Transcriptional study of genes involved in the passage from teliospore to hyphae stage in the fungus Thecaphora frezii, the causal agent of peanut smut.

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are among the most important leguminous crops in Argentina. During the growing season, they are frequently attacked by fungal diseases, including Thecaphora frezii. The spores of T. frezii are structures that confer resistance to this phytopathogen. The transition from teliospore to hypha is a characteristic process of some fungi, which is essential for completing their life cycle. Using the transcriptomes of teliospores and hyphae of T. frezii, we aimed to identify genes that were differentially expressed during this transition, and we found 134 up-regulated and 66 down-regulated genes, which would participate in different cellular processes such as: (a) cell cycle and DNA processing; (b) cell fate; (c) rescue, defense and cellular virulence; (d) detoxification by CYP450; (e) energy; (f) nutrient interaction and nutritional adaptation; (g) metabolism; (g) proteins with binding functions or cofactor requirements; (h) stress, cell differentiation and biogenesis of cell components; and (i) transport, cell communication and transcription. The identification of genes in T. frezii and their expression levels during different stages of differentiation could contribute to our understanding of the biological mechanisms in this fungus.

First report of ryegrass cyst nematode, Heterodera mani, in Tasmania, Australia.

Cyst nematodes of the genus Heterodera are a major group of sedentary plant parasites causing a significant economic impact, restricting production and market access globally (Moens et al. 2018). The ryegrass cyst nematode Heterodera mani is in the Avenae group and is found predominantly in pastures and grasslands in Europe, California, and South Africa. It was first described by Mathews (1971) from Northern Ireland. Known hosts are grasses (family Poaceae), principally Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass), but also Dactylis glomerata (cat grass) and Festuca pratensis (meadow fescue) (Subbotin et al. 2010). Mowat (1974) reported that H. mani causes negligible damage to the yield of L. perenne in pot trials; however, Maas & Brinkman (1982) determined that it may cause significant damage to spring and autumn-sown perennial ryegrass in field conditions. During a routine examination for potato cyst nematode from a farm near Mawbanna in north-west Tasmania, Australia, several pale to dark brown Heterodera cysts were extracted that were lemon shaped with the presence of a small vulval cone at the posterior end and a distinct neck. The J2 (n=20) stylet length ranged from 24-26 µm with round knobs deeply concave anteriorly, hyaline tail length was 37-42 µm, true tail length ranged from 59-68 µm and total body length varied from 526-559 µm. All the above characters match those described for H. mani (Subbotin et al. 2010). To verify this identification, DNA was extracted from five individual J2 juveniles from a single cyst using QIAamp DNA micro kit (Qiagen®), and two gene regions amplified: internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal RNA (ITS-rRNA) with primer pair AB28 and TW81 and cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) with primer pair JB3 and JB5 (Bowles et al. 1992; Curran et al. 1994; Derycke et al. 2005). One PCR reaction contained 10 µM (1 µl each) of each primer, 12.5 µl of OneTaq® DNA Polymerase and 5 µl of DNA template with a final volume of 25 µl. PCR products were sent for purification and Sanger sequencing at Macrogen (Seoul, Rep. of Korea). All resulting sequences were trimmed, aligned, and analysed using Geneious Prime® 2022.0.1 (www.geneious.com). Five ITS sequences (accessions ON402852-ON402856) and five CO1 sequences (accessions ON402857-ON402861) were submitted to GenBank. These ITS sequences were very similar to each other and exhibited 99.16-100% similarity with that of H. mani isolate from Hamminkeln, Germany (AY148377) (Subbotin et al. 2018). The CO1 sequences exhibited 98.96-100% similarity with that of H. mani isolate from Washington, USA (MG523097) (Subbotin et al. 2003). Obtained sequences were mapped to reference sequences downloaded from NCBI GenBank and maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees were calculated. Due to the lack of further living nematode material, pot experiments were not performed. Such experiments are not feasible in Tasmania currently and transfer of live nematode material to the Australian mainland presents logistic and legal issues. However, morphological and molecular evidence for species determination of H. mani was unequivocal and contributes to the list of cyst nematode species present in Australia. This is the first detection of H. mani in Australia and is a range extension of the species from North America, Africa, and Europe to Australia. The nematode may cause damage to perennial ryegrass in Australia, however, impact on yield still needs to be investigated.

Evaluation of dentinal crack propagation, amount of gutta percha remaining and time required during removal of gutta percha using two different rotary instruments and hand instruments - An In vitro study.

