Cancer during pregnancy: Twenty-two years of experience from a tertiary referral center.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer complicating pregnancy is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition for both the mother and her child. The aim of the present study was to assess the outcomes for mothers and children after pregnancy complicated by malignancy and to investigate which parameters are important for their 1-year survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 84 pregnant women diagnosed with malignant tumors during pregnancy from 2001 to 2022. The pregnancy course and outcome, as well as parameters that could influence the survival and condition of the mother and child were evaluated. Mothers and children were followed up for 1 year after delivery to assess their condition/complications and overall survival. RESULTS: Most malignancies were gynecological (31%) or hematological (23.8%) and were diagnosed and surgically treated in the second trimester. Most children (69%) showed adequate growth and development throughout pregnancy but were delivered before term (53.6%) to allow mothers to receive therapy. Adjuvant therapy during pregnancy mostly caused a transitory deterioration of the child's condition, while surgery did not significantly impact the pregnancy course. Deliveries, on average, occurred during the 33.01 ± 6.16 gestational week (range: 20-40) and mostly by cesarean section (76.2%). For mothers, the pregnancy survival rate was 95.2% and survival after 1 year was 87.5%. However, 37.5% of women were still ill and required additional therapy 1 year postpartum. The pregnancy survival rate for children was 94%, whereas the 1-year survival rate was 76.2%. Most children had a favorable condition (alive, adequately growing and developing, and without complications) at birth (81%) as well as at the 1-year follow-up (63.7%). Regression analysis identified the following predictors of favorable 1-year maternal condition: applying therapy during pregnancy, no progression of the malignancy during pregnancy, and delivery at a later gestational week. Predictors of favorable 1-year condition of children were lower histopathological grade of malignancy, surgery as therapy for malignancy, obtaining higher birthweight, and delivery by cesarean section. CONCLUSIONS: If the malignancy is not progressing, pregnancy should be continued as long as possible for the child to obtain adequate birthweight. Both surgery and chemotherapy were safe therapeutic choices, as most pregnancies continued successfully after therapy.

Content and features of Mobile health (mHealth) for mother and child nutrition in the first 1000 days of life (family based intervention): A systematic review.

Background: Improving mother and child nutrition during the first 1000 days of life (DoL) is one of the major areas where mHealth has demonstrated great promise. A lot of mHealth is already used in society. However, no study examines the content and features of mobile health. Aim: This study aims to examine the difference in content and features of mHealth intervention for maternal and child nutrition throughout the first 1000 days of life. Thus, new apps can be enhanced. Methods: The online journal databases that offer free papers from Scopus-indexed journals published in 2017-2022 served as the primary sources for the literature included in this study. Several keywords were used in the literature search, which used the databases Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed. A total of 8 articles were included in the literature review. Results: Existing mHealth provides content and features to support and improve the health status of pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and children aged 0-24 months. mHealth interventions have the potential to improve maternal and child nutrition health in the first 1000 days of life by providing education, communication, support, data collection and analysis, cultural appropriateness, accessibility, and capacity building for health workers. However, it is crucial to address challenges such as evidence-based design, privacy and security, sustainability, and data management, and to ensure cultural appropriateness and accessibility for all populations. Conclusions: The more complete the content, features, and uses of mHealth, the greater the users' acceptance.

Shared correlates of maternal and childhood overweight in Cameroon: a cross-sectional analysis of demographic and health survey data.

