated the full costs and benefits associated with the construction and operation into the decision-making process. We used a weighting scheme of attributes for the three regions and ranked the upgrade paths using the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS). The results showed that constructed wetlands and sand filtration were advantageous in terms of lower economic costs and environmental impacts, while the denitrification filter pathways required less land. Optimal pathways differed by region, highlighting the importance of a detailed and integrated assessment of the costs and benefits of WWTP upgrade options over the full life cycle. Our findings can inform decision-making on upgrading China's WWTPs to meet stringent discharge standards and protect inland water and coastal environments.

Environmental impact and life cycle financial cost of hybrid (reusable/single-use) instruments versus single-use equivalents in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Hybrid surgical instruments contain both single-use and reusable components, potentially bringing together advantages from both approaches. The environmental and financial costs of such instruments have not previously been evaluated. METHODS: We used Life Cycle Assessment to evaluate the environmental impact of hybrid laparoscopic clip appliers, scissors, and ports used for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, comparing these with single-use equivalents. We modelled this using SimaPro and ReCiPe midpoint and endpoint methods to determine 18 midpoint environmental impacts including the carbon footprint, and three aggregated endpoint impacts. We also conducted life cycle cost analysis of products, taking into account unit cost, decontamination, and disposal costs. RESULTS: The environmental impact of using hybrid instruments for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy was lower than single-use equivalents across 17 midpoint environmental impacts, with mean average reductions of 60%. The carbon footprint of using hybrid versions of all three instruments was around one-quarter of single-use equivalents (1756 g vs 7194 g CO2e per operation) and saved an estimated 1.13 e-5 DALYs (disability adjusted life years, 74% reduction), 2.37 e-8 species.year (loss of local species per year, 76% reduction), and US $ 0.6 in impact on resource depletion (78% reduction). Scenario modelling indicated that environmental performance of hybrid instruments was better even if there was low number of reuses of instruments, decontamination with separate packaging of certain instruments, decontamination using fossil-fuel-rich energy sources, or changing carbon intensity of instrument transportation. Total financial cost of using a combination of hybrid laparoscopic instruments was less than half that of single-use equivalents (GBP £131 vs £282). CONCLUSION: Adoption of hybrid laparoscopic instruments could play an important role in meeting carbon reduction targets for surgery and also save money.

The optimization of Low Impact Development placement considering life cycle cost using Genetic Algorithm.

Low Impact Development (LID) is an effective measure in controlling the urban runoff and mitigating the non-point source pollution. The determination of LID facilities and layouts for a sub-catchment is important for designing stormwater management system. However, there are remain large uncertainty and challenge exist in determination of LID facilities when consider budget, land use, soil surface and groundwater as well as local climate etc. To address this issue, this study employed Genetic Algorithm (GA) for optimization of the selection and layout of LID. The urban runoff was simulated using Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). The LID planning was encoded as 0 and 1 in GA algorithm. The multiple objectives which include runoff reduction, area of LID and life cycle cost were selected as optimization targets. To test the model performance, the Airport Economic Zone in Tianjin, China was chosen as the study area. The results demonstrate that the combination of LID approaches are most effective measures on runoff reduction through long-term simulation (10 years' rainfall events). The impact of different weights of land area and cost on LID selection were evaluated when considering life cycle cost. Bio-Retention is preferred when considering the area of LID and Green Roof is recommended when the cost is prioritized. The present research proved GA is feasible for LID planning in urban area. The proposed method can help the decision-makers to determine the LID plan more scientific based on SWMM model and GA.

Improving Life Cycle Economic and Environmental Sustainability of Animal Manure Management in Marginalized Farming Communities Through Resource Recovery.

A growing world population with increasing levels of food consumption will lead to more dairy and swine production and increasing amount of manure that requires treatment. Discharge of excessive nutrients and carbon in untreated animal manure can lead to greenhouse gas emissions and eutrophication concerns, and treatment efforts can be expensive for small scale farmers in marginalized communities. The overall goal of this study was to determine the environmental and economic sustainability of four animal manure management scenarios in Costa Rica: (1) no treatment, (2) biodigesters, (3) biodigesters and struvite precipitation, and (4) biodigesters, struvite precipitation, and lagoons. Life cycle assessment was used to assess the carbon footprint and eutrophication potential, whereas life cycle cost analysis was used to evaluate the equivalent uniform annual worth over the construction and operation and maintenance life stages. Recovery of biogas as a cooking fuel and recovery of nutrients from the struvite reactor reduced the carbon footprint, leading to carbon offsets of up to 2,500 kg CO2 eq/year. Offsets were primarily due to avoiding methane emissions during energy recovery. Eutrophication potential decreased as resource recovery processes were integrated, primarily due to improved removal of phosphorus in effluent waters. Resource recovery efforts led to equivalent uniform annual benefits of $825 to $1,056/year, which could provide a helpful revenue source for lower-income farmers. This research can provide clarity on how small-scale farmers in marginalized settings can utilize resource recovery technologies to better manage animal manure, while improving economic and environmental sustainability outcomes.