Background: One of the most important goal of non surgical endodontic retreatment is the successful removal of gutta percha and sealers from the root canal system. A variety of techniques have been recommended for retreatment procedures for the removal of gutta-percha and sealers with or without the help of adjunctive chemical solvents, by using stainless steel hand files or nickel-titanium rotary files, gate glidden burs, heated instruments, ultrasonic instruments, and lasers 1,3. The current advancements in the design of NiTi instruments have proved efficacious in the removal of filling materials from the root canal wall and various studies have also confirmed their cleaning ability and efficacy 4,5. Nevertheless, the use of rotary instrumentation can lead to the formation of dentinal cracks in the root canal dentin. Many researchers have reported the incidence of crack formation and propagation after the procedure with manual, rotary and reciprocating instruments. The behavior of rotary instruments in the generation of defects have been the point of greatest interest during many years 6. These dentinal cracks can be defined as defects with a complete crack line extending from inner root canal space up to the outer surface of the root when the tensile stress in the root canal wall exceeds the tensile stress of dentin 7. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate and to compare the amount of dentinal microcracks formation with various new instrumentation methods and conventional hand filing method. It also looks into amount of gutta-percha removed after retreatment from the canal and the time required for all the instrumentation technique. Methodology: Sixty extracted human maxillary first molars with curved roots were mounted on addition silicone impression material incorporated in an aluminium hollow block, then instrumented using step-back preparation with 35 size K files. Obturation was done using gutta-percha with AH plus sealer. These were stored for 14 days and divided into three groups Mani GPR, Endostar Re Endo and H file and were subjected to retreatment procedures. Retreatment was considered complete when no filling material was observed on the canal wall and the canal was smooth and free of visible debris. The samples were examined under scanning electron microscope and the number of cracks were calculated. The percentage of root canal filling material and time taken was recorded. Statistical Analysis: The data obtained were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), chi-square test and Scheffe's post hoc test through SPSS for window (version 22.0). Result: All the techniques showed similar amount of crack propagation, with no statistical difference between the group. Retreatment done using H Files required more time and removed less material. The coronal third showed less amount of gutta-percha remnants than the apical third in all groups. Conclusion: All the groups showed a similar amount of crack propagation. Less number of cracks were observed in the coronal one third and more amount of cracks were found at the apical third. Endostar RE Endo rotary instrument proved to be most effective and least time-consuming. Hedstrom Files required more time and removed less material.

A qualitative study on wildlife contact and healthcare-seeking behaviors among a cluster of Mani ethnic group in Manang district, Satun province of Thailand.

Mani, or Maniq, or Sakai, are recognized as indigenous hunter-gatherers. Some are nomadic, while others have settled and modernized. Our knowledge of this ethnic group's healthcare-seeking and wildlife contact is limited. Thus, this qualitative study examined healthcare practices and wildlife interaction among a cluster of Mani ethnic group members in Manang District, Satun Province, Thailand, from November to December 2022. Four key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) were carried out, and the selection of the study respondents was based on information from a gatekeeper and local health officials. Coding, thematic, content, and triangulation analyses of audio transcriptions were implemented based on the study objectives. Mani's beliefs and lifestyle are deeply rooted in the forest, which significantly impacts numerous aspects of their lives. They encountered challenges such as food scarcity, legal issues, and access to modern healthcare. However, since obtaining national identification cards, their mobility has decreased. Their way of life has also changed, as they've become more dependent on outsiders. Nevertheless, they continue engaging in traditional practices such as gathering food, hunting in the forest, and treating illnesses with herbal remedies. They rarely develop serious illnesses. They have decided to seek treatment only if their condition persists or worsens. In addition, their knowledge of COVID-19, zoonotic diseases, and emerging animal-borne diseases was limited. In this regard, relevant governments and organizations should improve their health literacy about zoonotic diseases spread by wild animals to promote appropriate wildlife contact practices and reduce the potential risk of infection.

Canal transportation using Mani GPR or HyFlex NT during the retreatment of curved root canals: A micro-computed tomographic study.

This study assessed the apical transportation using Mani GPR or HyFlex NT during the retreatment of curved root canals. Thirty-eight roots were analysed using micro-CT for the comparison of apical transportation produced by two retreatment systems. Longitudinal transportation, horizontal transportation, variation in the canal angle of curvature and variation in the canal/root width ratio were analysed. Longitudinal transportation was frequently observed, regardless of the system used. The canals retreated with Mani GPR showed a significantly higher horizontal transportation at 1 mm from the root apex (P < 0.01) and greater variation of the canal curvature angle (P < 0.01). The canal/root width ratio was similar between groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, longitudinal transportation occurred more frequently in the mesial canal walls. Mani GPR showed greater horizontal transportation at 1 mm short of the apex, and higher variation of the canal curvature angle compared with HyFlex NT.

Comparative evaluation of dentinal crack formation after root canal preparation with Neoendo Flex and Mani Silk files: An in vitro study.

CONTEXT: Neoendo Flex and Mani Silk are recently launched nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary files. Dentinal cracks and file separation remain a critical problem in the endodontic domain. AIM: The aim was to evaluate and compare the incidence of dentinal crack formation after root canal preparation with Neoendo flex and Mani silk files. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six extracted single-rooted premolars with straight, single root canals were selected for the study. The specimens were randomly assigned to three groups, with 12 samples in each group. The root canal preparation for the three groups was done with hand K-file, Mani Silk, and Neoendo Flex files, respectively, following which the specimens were horizontally sectioned at 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex. Sectioned samples were viewed under a stereomicroscope to determine the presence or absence of dentinal cracks. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Chi-square test. RESULTS: Hand K-files and Mani Silk files produced a lesser number of cracks than Neoendo Flex files; however, the difference was not statistically significant among the three file groups at 3 mm and 6 mm (P > 0.05). A statistically significant difference between the groups was seen at 9 mm, where Mani Silk files produced fewer cracks than K files and Neoendo Flex files (P = 0.007). Overall, Neoendo Flex significantly produced more cracks than Mani Silk and hand K-files (P = 0.0029). CONCLUSIONS: Both hand K files and NiTi rotary instruments may cause dentinal cracks. Neoendo Flex files tend to produce more dentinal cracks than Mani silk and K-file.

