Moringa oleifera leaves extract loaded gold nanoparticles offers a promising approach in protecting against experimental nephrotoxicity.

Cisplatin is one of the most important antitumor drugs, however; it has numerous adverse effects like nephrotoxicity which is considered one of cisplatin uses . The study was planned to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of M. oleifera leaves extract loaded gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Initially, total phenolic contents (TPC) and the antioxidant activity of the M. oleifera leaves extract were evaluated and recorded 8.50 mg/g and 39.89 % respectively. After that, the dry leaves of M. oleifera were grinded into fine powder and extracted using water extraction system. Then, different volumes (0.5, 1 and 2 mL) of M. Oleifera were blended with constant volume of Au-NPs (1 mL). Both Au-NPs and M. oleifera extract loaded Au-NPs were investigated using transmission electron microscope (TEM) that illustrated the deposition of M. Oleifera onto Au-NPs. The experimental study was performed on seventy male albino rats alienated into seven groups. Group I healthy rats, group II injected with one dose of cisplatin (CisPt), groups from III to VII treated groups received CisPt then received M. Oleifera leaves extract alone and /or Au-NPs with different ratios and concentrations. After the experiment' time, serum urea and creatinine, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were evaluated as markers of renal nephrotoxicity. The kidneys of rats were excised for malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assessments. Induction of CisPt showed a highly significant disturbance in oxidant/anti-oxidant balance and inducing inflammatory cascades supporting nephrotoxicity, while treatment with M. Oleifera leaves extract, Au-NPs, and the different concentrations of the extract loaded on Au-NPs had a crucial role in attenuating oxidative stress, enhancing antioxidant systems, and reducing inflammatory biomarkers, although the most significant results showed a powerful scavenging activity against nephrotoxicity induced by CisPt was obtained with M. Oleifera leaves extract loaded on Au-NPs with a concentration of 2:1 respectively.

Green Synthesis of Carbon Nanodots (CNDs) Moderated by Flavonoid Extracts from Moringa oleifera Leaves and Co-Doped Sulfur/Nitrogen (NS - CNDs - Fla) and Their Potential for Heavy Metals Sensing Application.

Carbon nano dots (CNDs) has received a lot of attention in recent years due to their potential use in various kinds of applications. Many conventional chemical methods have been used to synthesis CNDs, but these processes have several drawbacks, such as hazardous by products, harsh chemicals, and high costs. To overcome these issues, green chemistry has an importance in the development of CNDs. Thus, it is essential to explore green synthesis approaches for production the CNDs. In this context, a novel precursor using flavonoid extraction from Moringa oleifera leaves is proposed. Moringa oleifera is the "magic tree" which contains many bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, especially in its leaves. Natural flavonoids and glycosides with specific components of structure can bind to metal ions. The content of bioactive compounds such as total flavonoids found in Moringa oleifera leaves is 172.10 mg/g. In addition, carbon (47.34%), nitrogen (51.67%), and sulfur (0.99%) are also the main composition. Then, the carbon nanodots (CNDs) synthesized in this research were moderated by flavonoid extract from Moringa oleifera using the hydrothermal method. The technique is easy, ecologically friendly, and requires neither specialized device or reagents. In practice, the CNDs produced are almost circular, with an average diameter of 3.49 nm. Furthermore, we enhanced synthesis CNDs - Fla with heteroatoms of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S). They display a broad excitation-emission spectrum, excitation-dependent emission, and extraordinary fluorescence. Therefore, the synthesis of CNDs using flavonoids from Moringa oleifera as precursors would be a great potential candidate for the development of novel types of heavy metals sensing.

Moringa oleifera Leaves Protein Enhances Intestinal Permeability by Activating TLR4 Upstream Signaling and Disrupting Tight Junctions.