BACKGROUND: Overweight parents are likelier to bear overweight babies, who are likelier to grow into overweight adults. Understanding the shared risks of being overweight between the mother-child dyad is essential for targeted life course interventions. In this study, we aimed to identify such risk factors in Cameroon. METHODS: We conducted secondary data analysis using Cameroon's 2018 Demographic and Health Surveys. We used weighted multilevel binary logistic regressions to examine individual, household, and community correlates of maternal (15-49 years) and child (under five years) overweight. RESULTS: We retained 4511 complete records for childhood and 4644 for maternal analysis. We found that 37% [95%CI:36-38%] of mothers and 12% [95%CI:11-13%] of children were overweight or obese. Many environmental and sociodemographic factors were positively associated with maternal overweight, namely urban residence, wealthier households, higher education, parity and being a Christian. Childhood overweight was positively associated with a child being older and a mother being overweight, a worker, or a Christian. Therefore, only religion affected both mothers overweight (aOR: 0.71[95%CI:0.56-0.91]) and childhood overweight (aOR 0.67[95%CI: 0.5-0.91]). Most of the potentially shared factors only indirectly affected childhood overweight through maternal overweight. CONCLUSION: Besides religion, which affects both mothers and childhood overweight (with the Muslim faith being protective), much of childhood overweight is not directly explained by many of the observed determinants of maternal overweight. These determinants are likely to influence childhood overweight indirectly through maternal overweight. Extending this analysis to include unobserved correlates such as physical activity, dietary, and genetic characteristics would produce a more comprehensive picture of shared mother-child overweight correlates.

Effect evaluation of kangaroo mother care in Liping area, Guizhou province,China.

BACKGROUD: Kangaroo mother care (KMC) refers to the mother and baby after the birth of the early start of continuous skin contact way of a newborn care, which is a simple operation, easy controlled and with low cost, no large or high consumption of equipment.So it is very suitable for developing in areas where medical resources are relatively scarce, such as GuiZhou province where is a relatively poor province in China with many ethnic minorities. METHODS: This study selected the pregnant women who gave birth in Liping County, Guizhou Province, China, as the research object, to explore the impact of kangaroo mother care on the physiologic status of newborns in liping county, Guizhou Province. RESULTS: A total of 347 hospitalized parturient women were divided into the KMC group and the control group. The results showed that the KMC group showed obvious advantages in stabilizing newborn vital signs, health indicators, promoting the success rate of breastfeeding and reducing newborn pain. CONCLUSIONS: Research shows that kangaroo mother care is beneficial to postpartum maternal and infant health, and has advantages suitable for local characteristics, which is worth further promotion in minority areas of Guizhou Province.

Associations between maternal depressive symptoms and risk for offspring early-life psychopathology: the role of genetic and non-genetic mechanisms.

BACKGROUND: Although maternal depressive symptoms are robustly associated with offspring early-life psychopathology symptoms, it is not clear which potential mechanisms are at play. We aimed to estimate the relative importance of genetic transmission and direct environmental exposure in these associations on three occasions in early childhood. METHODS: Biometric modeling of maternal sisters and their offspring from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. The analyzed sample comprised 22 316 mothers and 35 589 offspring. Mothers reported their own depressive symptoms using the Symptom checklist, and offspring's concurrent symptoms of psychopathology using the Child Behavior Checklist at 1.5, 3, and 5 years postpartum. RESULTS: Associations between maternal symptoms of depression and offspring emotional problems were predominantly explained by passive genetic transmission at 1.5 and 3 years postpartum. At age 5, associations were more due to direct environmental exposure. For offspring behavioral problems, there was no net increase in the importance of direct environmental exposure across occasions. CONCLUSIONS: Associations between maternal depressive symptoms and offspring psychopathology symptoms remained after accounting for shared genes, consistent with a small, causal effect. For offspring emotional problems, this effect appeared to increase in importance over time. Our findings imply that treatment of maternal depressive symptoms could also benefit the offspring, and that genetic confounding should be considered in future studies of such mother-offspring associations.

Urban-rural disparities of antenatal care in South East Asia: a case study in the Philippines and Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: The government is obliged to guarantee equal access to antenatal care (ANC) between urban and rural areas. This study aimed to analyze urban-rural disparities in ≥4 ANC visits during pregnancy in the Philippines and Indonesia. METHODS: The study processed data from the 2017 PDHS and the 2017 IDHS. The analysis unit was women aged 15-49 years old who had given birth in the last 5 years. The weighted sample size was 7992 respondents in the Philippines and 14,568 respondents in Indonesia. Apart from ANC as the dependent variable, other variables analyzed were residence, age, husband/partner, education, parity, and wealth. Determination of urban-rural disparities using binary logistic regression. RESULTS: The results show that women in the urban Philippines are 0.932 times more likely than women in the rural Philippines to make ≥4 ANC visits. On the other side, women in urban Indonesia are more likely 1.255 times than women in rural Indonesia to make ≥4 ANC visits. Apart from the type of residence place (urban-rural), five other tested multivariate variables also proved significant contributions to ANC's use in both countries, i.e., age, have a husband/partner, education, parity, and wealth status. CONCLUSIONS: The study concluded that disparities exist between urban and rural areas utilizing ANC in the Philippines and Indonesia. Pregnant women in the rural Philippines have a better chance of making ≥4 ANC visits. Meanwhile, pregnant women in urban Indonesia have a better chance of making ≥4 ANC visits.