Botulinum toxin A for the treatment of strabismus in children with neurological impairment / Toxına botulínica tipo A para o tratamento de estrabısmo em crianças neurologicamente comprometidas

ABSTRACT Purposes: To assess the efficacy of botulinum toxin A injection in the treatment of strabismus in patients with neurological impairment and evaluate the factors associated with treatment success. Methods: The study included 50 patients with strabismus and neurological impairment. In all children, botulinum toxin injection was performed into the appropriate extraocular muscle. The relationship between demographic features, clinical characteristics, and treatment success were analyzed. Results: In the study group, 34 patients had esotropia, and 16 patients had exotropia. As neurological problems, 36 patients had cerebral palsy, and 14 had hydrocephalus. The average follow-up period was 15.3 ± 7.3 months. The mean number of injections was 1.4 ± 0.6. The mean angle of deviation was 42.5 ± 13.2 PD before the treatment, which decreased to 12.8 ± 11.9 PD after the treatment. Successful motor alignment (orthotropia within 10 PD) was achieved in 60% of the patients. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that esotropic misalignment and shorter duration of strabismus was significantly associated with treatment success in the study group. Patients with esotropia and lower angles of misalignment were more likely to be treated with a single injection. Conclusion: The use of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of strabismus in children with neurological impairment is a good alternative to conventional surgical therapy with a lower risk of overcorrection. The treatment outcome is better in esodeviations and shorter duration of strabismus, implying an advantage of early treatment.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar a eficácia do uso de toxina bo-tulínica tipo A no tratamento do estrabismo em pacientes com comprometimento neurológico e avaliar os fatores associados ao sucesso do tratamento. Métodos: Cinquenta pacientes com estrabismo e comprometimento neurológico foram incluídos no estudo. Em todas as crianças, a toxina botulínica tipo A foi injetada no músculo extraocular apropriado. A relação entre características demográficas, características clínicas e o sucesso do tratamento foram analisadas. Resultados: No grupo de estudo, 34 pacientes tiveram esotropia e 16 pacientes tiveram exotropia, sendo trinta e seis pacientes com paralisia cerebral e 14 pacientes com hidrocefalia. O tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 15,3 ± 7,3 meses. O número médio de aplicações foi de 1,4 ± 0,6. O ângulo de desvio médio foi de 42,5 ± 13,2 DP antes do tratamento e diminuiu para 12,8 ± 11,9 DP após o tratamento. Alinhamento motor bem sucedido (ortotropia dentro de 10 DP) foi alcançado em 60% dos pacientes. A análise de regressão logística binária revelou que o desalinhamento esotrópico e uma menor duração do estrabismo foram significativamente associados ao sucesso do tratamento no grupo de estudo. Pacientes esotrópicos com ângulos de desalinhamento menores são mais propensos a serem tratados com uma única aplicação. Conclusão: O uso da toxina botulínica tipo A para o tratamento de estrabismo em crianças com comprometimento neurológico é uma boa alternativa para a terapia cirúrgica convencional com menor risco de hipercorreção. O resultado do tratamento é melhor em exodesvios e em pacientes com estrabismo de menor duração, implicando em vantagem para o tratamento precoce.

Removal of Root Canal Fillings in Curved Canals Using Either Mani GPR or HyFlex NT Followed by Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation.

This study compared the efficacy of HyFlex NT (HF; Coltene, New York, NY) and Mani GPR (MN; Mani Inc, Tokyo, Japan) systems followed by a supplementary approach with passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) in removing the filling material from curved root canals during retreatment. The mesial canals from 20 extracted mandibular molars with Vertucci type IV configuration were instrumented and obturated (N = 40). Each mesial canal was retreated using either HF or MN instruments, alternating the system used per canal from root to root. The final preparation size was 40/0.04 for both systems. The volume of canal filling material was assessed by means of micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) imaging before and after retreatment, and the working time was recorded. Canals still showing remnants of filling material were subjected to a supplementary approach with PUI, and another micro-CT scan was taken. The percentage of filling material removed with MN instruments and HF was similar (95.5% and 92.7%, respectively) (P > .05). MN required significantly less time to remove the filling material (P < .05). The supplementary approach with PUI significantly enhanced the removal of filling material (P < .05). Both systems were equally effective in removing the root canal filling during retreatment. MN was faster than HF. The supplementary approach with PUI significantly improved filling material removal.

Successful Aging among Elders Living in the Mani Continental Region vs. Insular Areas of the Mediterranean: the MEDIS Study.

To evaluate the role of geography i.e., continental vs. insular Mediterranean, on successful aging among older inhabitants. During 2005-2014, 2693 elderly (aged 65 to 100 years) individuals from 21 Mediterranean islands in Greece, Italy and Spain as well as Cyprus, Malta, and the rural region of Mani (southeast continental region of Greece keeping old-time traditions), were voluntarily recruited. Successful aging was evaluated using a validated index composed of 10 health-related socio-lifestyle and clinical characteristics. After accounting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, smoking habits, MedDietScore and access to health care services, the older inhabitants of islands were found to have a higher level of the successful aging index when compared to their counterparts in Mani (Beta=0.174, p<0.001); moreover, islanders exhibited slightly more years of "good" health (68.7 vs 68.4 years for Mani residents (p=0.99)). However, compared to the residents of Mani, islanders had 1.64 times higher odds (95%CI, 1.08-2.48) for having hypertension, 2.4-times higher odds (95%CI, 1.34-4.21) for having diabetes and 1.52 times higher odds (95%CI, 0.97-2.38) for having hypercholesterolemia. Engaging in physical activities and healthy dietary habits were the major determinants of healthy aging, among islanders as compared to their counterparts of continental Mani region. Elder residents of the continental Mani area enjoyed a better health status, whereas elder islanders had a higher level of successful aging; a finding which could be attributed to differences in lifestyle among elders.