Changes in intestinal mucosal barrier permeability lead to antigen sensitization and mast cell-mediated allergic reactions, which are considered to play important roles in the occurrence and development of food allergies. It has been suggested that protein causes increased intestinal permeability via mast cell degranulation, and we investigated the effect of camellia Moringa oleifera leaves protein on intestinal permeability and explored its role in the development of food allergies. The current study investigated the effect of M. oleifera leaves protein on intestinal permeability through assessments of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and transmembrane transport of FITC-dextran by Caco-2 cells. The expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), IL-8, Occludin, Claudin-1, and perimembrane protein family (ZO-1) were detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting. The effect of M. oleifera leaves protein on intestinal permeability was verified in mice in vivo. The serum fluorescence intensity was measured using the FITC-dextran tracer method, and the expression of tight junction proteins was detected using Western blotting. The results showed that M. oleifera leaves protein widened the gaps between Caco-2 cells, reduced transmembrane resistance, and increased permeability. This protein also reduced the mRNA and protein levels of Occludin, Claudin-1, and ZO-1. Animal experiments showed that intestinal permeability was increased, and that the expression of the tight junction proteins Occludin and Claudin-1 were downregulated in mice. This study shows that M. oleifera leaves protein has components that increase intestinal permeability, decrease tight junction protein expression, promote transmembrane transport in Caco-2 cells, and increase intestinal permeability in experimental animals. The finding that M. oleifera leaves active protein increases intestinal permeability suggests that this protein may be valuable for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of M. oleifera leaves allergy.

[Comparative study of purgative pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Moringa oleifera leaves and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma].

Moringa oleifera leaves are known for their "Virechana"(purgative) effect in Ayurvedic medicine in India. This study compared the purgative effects and mechanisms of M. oleifera leaves with the reference Rhei Radix et Rhizoma to establish a foundation for the further application of M. oleifera leaves in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods, this study identified the material basis, common targets, and signaling pathways through which Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and M. oleifera leaves exerted their purgative pharmacological effects. A low-fiber diet-induced constipation mouse model was established to measure fecal parameters and small intestinal propulsion rate, and histological changes in the colon were observed using HE staining. Relative expression levels of relevant genes and target proteins were assessed using RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The results showed that mapping the targets of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and M. oleifera leaves onto the biological process network of constipation revealed close proximity, indicating that they may exert their therapeutic effects on constipation through similar biological processes. Molecular docking results indicated that compounds such as sennoside C and isoquercitrin could target serine/threonine protein kinases(AKT1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3(MAPK3), thereby affecting MAPK and calcium signaling pathways to promote defecation. Animal experiments demonstrated that both M. oleifera leaves and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma increased the number of fecal pellets and water content in constipated mice, improved small intestine motility, colon mucosal thickness, and muscle layer thickness, upregulated the gene expression levels of AKT1 and MAPK3 in the colon, and downregulated the expression of AQP3 protein. These findings suggest that M. oleifera leaves and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma share similarities in their therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms for treating constipation. Using Rhei Radix et Rhizoma as a reference can provide a better understanding of the characteristics of the "Virechana"(purgative) effect of M. oleifera leaves in TCM.

Ultrasonic-Cellulase Synergistic Extraction of Crude Polysaccharides from Moringa oleifera Leaves and Alleviation of Insulin Resistance in HepG2 Cells.

Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) are a new food resource, rich in functional factors. MOL polysaccharides are important active macromolecules within MOL. However, there are problems, such as low extraction rates and lack of evidence for functional activity. Therefore, in this experiment, single-factor experiments were carried out using MOL powder as the raw material, and the Plackett-Burman test was used to screen the significantly influential test factors. The extraction process of MOL polysaccharide was optimized by response surface methodology. The insulin resistance alleviating activity of MOLP polysaccharides was initially explored. The results showed that the extraction of Moringa oleifera leaves crude polysaccharides (MOLP) by ultrasonic assisted cellulase enzymatic digestion was (17.03 ± 1.03)%, and the obtained MOLP was a crude polysaccharide with an average molecular weight (Mw) of 279.48 kDa, consisting of fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid. MOLP had an IC50 value of 8.02 mg/mL for α-glucosidase and scavenging activity against free radicals such as ABTS, DPPH, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion with an IC50 value of 0.21 mg/mL 0.31 mg/mL 0.97 mg/mL 0.49 mg/mL. At the same time, MOLP significantly enhanced the glucose consumption, glycogen synthesis, CAT, SOD, GSH-Px activity, and reduced the MDA and ROS content in high glucose-induced insulin-resistant HepG2 (IR-HepG2) cells. This experiment improved the extraction rate of MOLP and demonstrated that MOLP has antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, which can alleviate the insulin resistance of high glucose-induced HepG2 cells. It provides partial data support for the possible hypoglycemic effect of MOLP by alleviating oxidative stress, and also provides new ideas for the in-depth study of basic research and industrial application of MOLP.

