Neuromuscular conditions in post-stroke ankle-foot dysfunction reflected by surface electromyography.

BACKGROUND: Rating scales and linear indices of surface electromyography (sEMG) cannot quantify all neuromuscular conditions associated with ankle-foot dysfunction in hemiplegic patients. This study aimed to reveal potential neuromuscular conditions of ankle-foot dysfunction in hemiplegic patients by nonlinear network indices of sEMG. METHODS: Fourteen male patients with hemiplegia and 10 age- and sex-matched healthy male adults were recruited and tested in static standing position. The characteristics of the root mean square (RMS), median frequency (MF), and three nonlinear indices, the clustering coefficient (C), the average shortest path length (L), and the degree centrality (DC), of eight groups of muscles in bilateral calves were observed. RESULTS: Compared to those of the control group, the RMS of the medial gastrocnemius (MG), flexor digitorum longus (FDL), and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) on the affected side were significantly lower (P < 0.05), and the RMS of the tibial anterior (TA) and EDL on the unaffected side were significantly higher (P < 0.05). The MF of the EDL on the affected side was significantly higher than that on the control side (P < 0.05). The C of the unaffected side was significantly higher than that of the control group, whereas the L was lower (P < 0.05). Compared to those of the control group, the DC of the TA, EDL, and soleus (SOL) on the unaffected sides were higher (P < 0.05), and the DC of the MG on the affected sides was lower (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The change trends and clinical significance of these three network indices, including C, L, and DC, are not in line with those of the traditional linear indices, the RMS and the MF. The C and L may reflect the degree of synchronous activation of muscles during a certain motor task. The DC might be able to quantitatively assess the degree of muscle involvement and reflect the degree of involvement of a single muscle. Linear and nonlinear indices may reveal more neuromuscular conditions in hemiplegic ankle-foot dysfunction from different aspects. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR2100055090.

[Neuromuscular complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection-Part 2: muscle disorders]. / Neuromuskuläre Komplikationen einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion ­ Teil 2: Erkrankungen der Muskulatur.

Apart from disorders and diseases of the peripheral nerves, symptoms and disorders of the musculature and the neuromuscular transmission have also been described in association with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In the second part of our review we provide an overview about frequently reported symptoms, such as myalgia as well as defined disorders, such as rhabdomyolysis, myositis, myasthenia and intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired weakness, which have been described during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections or COVID-19.Furthermore, the criteria for a causality, such as association strength, plausibility, time course, and experimental evidence for a causal association that should be applied for the COVID-19-asssociated neuromuscular conditions described in the two parts of the review are discussed. At present, in addition to anosmia, which is also known in the lay press, myalgia in particular as a nonspecific symptom are frequent sequelae of a symptomatic SARS-CoV­2 infection. Other neuromuscular complications seem to be principally plausible (considering the pathogenesis) but apparently rare consequences of a SARS-CoV­2 infection. Prospective or cohort studies are necessary to confirm a causality and assess the risk.

[Neuromuscular complications of SARS-CoV-2 infections-Part 1: peripheral nerves]. / Neuromuskuläre Komplikationen einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion ­ Teil 1: periphere Nerven.

In recent months various disorders and diseases of the peripheral nerves (including cranial nerves) and the musculature have been described in association with the pulmonary disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In the first part of our review the current knowledge about a potential association of a SARS-CoV­2 infection with dysfunction and diseases of cranial and peripheral nerves is discussed. Anosmia, ageusia, motor cranial nerve involvement and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) were described in a temporal association with a SARS-CoV­2 infection. Several studies could show that anosmia and ageusia were frequent symptoms of a SARS-CoV­2 infection. In contrast the failure of other cranial nerves has so far only been sporadically described. A number of case reports and case series indicate a causal association between a SARS-CoV­2 infection and GBS but epidemiological evidence is still lacking.

Ultrasound Measures of Intrinsic Foot Muscle Size and Activation Following Lateral Ankle Sprain and Chronic Ankle Instability.