O impacto do uso de substâncias psicoativas e suas repercussões na cavidade bucal: revisão integrativa / The impact of the use of psychoactive substances and their manifesta-tions on the oral cavity: integrative review / El impacto del uso de sustancias psicoactivas y sus manifestacionesen la cavidad oral: revisíon integradora

Introdução:O consumo de drogas pode promover consequências para o organismo, sobretudo a cavidade bucal. Objetivo:Verificar quais são as substâncias psicoativas mais utilizadas e suasmanifestações na cavidade bucal. Metodologia:Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, realizadana base de dados Medical Publications (PubMed) com os descritores "Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias (Substance-Related Disor-ders)" e "Odontologia (Dentistry)" com o operador booleano "And".Foram seleciona-dos artigos primeiramente por meio de leituras exploratórias dos seus títulos e resumos, seguida da leitura dos artigos na íntegra, levando em consideração os critérios de inclusão, que consistiam em textos completos, publicados nos idiomas Português e Inglês, do tipo estudo transversal indexados na base de dados referida, no período de 2015 a 2020 e que associassem o uso das substâncias psicoativas com as manifestaçõesna cavidade bucal, e os critérios de exclusão, que foram artigos de opinião, relatos de caso, revisões de literatura e os estudos que não abordassem sobre a temática da pesquisa. Resultados:A amostra foi composta por 5 artigos seleciona-dos, em que 4 deles realizaram a pesquisa com homens e mulheres e apenas 1 com homens, em ambos os trabalhos a idade dos participantes foram superiores a 18 anos e as substâncias psicoativas analisadasvariaram entre ópio, crack, cocaína, heroína, maconha, álcool e tabaco. Como consequência ao uso dessas substânciasa perda den-tária, presença de cárie dentária e doença periodontal foram as principais manifesta-çõesbucais. Conclusões:O consumo de substâncias psicoativas aumenta o limiar de dor, podendo mascarar a sintomatologia dolorosa das manifestações bucais e postergar a busca por tratamento odontológico, agravando, por vezes, a condição bucal do indivíduo. Sendo portanto, de extrema importância o conhecimento e atuação do cirurgião dentista frente ao usuário de drogas, desde a prevenção, diagnóstico etratamento do caso (AU).

Introduction:Drug use can have consequences for the body, especially the oral cavity.Objective:To investigate the most used psychoactive substances and their manifesta-tions in the oral cavity. Methodology:This is an integrative review, carried out in the Medical Publications database (PubMed) with the descriptors "Substance-Related Dis-orders (Substance-Related Disorders)" and "Dentistry (Dentistry)" with the Boolean operator "And". Articles were selected first through exploratory readings of their titles and abstracts, followed by reading the articles in full, taking into account the inclusion criteria, which consisted of full texts, published in Portuguese and English, of the cross-sectional type indexed in the referred database, in the period from 2015 to 2020 and that associated the use of psychoactive substances with the manifestations in the oral cavity, and the exclusion criteria, which were opinion articles, case reports, litera-ture reviews and studies that did not address the research theme.Results:The sample consisted of 5 selected articles, of which 4 of them researched with men and women and only 1 with men. In both studies, the participants' age was over 18 years, and the psychoactive substances analyzed varied between opium, crack, cocaine, heroin, ma-rijuana, alcohol, and tobacco. As a consequence of using these substances, tooth loss, dental caries, and periodontaldisease were the main oral manifestations.Conclusions:The consumption of psychoactive substances increases the pain threshold, masks the painful symptoms of oral manifestations and postpones the search for dental treat-ment, sometimes worsening the individual's oral condition. Therefore, the knowledge and performance of the dental surgeon concerning the drug user is essential, from pre-vention, diagnosis, and treatment of the case (AU).

Introducción:El consumo de drogas puede tener consecuencias en el organismo, es-pecialmente en la cavidad oral.Objetivo:Investigar las sustancias psicoactivas más utilizadas y sus manifestaciones en la cavidad oral.Metodología: Revisión integra-dora, realizada en la base de datos de publicaciones médicas (PubMed) con los des-criptores "Substance-Related Disorders (Trastornos relacionados con sustancias)" y "Dentistry (Odontología)" con el operador booleano "And". Los artículos fueron selec-cionados primero a través de la lectura exploratoria de sus títulos y resúmenes, se-guida de la lectura de los artículos en su totalidad, teniendo en cuenta los criterios de inclusión, que consistieron en textos completos, publicados en portugués e inglés, de tipo transversal indexados en la referida base de datos, en el período de 2015 a 2020 y que asociaran el uso de sustancias psicoactivas con las manifestaciones en la cavidad oral, y los criterios de exclusión, que fueron los artículos de opinión, los informes de casos, las revisiones bibliográficas y los estudios que no abordaron el tema de investi-gación. Resultados:Consistió en 5 artículos seleccionados, de los cuales 4 investigaron con hombres y mujeres y sólo 1 con hombres. En ambos estudios, la edad de los parti-cipantes era superior a 18 años y las sustancias psicoactivas analizadas variaban entre opio, crack, cocaína, heroína, marihuana, alcohol y tabaco. Como consecuencia del consumo de estas sustancias, la pérdida de dientes, la caries dental y la enfermedad periodontal fueron las principales manifestaciones orales.Conclusiones: El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas aumenta el umbral del dolor, enmascara los síntomas dolo-rosos de las manifestaciones orales y pospone la búsqueda de tratamiento odontoló-gico, empeorando en ocasiones la condición oral del individuo. Por lo tanto, el conoci-miento y la actuación del cirujano dentista en relación con el consumidor de drogas es esencial, desde la prevención, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento del caso (AU).