[Decocting kinetics of Moringa oleifera leaves: based on correlation of decocting factors and multiple components].

Content of multiple components (neochlorogenic acid,L-tryptophan,vicenin-2,isoquercitrin,and astragalin) in Moringa oleifera leaves was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),and the absolute content-time curves were plotted.Based on Fick's law of diffusion and Higbie's penetration theory,the parameters of the equations were calculated,and the measured results were substituted into the mathematical model to fit the equations.The n and a obtained from the equations on the decocting time factor and the solvent volume were close to each other.The dynamic models of the five components are as follows:■.The variation of the content of multiple components in M.oleifera leaves with time and solvent volume was explored.It was found that the content of the components was the highest when the leaves were decocted for 30 min with solvent volume 12 folds of the medicinal material.The dissolution and destruction of components and the diffusion movement of components are the main causes of the content change of M.oleifera leaves at different time and with different solvent volumes.The R~2of the linear equations on the content and the equations on the decocting process (5-30min and solvent volume 12-20 folds of the medicinal materials) was≥0.999 8 and≥0.9,respectively.Thus,the content determination and the decocting kinetic model had high accuracy,which can reflect the change law of the content of key components in M.oleifera leaves during the decoction.This study is expected to serve as a reference for optimizing the decocting technology.

Enrichment of fermented cassava meal 'mchuchume' with micronutrient ingredients from soya bean flour and Moringa oleifera leaves powder.

BACKGROUND: 'Mchuchume' is a ready to eat fermented cassava food used for breakfast, lunch, and/or snack purposes. Its diverse consumption modes attract many studies, including regarding its fortification with inexpensive food materials rich in beneficial nutritional qualities. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of soya bean flour and Moringa oleifera leaves powder on the micronutrient composition of mchuchume. RESULTS: Enrichment significantly increased iron (0.001 g kg-1 in control to 0.03 g kg-1 in cassava-soya, 0.06 g kg-1 in cassava-moringa and 0.09 g kg-1 in cassava-soya-moringa) and potassium (1.01 g kg-1 in control to 5.14 g kg-1 in cassava-soya, 3.45 g kg-1 in cassava-moringa and 7.43 g kg-1 in cassava-soya-moringa). Compared with the control (0.10 g kg-1 sodium), sodium content either decreased significantly (to 0.09 g kg-1 in cassava-soya) or increased significantly (to 0.37 g k g-1 in cassava-moringa and 0.36 g kg-1 in cassava-soya-moringa). ß-Carotene was below the instrument's limit of detection (<0.2 × 10-6  g mL-1 ) in the control and cassava-soya blends but was detected in cassava-moringa (0.01-0.02 g kg-1 ) and cassava-soya-moringa blends (0.01-0.02 g kg-1 ). CONCLUSION: Mchuchume fortified with both M. oleifera leaves powder and soya bean flour has micronutrients at recommended dietary allowances. The food is recommended for use in management of iron and vitamin A deficiencies, which are endemic not only to inhabitants and refugees of the Kigoma region in Tanzania but also to people in most African countries and other cassava-consuming developing nations. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

[Efficacy and mechanism of new resource medicinal materia Moringa oleifera leaves against hyperlipidemia].