CONTEXT: Tibial nerve impairment and reduced plantarflexion, hallux flexion, and lesser toe flexion strength have been observed in individuals with recent lateral ankle sprain (LAS) and chronic ankle instability (CAI). Diminished plantar intrinsic foot muscles (IFMs) size and contraction are a likely consequence. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of ankle injury on IFM size at rest and during contraction in young adults with and without LAS and CAI. SETTING: Laboratory. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. PATIENTS: A total of 22 healthy (13 females; age = 19.6 [0.9], body mass index [BMI] = 22.5 [3.2]), 17 LAS (9 females; age = 21.8 [4.1], BMI = 24.1 [3.7]), 21 Copers (13 females; age = 20.8 [2.9], BMI = 23.7 [2.9]), and 20 CAI (15 females; age = 20.9 [4.7], BMI = 25.1 [4.5]). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Foot Posture Index (FPI), Foot Mobility Magnitude (FMM), and ultrasonographic cross-sectional area of the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, quadratus plantae, and flexor hallucis brevis were assessed at rest, and during nonresisted and resisted contraction. RESULTS: Multiple linear regression analyses assessing group, sex, BMI, FPI, and FMM on resting and contracted IFM size found sex (B = 0.45; P < .001), BMI (B = 0.05; P = .01), FPI (B = 0.07; P = .05), and FMM × FPI interaction (B = -0.04; P = .008) accounted for 19% of the variance (P = .002) in resting abductor hallucis measures. Sex (B = 0.42, P < .001) and BMI (B = 0.03, P = .02) explained 24% of resting flexor digitorum brevis measures (P < .001). Having a recent LAS (B = 0.06, P = .03) and FMM (B = 0.04, P = .02) predicted 11% of nonresisted quadratus plantae contraction measures (P = .04), with sex (P < .001) explaining 13% of resting quadratus plantae measures (B = 0.24, P = .02). Both sex (B = 0.35, P = .01) and FMM (B = 0.15, P = .03) predicted 16% of resting flexor hallucis brevis measures (P = .01). There were no other statistically significant findings. CONCLUSIONS: IFM resting ultrasound measures were primarily determined by sex, BMI, and foot phenotype and not injury status. Routine ultrasound imaging of the IFM following LAS and CAI cannot be recommended at this time but may be considered if neuromotor impairment is suspected.

Immediate Effects of Therapeutic Ultrasound on Quadriceps Spinal Reflex Excitability in Patients With Knee Injury.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of nonthermal therapeutic ultrasound on quadriceps spinal reflex excitability in patients with knee joint injury. DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized controlled laboratory study with a pretest posttest design. SETTING: University laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Recreationally active volunteers with a self-reported history of diagnosed intra-articular knee joint injury and documented quadriceps dysfunction (N=30). INTERVENTIONS: A nonthermal ultrasound, or sham, treatment was applied to the anteromedial knee. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hoffmann reflex measurements were recorded at baseline, immediately postintervention, and 20 minutes post-intervention. The peak Hoffmann reflex amplitude was normalized by the peak motor response (H/M ratio) measured from the vastus medialis using surface electromyography as an estimate of quadriceps motorneuron pool excitability. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used for comparisons. RESULTS: A significant group-by-time interaction was observed for mean (P=.016) and change (P=.044) in H/M ratio. The ultrasound group demonstrated significantly higher mean (P=.015) and change (P=.028) in H/M ratio 20 minutes postintervention than did the sham ultrasound group. CONCLUSIONS: Quadriceps motoneuron pool excitability was facilitated 20 minutes after a nonthermal therapeutic ultrasound treatment, and not a sham treatment. These data provide supporting evidence of the contribution of peripheral receptors in modulation of the arthrogenic response in patients with persistent quadriceps dysfunction. Future research in this area should attempt to identify optimal treatment parameters and translate them to clinical outcomes.

Incidence and prevalence of Hemifacial Spasm in Finland's largest hospital district.