Análisis cinemático de la masticación de una granola prototipo en contraste con la masticación de maní / Kinematic analysis of chewing by using a granola prototype and peanut

La masticación se ha estudiado desde diferentes puntos de vista, utilizando alimentos de prueba naturales y artificiales. La evidencia es escasa cuando se analizan alimentos a base de cereales, que van desde cereales para el desayuno hasta barras de granola. El investigar este tipo de alimentos, se vuelve importante para entender el comportamiento de la masticación frente a alimentos con diferentes composiciones y texturas, y como estas características pueden influir en el proceso masticatorio. Se analizó la masticación desde un punto de vista cinemático, en sujetos jóvenes dentados. El alimento de prueba utilizado fue granola prototipo y maní, este último se ha estudiado en sujetos con rehabilitación protésica y su consumo se recomienda en esta población. Se analizaron las características cinemáticas de la masticación como numero de ciclos, frecuencia masticatoria, velocidad de masticación de ascenso y descenso, y el área de masticación en los tres planos del espacio. Se relacionaron los movimientos masticatorios con los movimientos mandibulares bordeantes que conformaron el polígono de Posselt, este también se analizó en los tres planos espaciales. En todas las variables analizadas la granola presento valores mayores, excepto en el número de ciclos masticatorios, sólo se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p= 0,03) al comparar la velocidad (ascenso y descenso) y el área de masticación en el plano horizontal.

Chewing has been studied from different points of view, using natural and artificial foods test. When analyzing cereal-based foods, from breakfast cereals to granola bars, the evidence is scarce. Investigate this type of food is important to understand the behavior of chewing, with foods of different compositions and textures, and how these characteristics can influence the chewing process. Chewing was analyzed from a cinematic point of view, in young subjects complete dental. The test food used was prototype granola and peanuts, last one has been studied in subjects with prosthetic rehabilitation and its consumption is recommended in this population. The kinematic characteristics of chewing were analyzed: number of cycles, chewing frequency, ascent and descent chewing speed, and the chewing area in the three planes of space. The masticatory movements were related to the bordering mandibular movements, that formed the Posselt polygon, which was also analyzed in the three spatial planes. In all the variables analyzed, granola showed higher values, except in the number of chewing cycles, only statistically significant differences (p = 0.03) were found when comparing speed (ascent and descent) and the chewing area in the horizontal plane.

Efecto del consumo de alimentos con elevado contenido lipídico sobre el perfil lipídico de ratones sanos / Effect of the consumption of foods with high lipid content on lipid profile of healthy mice

La alteración de los lípidos en sangre o dislipidemias sobre todo el colesterol y triglicéridos, son un factor de riesgo de ateroesclerosis y enfermedades cardiovasculares. En este trabajo se analizó el efecto del consumo de huevo, clara, yema de huevo, mantequilla y maní sobre el perfil lipídico de ratones sanos. Se utilizaron seis grupos de ratones hembras sanas, el grupo control (GC) recibió balanceado comercial, mientras que en los demás grupos, 15% de su alimentación diaria consistió en huevo entero (GHE), yema (GY), clara de huevo (GCH), manteca o mantequilla (GMT) o maní (GMN), durante 28 días. Al final de este periodo, se obtuvo la muestra de suero para la determinación de los niveles de colesterol total (CT), triglicéridos (TG), colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL y colesterol VLDL, y se calcularon los índices de riesgo aterogénico y de riesgo cardiaco. Se observó un aumento estadísticamente significativo en los niveles de CT y LDL en relación al GC en los grupos GHE (p<0,0001), GY (p<0,0001), GCH (p<0,005) y GMT (p<0,001), mientras que en niveles de TG presentan un aumento los grupos GHE (p<0,0001) y GY (p<0,0001). El nivel de HDL aumentó significativamente en los grupos GHE (p<0,005) y GMT (p<0,001), y en cuanto al índice de riesgo cardiaco y aterogénico el grupo GY fue el único que reveló aumento significativo (p<0,0001). En el grupo que recibió maní (GMN), no se alteraron los niveles de lípidos, y por lo tanto tampoco el riesgo cardiaco ni aterogénico, lo que se traduce en un menor riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares de este grupo(AU)

The alteration of blood lipids or dyslipidemias, especially cholesterol and triglycerides, are a risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. In this work, the effect of consumption of egg, egg white, egg yolk, butter and peanut on the lipid profile of healthy mice was analyzed. Six groups of healthy female mice were used, the control group (GC) received commercial pellets, while for the other groups, 15% of their daily food consisted of whole egg (GHE), egg yolk (GY), egg white (GCH) ), butter (GMT) or peanut (GMN), for 28 days. At the end of this period, a serum sample was obtained for the determination of the levels of total cholesterol (CT), triglycerides (TG), HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol, and cardiac and atherogenic risk index were calculated. A statistically significant increase in TC and LDL levels was observed in relation to GC in the GHE (p <0,0001), GY (p <0,0001), GCH (p <0,005) and GMT (p <0,001) groups; whereas TG levels showed an increase in the GHE (p <0,0001) and GY (p <0,0001) groups. The HDL level increased significantly in the groups GHE (p <0,005) and GMT (p <0,001), and in terms of the cardiac and atherogenic risk index, the GY group was the only group that revealed a significant increase (p <0,0001). In the group that received peanuts (GMN), the lipid levels were not altered, and therefore neither the cardiac nor the atherogenic risk, which indicates the risk of cardiovascular diseases in this group, were affected(AU)

Taxonomical outlines of bio-diversity of Karnataka in a 14th century Kannada toxicology text Khagendra Mani Darpana.