High fat diet induced hyperlipidemia hamster model was used to explore the anti-hyperlipidemia effect of water extract of Moringa oleifera leaves( WEMOL). On this basis,the possible action mechanism was predicted by network pharmacology. Golden hamsters were randomly divided into normal diet group( NFD),high-fat diet group( HFD),simvastatin group,high dose group of WEMOL( HIWEMOL) and low dose group of WEMOL( LOWEMOL). The model was administered simultaneously for 66 days,during which the body weight changes of hamsters were recorded. At the end of the experiment,serum lipid level and serum transaminase level of golden hamsters in each group were detected,and the pathological changes of liver were observed by hematoxylin-eosin( HE) staining. The results showed that WEMOL could significantly decrease the serum total cholesterol( TC),total triglyceride( TG),low density lipoprotein cholesterol( LDL-c) levels,and reduce the lipid deposition in liver tissue,thus improving the hyperlipidemia of golden hamsters. According to the prediction of network pharmacology,219 targets of potential active components of M.oleifera leaves and 185 targets of water-soluble potential active components of M. oleifera leaves for the treatment of hyperlipidemia were obtained separately. The MCODE analysis was performed on the PPI network of 219 targets and 185 targets obtained above and got five and four clusters respectively. The signaling pathway analysis of clusters showed that among the common pathways,nonalcoholic fatty liver,insulin resistance,MAPK signaling pathway,estrogen signaling pathway,cell apoptosis and HIF-1 signaling pathway were associated with hyperlipidemia. In addition,the potential active components of M. oleifera leaves could also inhibit the metabolic inflammation of hyperlipidemia by modulating complement and coagulation cascades signaling pathway,and GSK3 B,F2,AKT1,RELA,SERPINE1 might be the key targets. The water-soluble potential active components of M. oliefera leaves could modulate lipid metabolism by modulating AMPK signaling pathway and JAK-STAT signaling pathway,with PIK3 CB,PIK3 CA,CASP3,AKT1 and BCL2 as the key targets. These results suggested that WEMOL had anti hyperlipidemia effect,and its mechanism might be related to the protein expression regulation of lipid metabolism,nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis related signaling pathways.

Comparative Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Moringa oleifera Leaves from China and India by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole-Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.

With the aim to discuss the similarities and differences of phytochemicals in Moringa oleifera leaves collected from China (CML) and India (IML) in mind, comparative ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) analysis was performed in this study. A screening analysis based on a UNIFI platform was first carried out to discuss the similarities. Next, untargeted metabolomic analysis based on multivariate statistical analysis was performed to discover the differences. As a result, a total of 122 components, containing 118 shared constituents, were characterized from CML and IML. The structure types included flavonoids, alkaloids, glyosides, organic acids and organic acid esters, iridoids, lignans, and steroids, etc. For CML, 121 compounds were characterized; among these, 18 potential biomarkers with higher contents enabled differentiation from IML. For IML, 119 compounds were characterized; among these, 12 potential biomarkers with higher contents enabled differentiation from CML. It could be concluded that both CML and IML are rich in phytochemicals and that CML is similar to IML in the kinds of the compounds it contains, except for the significant differences in the contents of some compounds. This comprehensive phytochemical profile study provides a basis for explaining the effect of different growth environments on secondary metabolites and exists as a reference for further research into or applications of CML in China.

Proximate composition of fermented cassava meal "mchuchume" fortified with soya bean flour and Moringa oleifera leaves powder.

Mchuchume is a ready to eat meal made from boiled and fermented cassava, which is mainly consumed in Western part of Tanzania. As other fermented cassava foods, it is rich in carbohydrate but deficient of other nutrients. In this study Moringa oleifera leaves powder (MOLP) and soya bean flour (SBF) were used to improve its nutrients. Fortification effects of MOLP and SBF were studied during separate and coetaneous inclusion. Proximate compositions of raw materials and blends were analysed. Mchuchume (control) had moisture, ash, fat, protein, fibre and carbohydrate of 68.138%, 1.090%, 0.589%, 2.068%, 5.738% and 22.367%, respectively, for SBF were 9.522%, 4.990%, 15.436%, 43.807%, 13.751% and 12.486%, respectively and for MOLP were 8.411%, 7.751%, 7.537%, 18.205%, 11.416179% and 46.681%, respectively. Mchuchume-soya had moisture (45.678% and 58.558%), ash (2.398% and 3.664%), fat (2.913% and 5.915%), protein (2.911% and 4.568%), fibre (7.373% and 9.139%) and carbohydrate (22.199% and 27.172%). Mchuchume-moringa had moisture (58.786% and 64.751%), ash (2.248% and 4.184%), fat (0.955% and 1.724%), protein (2.911% and 4.568%), fibre (6.023% and 6.626%) and carbohydrate (29.136% and 30.739%) while mchuchume-soya-moringa had moisture (45.651-58.874%), ash (2.498-4.481%), fat (1.506-4.868), protein (10.722-24.167%), fibre (6.3492-9.408%) and carbohydrate (10.203-21.239%). Mchuchume fortified with both SBF and MOLP are of the most improved nutritive values such that consumption of either of these fortified meals for a day would make an individual to meet his or her recommended dietary allowance for the nutrients analysed at a relatively lesser cost.