BACKGROUND: Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a movement disorder of facial muscles innervated by the facial nerve. This condition often demands regular utilization of healthcare resources. However, knowledge of the incidence and prevalence of this condition is based on scarce studies. This research aimed to identify the incidence and prevalence of HFS in Finland's largest hospital district. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted in the largest hospital district in Finland (Helsinki and Uusimaa). The study included consecutive HFS patients who visited the departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery in the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa between 2014 and 2019. The demographics included sex, side of the spasm, treatment allocations, duration of symptoms before diagnosis, and age at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS: 279 patients were identified from the medical records. 62% of patients were women and had left-sided spasms. The crude mean incidence among women was almost double that of men (1.86 vs. 0.94). The highest crude mean annual incidence among men was in the age group 60-79 years, while among women, it peaked in the age group 80 years and over. The mean annual age-standardized incidence of HFS was 1.53, 1.94 in women, and 1.05 in men. The mean age-standardized yearly prevalence was 10.62, 11.62 among women, and 9.31 among men. The annual age-standardized prevalence of HFS increased steadily from 2014 to 2019. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and prevalence of women outnumbered men. HFS is typically left-sided. The HFS incidence peaked after 80 years in women and men aged 60-79 years.

Effects of Preceding Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Movement Velocity and EMG Signal during the Back Squat Exercise.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of preceding anodal transcranial direct stimulation (a-tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during the back squat exercise on movement velocity and surface electromyographic (sEMG) activity. Thirteen healthy, well-trained, male firefighters (34.72 ± 3.33 years; 178 ± 7.61 cm; 76.85 ± 11.21 kg; 26.8 ± 4.2 kg·m−2; back squat 1-repetition maximum 141.5 ± 16.3 kg) completed this randomised double-blinded sham-controlled crossover study. After familiarisation and basal measurements, participants attended the laboratory on two occasions separated by 72 h to receive either Sham or a-tDCS (current intensity of 2 mA for 20 min). Immediately after stimulation, participants completed three sets of 12 repetitions (70% of 1-RM) with three minutes of recovery between sets monitored with a linear position transducer. The sEMG of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) of both legs were recorded. No significant differences were observed between a-tDCS and Sham interventions on mean concentric velocity at any set (p > 0.05). Velocity loss and effort index were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in set 3 compared to set 1 only in the a-tDCS group. The right-leg RM and right-leg VL elicited the greatest muscle activation during set 1 after a-tDCS and Sham, respectively (p < 0.05). Our results revealed that a-tDCS over the DLPFC might impact movement velocity or fatigue tolerance in well-trained individuals. Notwithstanding, significant differences in dominant-leg muscle activity were found both in a-tDCS and Sham.

Neuro-COVID-19.

Neuromuscular manifestations of new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection are frequent, and include dizziness, headache, myopathy, and olfactory and gustatory disturbances. Patients with acute central nervous system disorders, such as delirium, impaired consciousness, stroke and convulsive seizures, have a high mortality rate. The encephalitis/encephalopathy that causes consciousness disturbance and seizures can be classified into three conditions, including direct infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, encephalopathy caused by central nervous system damage secondary to systemic hypercytokinemia (cytokine storm) and autoimmune-mediated encephalitis that occurs after infection. The sequelae, called post-acute COVID-19 syndrome or long COVID, include neuromuscular manifestations, such as anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, muscle weakness, brain fog and cognitive impairment. It is desirable to establish diagnostic criteria and treatment for these symptoms. Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia, Guillain-Barré syndrome, bilateral facial paralysis, encephalitis and opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome have been reported as adverse reactions after the COVID-19 vaccine, although these are rare.

Neuromuscular complications of severe COVID-19 in paediatric patients: Medium-term follow-up.