["It is time to allow a real visibility of the work done in PMI"]. / « Il est temps de permettre une vraie visibilité du travail effectué en PMI ¼.

Châu Pham-Daubin and Anne Le Soudier are respectively a doctor in the Mother and Child Protection Department (PMI) and a nursery nurse in charge of the early childhood structures in Calvados, and are part of a dynamic team. Their missions are complementary and they work together for the well-being of children and their families. Their missions are complementary and they work together for the well-being of children and their families. From PMI consultations to the support of pregnant migrant women, through the harmonisation of childcare monitoring and staff training, they tell us about their daily lives.

[Mother and Child Protection: constantly changing missions]. / Protection maternelle et infantile : des missions en constante évolution.

Since its creation in 1945, Mother and Child Protection (PMI) has undergone many transformations. Initially, after the war, it was subject to the imperative need to offer children real protection, and then it was built up by reshaping its principles of action in line with the various social and economic contingencies. Linked to the notion of the child's needs, but also to the major idea of prevention, the PMI has never ceased to adjust to the profile of families in order to provide them with an appropriate response.

["The new departmental plan focuses on the implementation of prevention measures"]. / « Le nouveau schéma départemental porte sur la mise en place de dispositifs de prévention ¼.

Marked by the vote on the new departmental plan for children, the year 2021 is particularly rich for Céline Bachimont, technical advisor for early childhood and Mother and Child Protection (PMI) within the Calvados Child and Family Department. Her missions, working across the board with the departments and social action districts, enable her to have an acute knowledge of the population assisted by the PMI and, as a result, to participate in the implementation of innovative projects.

[The pole relay nursery nurse, an innovative post creation]. / La puéricultrice relais de pôle, une création de poste innovante.

Since 2015, the Gironde has been divided into nine territorial poles in which the Mother and Child Protection teams operate. As part of this restructuring, a new position of nursery nurse was created: that of pole relay nursery nurse. This link between the management and the field is innovative and aims to improve the coordination of work.

Newborn Screening for Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Germany-Strategies, Results, and Public Health Implications.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a systematic newborn screening (NBS) strategy for vitamin B12 deficiency. STUDY DESIGN: In a prospective single-center NBS study, a systematic screening strategy for vitamin B12 deficiency was developed and evaluated. Tandem-mass spectrometry screening was complemented by 2 second-tier strategies, measuring methylmalonic/3-OH-propionic/methylcitric acid, and homocysteine from dried blood spots. RESULTS: In a cohort of 176 702 children screened over 27 months, 33 children were detected by NBS in whom (maternal) vitamin B12 deficiency was confirmed. Homocysteine was the most sensitive marker for vitamin B12 deficiency, but only combination with a second-tier strategy evaluating methylmalonic acid allowed for detection of all 33 children. Mothers were of various ethnic origins, and 89% adhered to a balanced diet. Treatment in children was performed predominantly by oral vitamin B12 supplementation (84%), and all children remained without clinical symptoms at short-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin B12 deficiency is a treatable condition but can cause severe neurologic sequelae in infants if untreated. The proposed screening strategy is feasible and effective to identify moderate and severe cases of vitamin B12 deficiency. With an incidence of 1:5355 newborns, vitamin B12 deficiency is more frequent than inborn errors of metabolism included in NBS panels. Treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency is easy, and additional benefits can be achieved for previously undiagnosed affected mothers. This supports inclusion of vitamin B12 deficiency into NBS but also stresses the need for increased awareness of vitamin B12 deficiency in caregivers of pregnant women.