[Preparation optimization of extract of Moringa oleifera leaves and its immune regulation effect on immunosuppressed mice].

With total flavonoid content and dry extract yield as the observation indexes, the optimal extraction conditions of Moringa oleifera leaves were determined by using single factor test and orthogonal test, and cyclophosphamide modeling method was used to establish immunosuppressed mice models, so as to investigate the effects of M. oleifera leaves extract on immune regulation in mice. The results showed that the optimal preparation conditions were as follows: extraction with 70% ethanol, material-liquid ratio 1:15, extraction temperature 80 °C, three times, 1.5 hours for each time. Under these conditions, the content of total flavonoids from M. oleifera leaves was 15.64 mg·g⁻¹, which can significantly enhance macrophage phagocytosis and immune organ index, promote the synthesis of serum immunoglobulin IgG and hemolysin, and decrease AST activity, with regulation effect on immune dysfunction.

Effect of incorporation of Moringa oleifera leaves extract on quality of ground pork patties.

Present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of addition of different levels of Moringa oleifera leaves extract (MLE) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in raw and cooked pork patties during refrigerated storage. Five treatments evaluated include: Control (without MLE/BHT), MLE 300 (300 ppm equivalent M. oleifera leaves phenolics), MLE 450 (450 ppm equivalent M. oleifera leaves phenolics), MLE 600 (600 ppm equivalent M. oleifera leaves phenolics) and BHT 200 (200 ppm BHT). Total phenolic content ranged from 60.78 to 70.27 mg per gram. A concentration dependent increase in reducing power and 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of both MLE and BHT was noticed. Higher (P < 0.001) a* and lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values were observed in MLE 600 and BHT 200 compared to control. Addition of MLE did not affect the sensory attributes or microbial quality. These results showed that M. oleifera leaves can be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants to inhibit lipid oxidation in ground pork patties.

Effect of Allium spices (garlic and onion) on the bioaccessibility of iron from Moringa oleifera leaves.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of garlic and onion, two Allium spices rich in sulfur compounds, on the bioaccessibility of iron from Moringa oleifera leaves. We first quantified anti-nutritional factors in various cooked mixtures of Moringa oleifera leaves and spices, with increasing level of incorporation of garlic or onion. We then assessed the iron bioaccessibility of the various mixtures using a simulated in vitro digestion method. Finally, we studied the speciation of bioaccessible iron. Total phenols contents ranging from 801.44 to 903.07 and from 869.78 to 990.72 mg/100 g of dry matter in garlic and onion mixtures, respectively, increased (p < .05) with the level of incorporation of spices. Phytates contents followed the same tendency with values ranging from 1.84 to 2.12 and from 1.75 to 2.02 mg/100 g of dry matter in garlic and onion mixtures, respectively. Although the presence of garlic and onion significantly reduced (p < .05) the total iron content of the mixtures (11.56-11.96 mg/100 g of dry matter), we noticed that bioaccessible iron was significantly higher (p < .05) in spiced mixtures (36.35%-48.40%) compared to the control (23.28%), with the greatest amount found in the mixture containing 10 g of onion. The predominant specie of bioaccessible iron was organic iron, whose amounts in the spiced mixtures (0.59-0.69 mg/L) were all significantly higher (p < .05) than in the control (0.32 mg/L). Globally, the presence of spices produced no significant variation (p > .05) in amounts of ferrous iron, the major inorganic specie of bioaccessible iron. The use of garlic and onion as ingredients could help improving the iron status of populations consuming iron-rich leafy vegetables.