Neuromuscular complications in paediatric patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are poorly characterised. However, adult patients with severe COVID-19 reportedly present with frequent neuromuscular complications that mainly include critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP), critical illness myopathy (CIM), and focal neuropathies. We examined the records of all paediatric patients with severe COVID-19 who were mechanically ventilated and experienced neuromuscular complications from our single tertiary centre between March 2020 and August 2021. During this period, 4/36 (11%) patients admitted to the paediatric ICU who were mechanically ventilated experienced neuromuscular complications (one CIM, two focal neuropathies, and one CIP associated with plexopathy). In three of them, the gamma genetic variant of SARS-CoV-2 was identified. At the 4-5 month follow-up, three of our patients exhibited slight clinical improvement. We conclude that paediatric patients with severe COVID-19 may present neuromuscular complications similar to adults (11%), and their medium-term prognosis seems unfavourable.

Physiological, cognitive and neuromuscular effects of heat exposure on firefighters after a live training scenario.

This study investigated physiological, cognitive and neuromuscular performances in firefighters after a structural live-fire scenario. Changes in vital signs, environmental parameters and cognitive and neuromuscular performance were measured before and after a live-fire training session in a closed environment, in conditions similar to those one could encounter in a structural fire. Very high ambient temperature peaks were reached during the 30-min sessions. After the session, the forehead temperature was increased by 0.5 °C, mean water body loss was 639 ml and the mean heart rate increase was 7.5 bpm. Mental calculation speed did not vary significantly, however we observed a reduction in reaction time. These findings demonstrated that after 30 min of exposure, heat stress had little impact on firemen. Stress activation seems beneficial after firefighting operations. Normal vital parameters should allow re-engagement for a second firefighting task. This result must be compared with longer exposures.

[COVID-19 neurologic manifestation]. / Manifestaciones neurológicas del COVID-19.

Dear Director: Reading your article "The pandemic due to the new covid-19 coronavirus", I would like to deepen the contributions of the symptoms of this disease. What has started as a pathology manifested by a respiratory syndrome such as atypical pneumonia, is currently associated with several non-respiratory manifestations (1). Guillain-Barré syndrome in a female traveler from Wuhan is one of the first reported neurological manifestations (2). The literature is rich in terms of headaches, seizures and strokes in seriously ill patients, although the first and last of these may be due to systemic complications of this novel coronavirus, a higher incidence of events has been reported in patients with a history of neurological manifestations. (3.4). One of the most recent manifestations reported is neuromuscular diseases. Guidon et al. criticize the lack of rigor in the reports on neuromuscular manifestations (4). If anything is certain, one manifestation of this pandemic is the large amount of information available in the scientific field, many of these without the same methodological rigor as before the pandemic, accentuating the responsibility of the reader to critically analyze all the information.

Estimado Director: Leyendo su artículo "La pandemia por el nuevo coronavirus covid-19", me gustaría profundizar los aportes de la sintomatología de esta enfermedad. Lo que ha comenzado como una patología manifestada por un síndrome respiratorio como neumonías atípicas, actualmente está asociada a varias manifestaciones no respiratorias(1). De las primeras manifestaciones neurológicas reportadas está el síndrome de Guillain-Barré en una viajera proveniente de Wuhan(2). La literatura es rica en cuanto a cefaleas, convulsiones e ictus en los pacientes graves, si bien la primera y última de estas pueden deberse a complicaciones sistémicas de este novel coronavirus, se ha reportado una mayor incidencia de eventos en pacientes con antecedentes de manifestaciones neurológicas(3,4). Una de las más recientes manifestaciones reportadas, son las enfermedades neuromusculares. Guidon et al. critican la falta de rigurosidad en los reportes sobre manifestaciones neuromusculares(4). Si algo es seguro, una manifestación de esta pandemia es la gran cantidad de información disponible en el ámbito científico, muchas veces de estas sin la misma rigurosidad metodológica anterior a la pandemia, acentuando la responsabilidad del lector de analizar críticamente toda la información.

Pathogenesis and clinical perspectives of extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel diseases.

A considerable number of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experience extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs), which can present either before or after IBD diagnosis. Unraveling the pathogenic pathways of EIMs in IBD is challenging because of the lack of reliable criteria for diagnosis and difficulty in distinguishing EIMs from external pathologies caused by drugs or other etiologies. Optimizing treatment can also be difficult. Early diagnosis and management of EIM revolve around multidisciplinary teams, and they should have the resources necessary to make and implement appropriate decisions. In addition, specialists of the affected organs should be trained in IBD treatment. Furthermore, patient awareness regarding the extraintestinal symptoms of IBD is of paramount importance for improving patient understanding of disease and health outcomes. Herein, we review the pathogenesis and clinical perspectives of EIMs in IBD.