Environmental, human health, and economic implications of landfill leachate treatment for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance removal.

Landfill leachate is commonly treated offsite with municipal wastewater. This offsite leachate treatment may be limited or no longer applicable due to the increasingly stringent regulations and concerns related to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) discharge into the environment, resulting in development of full-scale, onsite leachate treatment facilities. To help landfills prepare for the potential shift from offsite to onsite leachate treatment for PFAS compliance, this study analyzed and compared the environmental, human health, and economic performances of a typical onsite and a typical offsite leachate treatment alternative through life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost assessment (LCCA) using a landfill site located in Zhuzhou, China as a testbed. Two distinct functional units (FUs) were investigated: 1 m3 of leachate treated and 1 g of PFAS removed. Our results show that the onsite scenario offered benefits from human health and economic perspectives, while the offsite scenario generally performed better from the environmental perspective when a leachate PFAS concentration of 150,704 ng/L was assumed. The extent of this tradeoff varied when different functional units were adopted. The onsite scenario will not be competitive from all three perspectives when PFAS concentration in the raw leachate is less than 1666 ng/L.

Municipal solid waste collection systems: An indicator to assess the reusability of products.

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Life cycle assessment and economic analysis of anaerobic membrane bioreactor whole-plant configurations for resource recovery from domestic wastewater.

The use of the anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) process for domestic wastewater treatment presents an opportunity to mitigate environmental, social, and economic impacts currently incurred from energy-intensive conventional aerobic activated sludge processes. Previous studies have performed detailed evaluations on improving AnMBR process subcomponents to maximize energy recovery and dissolved methane recovery. Few studies have broadly evaluated the role of chemical use, membrane fouling management, and dissolved methane removal technologies. A life cycle assessment was conducted to holistically compare multiple AnMBR-based domestic wastewater treatment trains to conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment. These treatment trains included different scouring methods to mitigate membrane fouling (gas-sparging and granular activated carbon-fluidizing) with consideration of upstream treatment (primary sedimentation vs. screening only), downstream treatment (dissolved methane removal and nutrient removal) and sludge management (anaerobic digestion and lime stabilization). This study determined two process subcomponents (sulfide and phosphorus removal and sludge management) that drove chemical use and residuals generation, and in turn the environmental and cost impacts. Furthermore, integrating primary sedimentation and a vacuum degassing tank for dissolved methane removal maximized net energy recovery. Sustainability impacts were further mitigated by operating at a higher flux and temperature, as well as by substituting biological sulfide removal for chemical coagulation.

A robust approach for comparing conventional and sustainable flood mitigation measures in urban basins.

An integrated methodological framework for assessing different flood mitigation measures in urban catchments is presented. The framework comprises hydrologic, hydraulic and economic indices aiming at quantifying the effect of different alternatives regarding flood hazard mitigation. The alternatives evaluated include both conventional drainage solutions and low impact development measures. The conventional drainage solutions were: (i) off-line detention tanks; and (ii) sewer enlargement. The low impact development measures included: (i) green roofs (GR); and (ii) permeable surfaces (PS). Each solution was modeled using SWMM5 with respect to flood reduction effectiveness, and the results were compared to those of the existing condition (i.e., no flood mitigation measures). All the examined solutions were also compared based on their construction and operation and maintenance costs for a typical lifespan (i.e., 30 years). The results of the simulation revealed that both low impact development measures and conventional drainage solutions were highly effective even for storm events with low probability of occurrence. However, sewer enlargement was found to be the best alternative from an economic perspective. Nevertheless, peak at the sewer exit increased and time to peak remained unchanged; as a result, local flooding problems are resolved but downstream flooding problems may be introduced. If other criteria are considered, i.e., traffic obstruction, noise, construction easiness, co-benefits and downstream impacts, low impact development measures become more attractive compared to conventional drainage solutions.