Origin of ancient Indian toxicology can be dated back to vedic literature. Toxins of both animate and inanimate world were very well understood during the era. Rig and Atharva vedic texts describe such details. After classifying such toxins, Charaka Samhitha, the basic literature of Indian Medicine used gold and ghee as panaceas to counter act them. Ayurveda considers toxicology as one among the eight specialized branches of medical wisdom. Unfortunately, the available literature on this is very limited. Moreover, they have been discussed briefly in Charaka and Sushrutha Samhitha. Mangarasa I, a Jain scholar who lived on the foothills of the Western Ghats, in Southern India in 1350 A.D., felt this vacuum and composed an independent, elaborate Kannada text on toxicology. His less known text Khagendra Mani Darpana (KMD) is the first ever documented complete text on toxicology in the world. Medieval Indian wisdom on plant and animal diversities are very well reflected in this unique toxicological text. Centuries past to Linnean era, KMD gives vivid descriptions on zoological and botanical diversities of the time. This astonishing fact is an evidence of our ancestor's curiosities about the nature around them. A critical overview of the bio-diversity described in KMD text is discussed in this paper.

Determinación de aflatoxinas en maní y productos de maní en Sudán usando aflatest® y HPLC / Determination of aflatoxins in groundnut and groundnut products in Sudan using aflatest® and HPLC

Esta encuesta examinó 30 muestras de maní y 15 productos de maní de tres estados (Khartoum, Kordofan y Gadarif) de Sudán para determinar AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 usando cromatografía líquida de alta performance (HPLC) con detección de fluorescencia. La frecuencia de muestras de maní contaminadas con AFB1 de Khartoum, Gadarif y Kordofan fue 58,3%, 57,1%, y 66,7%, respectivamente. Ninguna muestra de maní o producto de maní estaba contaminado con AFG1 o AFG2. El límite de detecciones (LDD) y el límite de cuantificaciones (LDC) estuvieron en un rango de 0,01-0,02 ng g-1 y 0,03-0,05 ng g-1, respectivamente. Algunas muestras de maní contenían concentraciones de AFB1 por encima de los límites regulatorios UE. Las muestras más contaminadas con aflatoxinas fueron las del estado de Kordofan.

This survey examined 30 samples of groundnut and 15 groundnut products from threestates (Khartoum, Kordofan and Gadarif) of Sudan for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection. The frequency of contaminated groundnut samples with AFB1 from Khartoum, Gadarif and Kordofan state was 58.3%, 57.1%, and 66.7%, respectively. No sample of groundnut orground nut product was contaminated with AFG1 or AFG2. The limit of detections (LODs)and limit of quantifications (LOQs) were found to be in a range between 0.01–0.02 ng g−1and 0.03–0.05 ng g−1, respectively. Some groundnut samples contained AFB1concentrations above the EU regulatory limits. The highest contaminated samples with aflatoxins were found in Kordofan state.

ALERGIA ALIMENTARIA EN LACTANTE ALIMENTADO CON SENO MATERNO EXCLUSIVO / Food allergy in an exclusively breastfed infant

El término alergia alimentaria se refiere a los eventos adversos a alimentos originados por mecanismo inmunológico. La alergia alimentaria puede aparecer en cualquier etapa de la vida. Es un padecimiento que, en general, se manifiesta en el lactante por llanto excesivo, cólicos, vómitos, diarreas, acompañadas de sangre y eccema en la piel. El objetivo de la investigación es demostrar la sensibilización del lactante a los alérgenos alimentarios que recibió en el útero de la madre y a través de la lactancia materna exclusiva. La metodología fue reporte de un caso al que se le suspendió la lactancia materna exclusiva y se introdujo leche en polvo hipoalergénica Puramino. La IgE total fue de 1.136 kU/l y los valores de IgE alérgeno específico para leche, el huevo y el maní mayores de 100 kU/l y para el trigo 24,4 kU/l. Se concluye así que la leche de vaca, el huevo, el maní y el trigo pueden sensibilizar al niño durante el embarazo y a través del seno materno. El uso de una dieta hipoalergénica durante el período de lactante puede revertir el proceso.(AU)

The term food allergy refers to adverse events caused by immunologic mechanism. Food allergy may appear at any stage of life, it is a condition that generally manifests itself in the baby's excessive crying, colic, vomiting, diarrhea accompanied by blood and skin eczema. The objective of the research is to demonstrate awareness infant to food allergens received in the mother's womb and through the exclusive breastfeeding. The methodology was a case report that was suspended exclusive breastfeeding and milk powder was introduced into hypoallergenic Puramino. The total IgE was 1.136 kU/L and allergen specific IgE values for milk, egg and peanut higher than 100 kU/L and wheat: 24. 4 kU/L. It is concluded that cow's milk, egg, peanuts and wheat can sensitize the child during pregnancy and through the womb. The use of a hypoallergenic diet during the infant can reverse the process.(AU)