COVID 19: Neuromuscular Manifestations.

COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing and information on the neurological aspects of this viral infection is being gathered. Neuromuscular manifestations have been reported uncommonly in these early stages of the analysis. This manuscript studies the available information on the neuromuscular manifestations of COVID-19.

Non classical complications of primary hyperparathyroidism.

Several studies suggested that the condition of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) may be associated not only with the classical bone, kidney and gastrointestinal consequences, but also with cardiovascular, neuromuscular and articular complications, impaired quality of life and increased cancer risk. However, the only cardiovascular complications associated with PHPT, which seems to improve after parathyroidectomy, is left ventricular hypertrophy, while, data regarding the reversibility of hypertension, valve calcifications and increased vascular stiffness are inconsistent. Parathyroidectomy seems to ameliorate neuropsychological, cognitive disturbances and quality of life in moderate-severe PHPT, while data in mild PHPT are less clear. At variance, the effect of parathyroidectomy on neuromuscular and articular complications is still unknown, and no studies demonstrated a reduction of cancer risk after recovery from PHPT. Overall, to date, cardiovascular and neuropsychological evaluation are not recommended solely because of PHPT, nor cardiovascular disease, muscle weakness, and neuropsychological complications are indication for parathyroidectomy.

Impacts of covid-19 on the immune, neuromuscular, and musculoskeletal systems and rehabilitation / Impactos da covid-19 nos sistemas imunológico, neuromuscular, musculoesquelético e a reabilitação / Impactos de la covid-19 en los sistemas inmunitario, neuromuscular, musculoesquelético y la rehabilitación

ABSTRACT The new coronavirus, which causes the infectious disease named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), was notified in 2020 in China. The main clinical manifestations in infected patients are fever, cough and dyspnoea. These patients are prone to developing cardiac changes, diffuse myopathy, decreased pulmonary function, decreased inspiratory muscle strength, and a deterioration in functional capacity. Thus, it is expected that patients affected by COVID-19 will suffer musculoskeletal consequences as a result of the inflammatory process and loss of muscle mass caused by immobility, generating motor incapacities that are not yet quantifiable. It is important to understand the clinical implications caused by COVID-19, in order to have better rehabilitation strategies for these patients. The aim of this study was to conduct a reflective analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the immune, neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems, and its rehabilitation process. This is a reflexive analysis, developed in the Laboratory for the Study of Movement of the Institute of Orthopaedics' and Traumatology, at the Universidade de São Paulo School of Medicine, SP, Brazil. In this analysis, we reflect on the following topics related to COVID-19: immunological mechanisms, impact on the neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems, and the rehabilitation of patients. Level of evidence V; Opinion of the specialist.

RESUMO O novo coronavírus, que causa a doença infecciosa denominada COVID-19 pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, foi notificado em dezembro, na China. As principais manifestações clínicas dos pacientes infectados são febre, tosse e dispneia. Esses pacientes têm propensão a desenvolver alterações cardíacas, miopatia difusa, diminuição da função pulmonar, diminuição da força muscular inspiratória e deterioração da capacidade funcional. Assim sendo, é esperado que os pacientes afetados pela COVID-19 sofram sequelas musculoesqueléticas em decorrência do processo inflamatório e perda de massa muscular causada pela imobilidade, que geram incapacidades motoras ainda não quantificáveis. Existe a necessidade de entender as implicações clínicas causadas pela COVID-19 para elaborar melhores estratégias de reabilitação para esses pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise reflexiva no que tange ao impacto da COVID-19 nos sistemas imunológico, neuromuscular e musculoesquelético e no processo de reabilitação. Trata-se de uma análise reflexiva, desenvolvida no Laboratório do Estudo do Movimento do Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Nesta análise, fizemos uma reflexão sobre os seguintes tópicos relacionados com a COVID-19: mecanismos imunológicos, impacto no sistemas neuromuscular e musculoesquelético e reabilitação dos pacientes. Nível de evidência V; Opinião do especialista.