Tracking Preschoolers' Lifestyle Behaviors and Testing Maternal Sociodemographics and BMI in Predicting Child Obesity Risk.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal data investigating tracking of children's lifestyle behaviors and predictors of childhood obesity are limited. OBJECTIVES: We examined changes in children's lifestyle behaviors (dietary, physical activity, and screen time) from ages 2-5 y to determine if maternal sociodemographic factors and BMI predict child obesity at 3.5 y and 5 y. METHODS: Data were obtained from 667 first-time mothers who were recruited into the Healthy Beginnings Trial at 24-34 weeks of gestation in Sydney, Australia. Child lifestyle behaviors were assessed using face-to-face questionnaire interviews with mothers. To measure child and maternal anthropometry, BMI (in kg/m2) was calculated using measured height and weight. Children were categorized as overweight or obese based on the International Obesity Task Force criteria. We used 1-factor repeated-measures ANOVA to track preschoolers' lifestyle behaviors and multiple logistic regression to determine obesity predictors. RESULTS: In children aged 2-5 y, consumption of vegetables (ηp2 = 0.06; P < 0.005) and milk (ηp2 = 0.02; P < 0.001) decreased, whereas physical activity (ηp2 = 0.07; P < 0.001) increased. Discretionary foods (sweet snacks, fast foods, salty snacks, processed meats, confectionary) (ηp2 = 0.03-0.25; P ≤ 0.01) and screen time (ηp2 = 0.39; P < 0.001) increased. Maternal BMI (in kg/m2) (Exp ß: 1.06; 95% CI:1.01, 1.12 ; P=0.02), marital status (married/de facto compared with single) (Exp ß: 0.06; 95% CI:0.01, 0.26; P < 0.001), and child BMI at 2 y (Exp ß: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.46, 2.27; P < 0.001) predicted overweight/obesity at 3.5 y. Child BMI at 3.5 y (Exp ß: 3.51; 95% CI: 2.50, 4.93; P < 0.001) predicted obesity at 5 y. CONCLUSIONS: Poor dietary and lifestyle behaviours track in early childhood, with maternal single-parent status and high maternal and child BMI at 2 y predicting earlier obesity onset.

Childhood abuse and unplanned pregnancies: a cross-sectional study of women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To study if childhood emotional, physical and sexual abuse are determinants for having an unplanned pregnancy, if the categories of abuse interact, and if a potential bias due to the selection of the participants (collider stratification bias) could explain the effect of childhood abuse. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: The study is based on the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) and uses data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. SAMPLE: Women participating in the MoBa for the first time, ≥18 years of age who responded to questions regarding childhood abuse and pregnancy planning (n = 76 197). METHODS: Data were collected using questionnaires. We conducted analyses using modified Poisson regressions and the relative excess risks due to interaction (RERI). Sensitivity analyses were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: An unplanned pregnancy (yes/no). RESULTS: Exposure to childhood emotional (adjusted relative risk [RR] 1.14, 95% CI 1.10-1.19), physical (adjusted RR 1.11, 95% CI 1.04-1.18) and sexual (adjusted RR 1.20, 95% CI 1.14-1.27) abuse increased the risk of having an unplanned pregnancy. The effects could not be explained by the collider stratification bias. The different combinations of categories of abuse did not show any interaction effects. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood emotional, physical and sexual abuses separately increase the risk of having an unplanned pregnancy. The results indicate that victims of childhood abuse are in greater need of support to achieve their reproductive goals. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Childhood abuse increases the risk of having an unplanned pregnancy. #reproductivehealth #epitwitter.