Moringa oleifera leaf extracts improve exercise performance in young male adults: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Moringa oleifera leaves are rich in bioactive substances. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extract supplements on energy metabolism and antioxidant function in young male adults. METHODS: Forty-four young male adults (26.3 ± 3.5 years) were randomly assigned to two groups: a supplement group (n = 23) receiving aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves and a placebo group (n = 21). The supplementation period lasted for 30 days. Baseline measurements were taken at the beginning of the study, and further measurements were taken at the end of the supplementation period. Changes in upper- and lower-body strength, treadmill endurance, and certain blood biochemical parameters were evaluated. RESULTS: After 30 days of supplementation, participants in the supplement group exhibited enhanced performance in push-ups and treadmill exhaustion tests compared to the placebo group. Levels of glucose, urea, malondialdehyde, and glutathione peroxidase activity in serum were also improved in the supplement group. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extracts have the potential to improve post-exercise energy metabolism and antioxidant function in young male adults.

Data on characteristics of simplicia, phytoconstituents, and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaves ethanol extract.

The article reports data on the chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Moringa oleifera simplicia and ethanol extract consisting of water content, acid-insoluble ash content, microbial contamination, heavy metal contamination, phytochemical analysis, TLC analysis, chemical profiling using LC-MS/MS, and the antioxidant activity. The M. oleifera leaves simplicia meet quality standards, except for ash content that exceeds the specified standards. Qualitative phytochemistry indicates that the ethanol extract of M. oleifera leaves contains flavonoids, tannins, and steroids. In total of 39 phytoconstituents were tentatively identified; the top 10 active compounds with the highest relative abundance percentage (%) are 4-undecylbenzenesulfonic acid (4,83), apigetrin (3,34), quercetin-3ß-D-glucoside (3,28), D-(-)-quinic acid (1,69), corchorifatty acid F (1,52), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1,47), isopropylmalic acid (1,17), 13(S)-HOTrE (1,08), astragalin (0,99), and D-(+)-phenyllactic acid (0,70). The ethanol extract of M. oleifera leaves contained a total phenolic content 7728,02 mg/kg, total flavonoids as quercetin content 1,19%, and antioxidant activity IC50 1422,45 mg/kg.

Fortified chocolate mousse with powder and extract from Moringa oleifera leaves for nutritional value improvement.

This study focuses on the characterisation and incorporation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOP) from Luanda (Angola) and its extract (MOE) in fortified chocolate mousse. Dark green (DG) leaves presented superior nutritional values compared to other leaves. DG contained a higher concentration of mineral salts (10 ± 1 mg/100 g of dry leaves), phenolic compounds (267 ± 4 mg GAE/g), vitamins (1.9 ± 0.2 mg/g of dry extract) and strong antioxidant capacity (IC50, 115 ± 8 µg/mL). Therefore, DG leaves were used to fortify the chocolate mousse. The leaves were prepared in three samples: control, 2 % MOP (w/w) and 2 % MOE (v/v). Textural and rheological analysis of chocolate mousse samples revealed a pseudoplastic profile for all samples, with decreased texture attributes and viscosity due to the incorporation. The sensory evaluation demonstrated that MOP and MOE samples presented 93 % and 88 % resemblance to the original product regarding general acceptance, respectively.

Efficient extraction, excellent activity, and microencapsulation of flavonoids from Moringa oleifera leaves extracted by deep eutectic solvent.

A deep eutectic solvent (choline chloride (ChCl)-urea) was chosen to extract flavonoids from Moringa oleifera leaves (FMOL), the condition of extraction was tailor-made, under the optimal extraction conditions (material-to-liquid ratio of 1:60 g/mL, extraction time of 80 min, extraction temperature of 80 °C), the highest extraction efficiency reached 63.2 ± 0.3 mg R/g DW, and nine flavonoids were identified. Then, the biological activities including antioxidant activities, antibacterial activities, and anti-tumor activities were systematically studied. FMOL was superior to positive drugs in terms of antioxidant activity. As to DPPH investigation, the IC50 of FMOL and Vc were 64.1 ± 0.7 and 176.1 ± 2.0 µg/mL; for the ABTS, the IC50 of FMOL and Vc were 9.5 ± 0.3 and 38.2 ± 1.2 µg/mL, the FRAP value of FMOL and Vc were 15.5 ± 0.6 and 10.2 ± 0.4 mg TE/g, and ORAC value of FMOL and Vc were 4687.2 ± 102.8 and 3881.6 ± 98.6 µmol TE/g. The bacteriostatic (MICs were ≤ 1.25 mg/mL) activities of FMOL were much better than propyl p-hydroxybenzoate. Meanwhile, FMOL had comparable inhibitory activity with genistein on tumor cells, IC50 was 307.8 µg/mL, and could effectively induce apoptosis in HCT116. Microcapsules were prepared with xylose-modified soybean protein isolate and gelatin as wall materials; after that, the intestinal release of modified FMOL microcapsules was 86 times of free FMOL. Therefore, this study confirmed that FMOL extracted with ChCl/urea has rich bioactive components, and microencapsulated FMOL has potential application in food industry. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13399-023-03877-8.