Life-cycle cost as basis to optimize waste collection in space and time: A methodology for obtaining a detailed cost breakdown structure.

Extensive research has been carried out on waste collection costs mainly to differentiate costs of distinct waste streams and spatial optimization of waste collection services (e.g. routes, number, and location of waste facilities). However, waste collection managers also face the challenge of optimizing assets in time, for instance deciding when to replace and how to maintain, or which technological solution to adopt. These issues require a more detailed knowledge about the waste collection services' cost breakdown structure. The present research adjusts the methodology for buildings' life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis, detailed in the ISO 15686-5:2008, to the waste collection assets. The proposed methodology is then applied to the waste collection assets owned and operated by a real municipality in Portugal (Cascais Ambiente - EMAC). The goal is to highlight the potential of the LCC tool in providing a baseline for time optimization of the waste collection service and assets, namely assisting on decisions regarding equipment operation and replacement.

Comparative life cycle cost assessment of painted and hot-dip galvanized bridges.

The study addresses the life cycle cost assessment (LCCA) of steel bridges, focusing on the maintenance activities and the maintenance scenario. Firstly, the unit costs of maintenance activities and their durability (i.e. the time between two activities) are evaluated. Pragmatic data are provided for the environment category C4 and for three activities: Patch Up, Overcoating and Remove & Replace. A comparative LCCA for a typical hypothetic steel girder bridge is carried out, either painted or hot-dip galvanized (HDG), in the environmental class C4. The LCC versus the cumulated life is provided for both options. The initial cost of the steel unpainted option is only 50.3% of the HDG option. It is shown that after 'Overcoating' occurring at 18.5 years, the total Net Present Value (NPV) of the painted option surpasses that of the HDG option. A sensitivity analysis of the NPV to the cost and service life parameters, the escalation and discount rates is then performed. The discount and escalation rates, considerably influences the total LCC, following a non-linear trend. The total LCC decreases with the discount rate increasing and, conversely, increases with the escalation rate increasing. Secondly, the influence of the maintenance scenario on the total LCC is assessed based on a probabilistic approach. A permutation of the three independent maintenance activities assumed to occur six times over the life of the bridge is considered and a probability of occurrence is associated to each unique scenario. The most probable scenarios are then classified according to their NPV or achieved service life. This approach leads to the definition of a cost-effective maintenance scenario i.e. the scenario, within all the considered permutations, that has the minimum LCC in a range of lifespan. Besides, the probabilistic analysis also shows that, whatever the scenario, the return on investment period ranges between 18.5 years and 24.2 years. After that period, the HDG option becomes economic.

Sustainability and shared smart and mutual--green growth (SSaM-GG) in Korean medical waste management.

Since medical insurance was introduced in the Republic of Korea, there have been several increases concerning medical waste. In order to solve these problems, we have applied life cycle assessment and life cycle cost. But these methods cannot be a perfect decision-making tool because they can only evaluate environmental and economic burdens. Thus, as one of many practical methods the shared smart and mutual - green growth considers economic growth, environmental protection, social justice, science technology and art, and mutual voluntarism when applied to medical waste management in the Republic of Korea. Four systems were considered: incineration, incineration with heat recovery, steam sterilisation, and microwave disinfection. This research study aimed to assess pollutant emissions from treatment, transport, and disposal. Global warming potential, photochemical oxidant creation potential, acidifications potential, and human toxicity are considered to be environmental impacts. Total investment cost, transport cost, operation, and maintenance cost for the medical waste are considered in the economy evaluations though life cycle cost. The social development, science technology and art, and mutual voluntarism are analysed through the Delphi-method conducted by expert groups related to medical waste. The result is that incineration with heat recovery is the best solution. However, when heat recovery is impossible, incineration without heat recovery becomes the next best choice. That is why 95% of medical waste is currently treated by both incineration and incineration with heat recovery within the Republic of Korea.

Biochar carbon nanodots for catalytic acetalization of biodiesel by-product crude glycerol to solketal: process optimization by RSM and life cycle cost analysis.