Maternal probiotic milk intake during pregnancy and breastfeeding complications in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: During the time of breastfeeding, a third of all women contract (or: fall ill in) mastitis-the leading cause of precocious weaning. Recent studies indicate that probiotics intake may prevent mastitis by altering the breast's bacterial flora. The aim of this study was to examine whether probiotic milk intake during pregnancy is associated with less breastfeeding complications and longer breastfeeding duration. METHODS: This study included 57,134 women, with live singleton term births, participating in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Probiotic milk intake during the first half of pregnancy was self-reported in a validated food frequency questionnaire at gestational week 22. At 6 month postpartum, women reported complications, including mastitis, and duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding. The association between probiotic milk intake and breastfeeding complications and duration was studied by adjusted logistic regression models. RESULTS: Probiotic milk intake was associated with increased risk for mastitis [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.16] and for any breastfeeding problems during the first month (aOR 1.19, 95% CI 1.10-1.21). However, cessation of predominant (aOR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91-0.96) or any (aOR 0.79, 95% CI 0.75-0.84) breastfeeding earlier than at 4 months was less frequent in probiotic milk consumers than in non-consumers. CONCLUSIONS: Even though probiotic milk intake during the first half of pregnancy was statistically associated with increased risk for breastfeeding complications, including mastitis, the association is probably not causal. Probiotics intake was namely associated with longer breastfeeding duration and there was indication of socioeconomic confounding. Further studies, i.e., large randomized-controlled trials, are needed to understand the association between probiotic intake and breastfeeding complications.

["Confinement, a confirmation of our role on the ground"]. / « Le confinement, une confirmation de notre rôle de terrain ¼.

During the first wave of the epidemic, current events have given pride of place to the hospital world, its difficulties and its successes. However, everything relating to maternal and child welfare (PMI) or the liberal practice of the profession has been almost non-existent. Yet these professionals remained mobilised throughout the confinement of the spring. Interview with Fabienne Grillère and Pauline Le Masson, two nursery nurses from PMIs in Grenoble.

Estimating the Strength of Associations Between Prenatal Diet Quality and Child Developmental Outcomes: Results From a Large Prospective Pregnancy Cohort Study.

Our aim in this study was to estimate the strength of associations between prenatal diet quality and child behavioral, language, and motor functions in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (1999-2008). We created a prenatal diet quality index (PDQI) based on adherence to Norwegian dietary guidelines. Child outcomes were defined as sum scores on the Child Behavior Checklist, the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, and the Child Development Index at ages 18, 36, and 60 months. Using a longitudinal cohort study design and Bayesian hierarchical modeling, we estimated association strengths using inverse probability weighting to account for selection bias. In total, 27,529 mother-child pairs were eligible for inclusion. A 1-standard-deviation increase in PDQI score was associated with an absolute reduction in outcome sum scores of 0.02-0.21 and a 3%-7% relative decrease, with larger decreases seen for language and motor functions than for behavioral functions. PDQI scores were inversely associated with all child functions, but the estimated strength of each association was low. The results indicate that the observed variations in PDQI scores in an industrialized Western society may not profoundly influence the child functions studied.

Adverse family life events during pregnancy and ADHD symptoms in five-year-old offspring.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal exposure to maternal adverse life events has been associated with offspring ADHD, but the role of familial confounding is unclear. We aimed to clarify if adverse life events during pregnancy are related to ADHD symptoms in offspring, taking shared familial factors into account. METHOD: Data were collected on 34,751 children (including 6,427 siblings) participating in the population-based Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. During pregnancy, mothers reported whether they had experienced specific life events. We assessed ADHD symptoms in five-year-old children with the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised: short form. We modeled the associations between life events and mean ADHD scores with ordinary linear regression in the full cohort, and with fixed-effect linear regression in sibling comparisons to adjust for familial confounding. RESULTS: Children exposed to adverse life events had higher ADHD scores at age 5, with the strongest effect observed for financial problems (mean differences 0.10 [95% CI: 0.09, 0.11] in adjusted model), and the weakest for having lost someone close (0.02 [95% CI 0.01, 0.04] in adjusted model). Comparing exposure-discordant siblings resulted in attenuated estimates that were no longer statistically significant (e.g. mean difference for financial problems -0.03 [95% CI -0.07, 0.02]). ADHD scores increased if the mother had experienced the event as painful or difficult, and with the number of events, whereas sibling-comparison analyses resulted in estimates attenuated toward the null. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the association between adverse life events during pregnancy and offspring ADHD symptoms is largely explained by familial factors.