RESUMEN El nuevo coronavirus, que causa la enfermedad infecciosa llamada COVID-19 por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, fue notificado en diciembre en China. Las principales manifestaciones clínicas de los pacientes infectados son fiebre, tos y disnea. Esos pacientes son propensos a desarrollar cambios cardíacos, miopatía difusa, disminución de la función pulmonar, disminución de la fuerza muscular inspiratoria y deterioro de la capacidad funcional. Por lo tanto, se espera que los pacientes afectados por COVID-19 sufran secuelas musculoesqueléticas debido al proceso inflamatorio y pérdida de masa muscular causada por la inmovilidad, que generan discapacidades motoras aún no son cuantificables. Es necesario comprender las implicaciones clínicas causadas por COVID-19 para elaborar mejores estrategias de rehabilitación para estos pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un análisis reflexivo sobre el impacto de COVID-19, en los sistemas inmunitario, neuromuscular y musculoesquelético y en el proceso de rehabilitación. Es un análisis reflexivo, desarrollado en el Laboratorio del Estudio de Movimiento del Instituto de Ortopedia y Traumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de São Paulo, SP. En este análisis, reflexionamos sobre los siguientes temas relacionados con COVID-19: mecanismos inmunológicos, impacto en los sistemas neuromuscular y musculoesquelético y la rehabilitación de los pacientes. Nivel de evidencia V; Opinión de expertos.

Consideraciones clínicas en un paciente con hipertonicidad muscular de mentón. Reporte de caso / Clinical considerations in a patient with mint muscle hi-pertonicity. Caso report / Gestão de pacientes adultos com mordida aberta anterior por deglução atípica. Relato de caso

En ortodoncia es de relevante importancia crear una oclusión estéticamente agradable y funcional, además de lograr y preservar el óptimo atractivo facial; es mandatorio realizar un examen facial minucioso porque el equilibrio y la armonía de las diferentes partes de la cara está determinada por los tejidos du-ros y blandos. El objetivo del presente artículo es exponer la importancia de un diagnóstico integral al momento de la plani-ficación del tratamiento. El presente caso, relata el manejo ortodóntico con filosofía Roth de una paciente de 13 años de edad, raza latina, diagnosticada con relación esquelética clase II, proinclinación excesiva de los incisivos en ambos arcos, perfil convexo e hi-pertonicidad del mentón. El plan de tratamiento se planificó para corregir la y la clase II esquelética mediante extracciones de los 4 primeros premolares. Como resultado se eliminó la hipertonicidad muscular, obteniendo una competencia labial adecuada y se mejoró el perfil facial en un tiempo de 18 meses. El mane-jo de este caso resulta exitoso gracias a un diagnóstico correcto y la planifi-ca-ción del caso, permite demostrar que no solo son objetivos ortodónticos las es-tructuras óseas y dentales, sino también aquellos que ayudan a mejorar el per-fil facial del paciente. Fue necesario evaluar la relación de los labios y la barbi-lla ya que estos pueden alterarse con el tratamiento de ortodoncia.

In orthodontics It's of relevant importance to create an aesthetically pleasing and functional occlusion, in addi-tion to achieving and preserving the optimal facial attractiveness; It is mandatory to perform a thorough facial exam because the balance and harmony of the different parts of the face is determined by soft and soft tissues. The objective of this article is to expose the importance of a comprehensive diagnosis at the time of treatment planning. The present case relates the orthodontic management with Roth philosophy of a 13-year-old Latina patient, diagnosed with a class II skeletal relationship, excessive incision of the incisors in both arches, convex profile and chin-hypertonicity. The treatment plan was planned to correct the skeletal class II by extractions of the first 4 premolars. As a result, muscular hypertonicity was eliminated, obtaining adequate lip competence and the facial profile was improved in a period of 18 months. The management of this case is successful thanks to a correct diagnosis and the planning of the case, allows to demonstrate that not only are the bone and dental structures orthodontic objectives, but also those that help improve the patient's facial profile. It was necessary to evaluate the relationship of the lips and chin since these can be altered with orthodontic treatment.