Harina de maní parcialmente deslipidizada: un ingrediente funcional para mejorar el valor nutritivo de productos de panificación / Partially defatted peanut flour: a functional ingredient to improve nutritional value of bakery products

Peanut seeds were used to obtain partially defatted peanut flour (PF) by means of a cross-flow solvent extraction process (n-hexane), using a continuous lixiviation apparatus. The chemical composition of PF showed high protein (410 g kg-1) and crude fiber (160 g kg-1) contents; total lipids (115 g kg-1) and minerals (47g kg-1) were in minor amounts. Physico-chemical properties of PF showed minimum solubility at pH 4 - 5 and maximum at pH 8. Water and oil holding capacities were 2.7 and 2.3 g ml-1, respectively, and presented emulsifying properties suitable for the formulation of bakery products. Breads prepared by replacement of 10 or 20 % wheat flour by PF showed significant increases of both protein and fiber contents, and improved fatty acid profile, with respect to breads made with wheat flour only Cookies made with PF had three times more protein content and nine times more fiber content than wheat flour-based cookies. The sensory scores of PF-based products were similar to those made with wheat flour. Partially defatted peanut flour provides a rich source of gluten-free protein, fiber and essential minerals. It may be used to enhance the nutritional quality of wheat flour-based bakery products.

Se obtuvo harina de maní parcialmente deslipidizada (HM) mediante un proceso de lixiviación continua (n-hexano). La composición mostró elevados contenidos de proteínas (410 g kg-1) y fibra cruda (160 g kg-1); los lípidos totales (115 g kg-1) y los minerales (47 g kg-1) se encontraron en menor proporción. La solubilidad mínima de HM se observó a pH comprendido entre 4 y 5, y la máxima a pH 8. Las capacidades de retención de agua y de aceite fueron de 2.7 y 2.3 ml g-1, respectivamente y con valores en las propiedades emulsionantes apropiadas para la formulación de productos de panificación. Panes elaborados con 10 o 20 % HM, en reemplazo de harina de trigo, mostraron incrementos significativos de los contenidos de proteínas y fibra cruda, y mejores perfiles de ácidos grasos y minerales en relación a los preparados sólo con harina de trigo. Galletitas elaboradas a base de HM presentaron contenidos de proteínas y de fibra tres y nueve veces más elevados, respectivamente, que las obtenidas con harina de trigo. Los atributos sensoriales de los productos elaborados con HM resultaron similares a los elaborados con harina de trigo. La harina de maní parcialmente deslipidizada constituye una fuente rica en proteínas libres de gluten, fibra y minerales esenciales, que puede ser utilizada para mejorar la calidad nutricional de productos de panificación basados en harina de trigo.

Manifestações bucais em pacientes pediátricos infectados pelo HIV: uma revisão sistemática da literatura / Oral manifestations in pediatric HIV infected patients: a systematic literature review

Introdução: a Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adqui-rida (Sida/Aids), quando ocorre em indivíduos de 0 a 13 anos de idade, é denominada de Aids pediátrica e pode apresentar manifestações significativas na cavi-dade bucal. Objetivo: este estudo teve o propósito de investigar, mediante uma revisão sistemática da litera-tura, as principais manifestações bucais nos pacientes pediátricos infectados pelo HIV. Métodos: por meio de busca nas bases DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals), SciELO e BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde - Bireme), foram selecionados onze artigos publicados entre 2008 e 2013. Resultados: na avaliação realiza-da através da escala de Jadad, seis dos nove estudos analíticos obtiveram pontuação igual ou maior que três, sendo considerados de boa expressividade metodoló-gica. As principais manifestações bucais presentes em pacientes pediátricos infectados pelo HIV encontradas nos artigos selecionados foram: cárie, candidose, quei-lite angular, eritema linear gengival, lesões na mucosa, patologias nas glândulas salivares, sarcoma de Kaposi, linfoma não Hodgkin, doenças fúngicas, doenças virais, doença periodontal, hipoplasia de esmalte e condiloma acuminado. Conclusão: evidenciou-se, por meio deste estudo, a importância do cirurgião-dentista em equipes multiprofissionais no atendimento a essas crianças, bem como a realização de mais estudos que reportem sobre as condições bucais de crianças infectadas pelo HIV

Variabilidad genética y distribución geográfica del maní, Arachis hypogaea L. en la Región Ucayali, Perú

El Perú ha sido reconocido como uno de los más importantes centros de diversidad del cultivo de maní y de acuerdo a la evidencia arqueológica, pudo haber sido el centro de origen para dicho cultivo. Para incrementar el conocimiento de la diversidad genética del maní en el Perú, se evaluaron 65 accesiones de maní, correspondientes a 21 variedades locales, de las cuencas de los ríos San Alejandro, Ucayali y Aguaytía, de la Región Ucayali. Las accesiones fueron proporcionadas por el proyecto "Modelos de diversidad y de erosión genética en cultivos tradicionales: Asesoría rápida y detección temprana de riesgos usando herramientas SIG", ejecutado en el Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria. Se utilizó la técnica AFLP para estimar la variabilidad genética del cultivo, así como para identificar áreas con la mayor riqueza genética. Se obtuvo un total de 157 bandas polimórficas (45,6%), a partir de 10 combinaciones de iniciadores AFLP en nuestras 65 entradas de maní. Se consideraron sólo 135 bandas polimórficas, en base a su contenido de información polimórfica (0,1