Leisure-time physical activity before pregnancy and risk of hyperemesis gravidarum: a population-based cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Women who experience severe nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy are less likely to participate in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) during pregnancy. Whether LTPA before pregnancy is associated with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) has not yet been studied. The aim of the study was to estimate associations between prepregnancy LTPA and HG in pregnancy. METHODS: We present data from 37,442 primiparous women with singleton pregnancies enrolled in The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Prepregnancy LTPA was self-reported by questionnaire in pregnancy week 17. HG was reported in week 30 and defined as prolonged nausea and vomiting in pregnancy requiring hospitalisation before the 25th gestational week. We estimated the crude and adjusted associations between LTPA and HG using multiple logistic regression. We assessed effect modification by prepregnancy BMI or smoking by stratified analysis and interaction terms. RESULTS: A total of 398 (1.1%) women developed HG. Before pregnancy 56.7% conducted LTPA at least 3 times weekly, while 18.4% of women conducted LTPA less than once a week. Compared to women reporting LTPA 3 to 5 times weekly, women reporting no LTPA before pregnancy had an increased odds of HG (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.69; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.20 to 2.37). LTPA-HG associations differed by prepregnancy BMI but not by prepregnancy smoking. DISCUSSION: Lack of LTPA before pregnancy was associated with an increased odds of HG. Due to few cases of HG and thereby low statistical power, one need to be cautious when interpreting the results of this study.

Language delay and poorer school performance in children of mothers with inadequate iodine intake in pregnancy: results from follow-up at 8 years in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: Some studies indicate that mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency in pregnant women might negatively affect offspring neurocognitive development, including previous results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort study (MoBa) exploring maternally reported child development at age 3 years. The aim of this follow-up study was to investigate whether maternal iodine intake in pregnancy is associated with language and learning at 8 years of age. METHODS: The study sample includes 39,471 mother-child pairs participating in MoBa with available information from a validated food frequency questionnaire covering the first half of pregnancy and a questionnaire on child neurocognitive development at 8 years. Multivariable regression was used to explore associations of iodine intake from food and supplements with maternally reported child outcomes. RESULTS: Maternal iodine intake from food less than ~ 150 µg/day was associated with poorer child language skills (p-overall = 0.013), reading skills (p-overall = 0.019), and writing skills (p-overall = 0.004) as well as poorer school test result in reading (p < 0.001), and increased likelihood of the child receiving special educational services (p-overall = 0.042) (in non-iodine supplement users). Although significant, differences were generally small. Maternal use of iodine supplements in pregnancy was not significantly associated with any of the outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Low habitual iodine intake in pregnant women, i.e., lower than the recommended intake for non-pregnant women, was associated with mothers reporting poorer child language, school performance, and increased likelihood of special educational services. We found no indications of benefits or harm of using iodine-containing supplements in pregnancy. Initiating use in pregnancy might be too late.

Peer-Victimization of Young Children With Developmental and Behavioral Difficulties-A Population-Based Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim is to investigate if young children with developmental and behavioral difficulties (DBDs) have greater risk of peer-victimization compared with typically developing (TD) children. METHOD: The sample was drawn from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). MoBa has collected population-based data on children's health and development for 114,500 children. We included children that were 5 years of age (n = 41,609). Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the effect of different DBDs and of co-occurring DBDs on peer-victimization compared with TD children. Categories of DBDs included autistic traits, emotional difficulties, behavioral difficulties, general learning difficulties, attention difficulties/impulsive behavior, motor development difficulties, language difficulties, and hearing and vision difficulties. Results were adjusted for socioeconomic status and the child's sex. RESULTS: Peer-victimization was 2.8% (933) among TD children, and 8.0% (615) among children with DBD. The highest risk of peer-victimization was found among children with autistic traits and children with five or more co-occurring DBDs (adjusted odds ratios [ORs] = 12.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.64-18.84; p ≤ .001) and 17.37 (95% CI 12.15-24.82; p ≤ .001)], respectively. The lowest risk was found among children with hearing and vision difficulties and children with only one DBD [adjusted ORs = 1.98 (95% CI 1.71-2.29; p ≤ .001) and 1.95 (95% CI 1.70-2.22; p ≤ .001)]. CONCLUSION: Children with DBD have a substantially higher risk of peer-victimization compared with TD children. Peer-victimization varies with type of DBD and increases cumulatively by number of DBDs.