A mordida aberta anterior é uma má oclusão na qual um ou mais dentes não atingem o plano oclusal e não é feito contato com seus antagonistas. Seu tratamento é difícil e há controvérsia na necessidade de uma abord-agem cirúrgica. O presente caso refere-se ao tratamento de uma paciente de 61 anos de idade, atendida na clínica do Instituto Mexicano de Ortodontia, que veio pela "separação dos seus dentes". A avaliação clínica e radiográfica apresentou classe esquelética biprotrusiva I, com sobremordida de -30% com sorriso baixo e não consoante, deglutição atípica como fator etiológico que permitiu o diagnóstico de mordida aberta anterior. O tratamento consistiu na colocação de suportes de prescrição Roth .022 com tubos até os terceiros molares superiores e inferiores, colocando os suportes mais voltados para a gengiva em relação ao centro da coroa anatômica de ambos os arcos para obter extrusão e fechamento da mordida e arco aberto de sorriso; nas centrais a 1,5 mm, laterais a 1 mm e caninos a 0,5 mm. O uso de topes oclusais posteriores e também de elásticos anteriores curtos e leves desde o primeiro dia de tratamento foi essencial. A correção da posição dos dentes foi realizada em um período de 18 meses, o que também induziu uma alteração no padrão da deglutição. Através do plano de tratamento proposto, demonstrou-se que a estabilidade da oclusão pode ser dada e que nem todo paciente com mordida aberta é candidato ao tratamento cirúrgico para correção dessa má oclusão.

Spinal anesthesia in a patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease undergoing orthopedic surgery: case report / Anestesia raquídea en un paciente con enfermedad de Charcot-Marie-Tooth sometido a cirugía ortopédica: reporte de caso

Abstract Introduction: It is uncommon to come across patients with neuromuscular diseases in the daily practice of anesthesia, given the low prevalence of those conditions. Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most frequently, caused by an inherited abnormal myelin structure pattern. In view of the low prevalence of this condition (1:25,000), there is little information, derived mostly from case reports, about the use of neuroaxial anesthesia in these patients. Case presentation: Description of a patient with underlying CMT disease compromising lower limb mobility, who comes to the emergency service due to lower limb pain. After being diagnosed with an acetabular fracture, the patient underwent orthopedic surgery under spinal anesthesia, selected based on patient comorbidities, and the immediate postoperative follow-up. Results: The anesthetic and surgical procedures proceeded uneventfully and no neuropathic worsening was observed during the next 24 hours. Conclusion: Uneventful neuroaxial anesthesia is reported in a patient with neuromuscular disease. The case contributes to show the benefits and safety of this form of anesthesia when compared with other options.

Resumen Introducción: En la práctica anestésica diaria es raro enfrentarse a pacientes con patologías neuromusculares, dada la poca pre-valencia de dichas patologías. La más frecuente de ellas es la enfermedad de Charcot-Marie-Tooth, en la cual se hereda un patrón alterado en la estructura de la mielina. Debido a la baja prevalencia de esta patología (1:25000), el uso de anestesia neuroaxial en dichos pacientes no cuenta con mucha información, y mucha de ella proviene de reportes de casos. Presentación del caso: Se describe el caso de un paciente con enfermedad de Charcot-Marie-Tooth, de base, con compromiso de la movilidad en miembros inferiores, y quien asiste a urgencias por dolor en miembro inferior. Tras ser diagnosticado con fractura de acetábulo, fue sometido a cirugía ortopédica bajo anestesia raquídea, indicada a la luz de sus comorbilidades, y el posterior seguimiento inmediato. Resultados: Se realiza el procedimiento anestésico y quirúrgico sin complicaciones, y no se presenta empeoramiento de la neuropatía en las 24 horas posteriores. Conclusiones: Se reporta un caso de anestesia neuroaxial en paciente con enfermedad neuromuscular sin incidencias, que ayuda así a ir mostrando los beneficios de la mencionada anestesia y su seguridad frente a otras opciones.