Peru has been recognized as one of the most important centers of diversity of the peanut crop and according to archaeological evidence, may have been the center of origin for it. Due to poor knowledge of the current levels of genetic diversity of peanut in Peru, they were evaluated 65 peanut accessions, corresponding to 21 local varieties from the basins of the rivers San Alejandro, Ucayali and Aguaytia, in the Ucayali region; kindly provided by the project "Models of diversity and genetic erosion of traditional crops: Rapid advice and early detection of risks using GIS tools", performed at the "Instituto Nacional de Innovacion Agraria". AFLP technique was used to estimate the genetic variability of the crop in the region and to identify areas with the greatest genetic wealth. There were a total of 157 polymorphic bands (45.6%), from 10 AFLP primer combinations in our 65 entries of peanuts. We considered only 135 polymorphic bands, based on their polymorphic information content (0.1

Sensibilización al maní en pacientes venezolanos con enfermedades atópicas y/o urticaria / Sensitization to peanut in Venezuelan patients with atopic diseases and / or uticaria

La sensibilización y las manifestaciones alérgicas al maní se han incrementado últimamente a nivel mundial, constituyendo el mismo la causa principal de anafilaxia por alimentos. Como la prevalencia de alergia al maní varía de acuerdo a las regiones nos propusimos evaluar, en una etapa preliminar, la sensibilización al maní por pruebas cutáneas (“skin prick test”) en pacientes venezolanos atópicos y/o con urticarias que acudieron a la Consulta ambulatoria de Alergía del Instituto de Inmunología. El 5,4 % de los pacientes manifestó algún tipo de manifestación cutánea o respiratoria al ingerir maní. Se demostró sensibilización al maní por pruebas cutánea en el 6,5 % de los pacientes. Sin embargo, un porcentaje pequeño (2 %) de ellos mostró, en conjunto, pruebas cutáneas positivas y síntomas a la ingesta del maní. Ningún paciente refirió síntomas severos tras la ingestión de maní. La mayoría de los pacientes con pruebas positivas al maní, también mostraron pruebas positivas a otros alimentos. Estos resultados concuerdan con la percepción de los médicos venezolanos de una baja frecuencia de reacciones adversas, especialmente graves, a la ingesta de maní en nuestro país

Peanut allergy and sensitization incidence has increased world wide to become the first cause of food anaphylaxis. Since the prevalence of peanut allergy changes according to geographical areas, the aim of the study was to assess, in a preliminary report, peanut allergy incidence by skin prick test in atopic Venezuelan patients with atopy and or urticaria from the outpatient allergy clinic of the Institute of Immunology. Cutaneous or respiratory manifestations after peanut ingestion was observed in 5.4 % of the patients studied. Cutaneous test was positive in 6.5 % of patients. In the other hand, a small group (2 %), showed positive skin test along with symptoms after peanut ingestion. None of the patients had severe reactions. Most of the patients with peanut positive skin test were positive to other food allergens. These results are in accordance with the general clinical perception of small frequency of adverse reaction, specially the most serious ones, to peanut ingestion in our country

Calidad nutricional en variedades de maní tegua y granoleico: estabilidad y aceptabilidad de sus aceites: efecto de su ingesta sobre niveles de lípidos plasmáticos en ratones / Nutritional quality tegua peanut varieties and granola: stability and acceptability of their oils: effect of intake on plasma lipid levels in mice

El maní es una de las principales oleaginosas del mundo y Argentina es uno de sus principales productores y exportadores. En la provincia de Córdoba se concentra el 94,63% del cultivo. Las variedades del tipo Runner: cultivar Tegua y Granoleico, presentan perfiles muy diferentes de ácidos grasos. El alto contenido en ácido graso nonoinsaturado en los productos derivados de maní lo hace muy estable ante los procesos de oxidación y altamente beneficioso para la prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la calidad nutricional de los maníes de las variedades Tegua (T) y Granoleico (GO) mediante el análisis de la estabilidad y aceptabilidad de sus aceites y en especial la evaluación de sus efectos sobre los lípidos plasmáticos en ratones Albino swiss. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron granos de maní de las variedades citadas, se determinaron macronutrientes, humedad, minerales y tocoferoles. Se obtuvo aceite de maní por método de prensado en frío. Se evaluó la composición de ácidos grasos y se la comparó con las de otros aceites vegetales (girasol, maíz, soja, canola y oliva). Estabilidad. Se analizaron índice de peróxido(IP), índice de p‐anisidina (IA) y dienos conjugados (DC) en aceites puros (T‐GO 100‐0 y T‐GO 0‐ 100) y en mezclas de las variedades: al 25% (T‐GO 75‐25), al 50% (T‐GO 50‐50) y al 75% (T‐GO 25‐ 75) almacenados en estufa a 60 ºC. Lípidos plasmáticos. Se realizó un modelo experimental conratones Albino swiss (n=81), se utilizaron dietas semisintéticas con la adición de aceites refinados de girasol, oliva, maní GO y dieta comercial. Se controló el peso semanalmente. A los 77 y 126 días de tratamiento se los sacrificó y midieron los lípidos plasmáticos: triglicéridos, colesterol total, cHDL y cLDL. Análisis sensorial. Se comparó la aceptabilidad de los aceites de maní, girasol y oliva extravirgen. Estadística. Varianza, test de LSD Fisher (α=0,05) y regresión.