Multifunctional Profiling of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts for Topical Application: A Comparative Study of Different Collection Time.

This research investigated plant extracts as a source of potential new actives in the nutritional, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical fields. Moringa oleifera, which is extensively known for its nutritional properties, has been investigated in this work by preparation, characterization, and evaluation of the antioxidant (FRAP, DPPH, ORAC, and PCL test), antifungal, photoprotective, and cytotoxicity profile against human melanoma Colo38 cell line of two different extracts (hydroalcoholic and methanolic) and one infusion of dry leaves collected from Paraguay in four distinct harvest times (February, March, April, and May 2017). The outcomes of this study highlight Moringa oleifera as a potential ally to counteract skin aging and oxidative stress, as indicated by the favorable antioxidant profile of the extracts and infusions of Paraguay, which was, in all cases, superior to that provided by the same plant species when collected from Senegal. Moreover, some samples were more efficient in preventing the photodegradation of UVA filter butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) compared to commercial filters, thus suggesting an interesting future role as natural additives in sunscreens.

In Vitro Biocompatibility of Hydrogel Polyvinyl Alcohol/Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract/Graphene Oxide for Wound Dressing.

Hydrogel-based wound dressings are often chosen for healing diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) in combination with herbal extracts. Moringa oleifera leaf (MOL) extract is a potent herb containing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactive substances. In this work, wound dressings based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), MOL extract, and graphene oxide (GO) were developed for DFU wound dressing. The PVA/MOL/GO hydrogel was synthesized using four cycles of a freeze-thaw process with varying concentrations of MOL extract. All hydrogels showed a water content of 83-88% and an equilibrium swelling ratio between 155-171%. After degradation in phosphate-buffered saline, the hydrogels showed a more open porous structure. We observed a degradation rate of 26-28%. Although the increase in MOL extract reduced the tensile strength of the hydrogel, the addition of GO increased the tensile strength. The PVA/MOL/GO hydrogel showed the highest antibacterial activity, with a reduction of 94% Gram-positive S. aureus and 82% Gram-negative E. coli. Finally, all samples possessed appropriate cytocompatibility with cell viability reaching 83-135% in 3T3L1 mouse fibroblast cells. This result was verified by in vitro wound-healing analysis performed by scratch assay. This study presents the potency of combined PVA, MOL, and GO as a biocompatible DFU wound dressing.

Wound Dressings Based on Sodium Alginate-Polyvinyl Alcohol-Moringa oleifera Extracts.

Biopolymers have significant pharmaceutical applications, and their blending has favorable characteristics for their pharmaceutical properties compared to the sole components. In this work, sodium alginate (SA) as a marine biopolymer was blended with poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA) to form SA/PVA scaffolds through the freeze-thawing technique. Additionally, polyphenolic compounds in Moringa oleifera leaves were extracted by different solvents, and it was found that extracts with 80% methanol had the highest antioxidant activity. Different concentrations (0.0-2.5%) of this extract were successfully immobilized in SA/PVA scaffolds during preparation. The characterization of the scaffolds was carried out via FT-IR, XRD, TG, and SEM. The pure and Moringa oleifera extract immobilized SA/PVA scaffolds (MOE/SA/PVA) showed high biocompatibility with human fibroblasts. Further, they showed excellent in vitro and in vivo wound healing capacity, with the best effect noted for the scaffold with high extract content (2.5%).