Carbon-based nanodots have garnered recent interest for their simple synthesis and versatile utility, ranging from biomedical to (opto) electronic applications, evolving into a tunable and biocompatible material. Here, for the first time, a biochar (lotus leaf) derived carbon nanodots was synthesized through hydrothermal carbonization. The synthesized hollow spherical biochar was engineered via functionalization by grafting -SO3H active sites. The attained catalyst was broadly analyzed by XRD, FTIR, TGA, BET, SEM-EDX, TEM, and XPS analysis after which it was applied for the acetalization reaction of crude glycerol (a biodiesel by-product) to form solketal, a potential fuel additive to valorize the large waste stream generated from biodiesel industry. Employing the RSM-CCD methodology, the experimental matrix was executed, and subsequent data were scrutinized through multiple regressions to model a quadratic equation. Under specific reaction parameters-a reaction duration of 14 min, a molar ratio of 7.5:1, and a catalyst loading of 5.7 wt.%, maximum solketal yield (95.7%) was attained through the ultrasonication method. Finally, to conclude, life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) for solketal production was studied here which determined the overall cost of solketal production per kilogram to be 0.719 USD ($), indicating high commercial applicability.

Enhancing environmental and economic benefits of constructed wetlands through plant recovery: A life cycle perspective.

Plant recovery plays a vital role in reclaiming bioresources from constructed wetland wastewater treatment systems. A comprehensive understanding of the environmental impacts and economic benefits associated with various wetland plant resourcing methods is critical for advancing both plant resource recovery and the application of wetlands in wastewater treatment. In this study, life cycle assessment was employed to evaluate the environmental impacts and costs of seven wetland plant recovery methods. In addition, the potential benefits of extending plant resource recovery within system boundaries were explored to enhance the overall advantages of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. The use of wetland plants for biofertilizer production had the lowest environmental impact (-8.52E-03), whereas the use of wetland plants for biochar production was the most cost-effective approach (-0.80€/kg). The introduction of a plant resource recovery component could significantly reduce the environmental impacts of constructed wetland wastewater treatment systems. The environmental impacts and costs of constructed wetland wastewater treatment systems that incorporate plant resource recovery into the system boundary are better than activated sludge methods and highly efficient algal ponds, except for the global warming potential (GWP). The use of plants for biofertilizer production could cut the environmental impacts of constructed wetland wastewater treatment systems by up to 85 % and the costs by 65 %, making it the most suitable method of plant use. Additionally, prioritizing the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from constructed wetlands should be a primary optimization goal. The findings of this study provide valuable support for the implementation of wetland plant resourcing in constructed wetland wastewater treatment systems.

Effect of separation pretreatment on environmental and economic performance of sludge resource utilization.

As a new technology for accurate utilization of sludge resources, sludge inorganic-organic matter separation (IOMS) has attracted wide attention. This study examined the impact of this pretreatment on environmental and economic performance of sludge composting and incineration using life cycle assessment (LCA) and whole life costing (WLC). LCA results indicated that IOMS pretreatment reduced the energy conservation and emission reduction (ECER) values of composting and incineration by 56 % and 76 %, respectively. Meanwhile, WLC exhibited that IOMS pretreatment could cut the break-even year of incineration from 11 years to 4 years. The combination of organic sludge incineration/composting with inorganic sludge sintering ceramsite reveals excellent environmental and economic performance. The application optimization hypothesis analysis of these two routes in various provinces of China indicates that Jiangsu has the greatest development potential and should become a major promotion region.

A life cycle cost analysis of different shore power incentive policies on both shore and ship sides based on system dynamics and a Chinese port case.

Shore power (SP) is widely recognized as an efficient strategy for reducing air pollution in port areas. Unfortunately, the adoption of SP has been relatively low, resulting in limited emission reductions and financial losses. To address these challenges, this paper focuses on enhancing the utilization rate of SP, which is meaningful for emission control and environmental protection. This paper combines system dynamics with a study of the benefits of SP, which bridges the research gap to some extent. We propose a system dynamics model that assesses the impact of various incentive policies on the economic and environmental benefits of SP. The model considers the life cycle cost and comprises four subsystems. By conducting a case study on Nansha Port, we find that price subsidies are more effective than construction subsidies in overcoming economic barriers. Furthermore, we observe that the overall economic benefits only increase when the electricity price decreases. This is because lowering the electricity price enhances the profitability of ships without negatively affecting port revenue. Additionally, it is the proportion of the electricity price and service price that determines the overall economic benefits, rather than the SP price itself. Hence, it is recommended to provide preferential subsidies for the electricity price.