Tempo de recuperação ao dano muscular induzido por exercícios de força em idosos: uma revisão sistemática / Time to muscle recovery from damage after strength exercise in older people: a systematic review

O processo de recuperação ao dano muscular precisa ser considerado na prescrição adequada de um programa de exercícios de força (EF) para idosos. Inúmeros fatores podem determinar o comportamento desse processo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre o tempo de recuperação ao dano muscular após o EF em idosos. A busca foi realizada de novembro a dezembro de 2011, sem limites de datas na Biological Abstracts, Web of Science, Sports Discus, e PubMed. Uma busca manual também foi realizada nas listas de referências dos estudos encontrados. Oito estudos determinaram o tempo para a completa recuperação ao dano muscular em idosos saudáveis (média de idade ? 60 anos) após a realização de EF. Todos utilizaram métodos indiretos de avaliação do dano muscular, sendo que dentre eles, as avaliações da funcionalidade do sistema neuromuscular ocorreram em maior número. O EF pode causar danos musculares em idosos que se recuperam entre 24 e 216 horas. Nenhum dos estudos comparou a recuperação ao dano muscular após EF com diferentes ações musculares. Apenas um estudo analisou o efeito da carga repetida sobre o tempo de recuperação ao dano muscular em idosos. As influências de cada variável do EF, do gênero, do treinamento com pesos, do nível de atividade física e do método utilizado para quantificar o dano na recuperação devem ser mais bem estudadas em idosos.

The recovery process from muscle damage should be taken into consideration in an adequate program of strength exercise (SE) prescription for older adults. Several factors may determine the course of this process. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review regarding the time to recovery from muscle damage after SE in older people. The search was conducted from November to December 2011, without limits of date in Biological Abstracts, Web of Science, Sports Discus, and PubMed. A manual search was also conducted in the reference lists of the selected articles. Eight studies determined the time to complete muscle recovery from damage in healthy elderly (mean age ? 60 years) after SE. All of the studies employed indirect methods of muscle damage assessment, and among those, evaluations of the functionality of the neuromuscular system occurred in greater number. The SE may cause muscle damage in older people that recover between 24 and 216 hours. No study compared recovery from damage after workouts with different muscle actions. Only one study analyzed the repeated bout influence on the time to recovery from muscle damage in older people. Influences of each SE variable, gender, weight training, physical activity status, and the method used to quantify the damage in recovery should be further studied in older people.

Rabdomiolisis y miopatía como únicas manifestaciones de hipotiroidismo severo secundario a tiroiditis de Hashimoto / Rhabdomyolysis and myopathy as the only manifestations of severe hypothyroidism secondary to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

La tiroiditis de Hashimoto constituye la causa más frecuente de hipotiroidismo en las regiones sin deficiencia de yodo, es más frecuente en mujeres y muchas veces tiene asociación familiar. Los síntomas y signos del hipotiroidismo son sistémicos y dependen de la duración e intensidad de la deficiencia de la hormona tiroidea. Las manifestaciones neuromusculares, son excepcionalmente los únicos signos clínicos. Se presenta el caso de un paciente joven con una miopatía severa con rabdomiolisis como la única manifestación de hipotiroidismo severo debido a tiroiditis de Hashimoto.

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the most frequent cause of hypothyroidism. In the regions with no iodine deficiency, it is more frequent in women and oftentimes has a familial association. The symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism are systemic and depend on the duration and intensity of the thyroid hormone deficiency. Neuromuscular manifestations are seldom the only symptoms and signs present. We present the case of a young patient with severe myopathy, where rhabdomyolysis was the sole manifestation of severe hypothyroidism secondary to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

Tratamento fisioterapêutico na síndrome complexa de dor regional tipo I: relato de caso / Physical therapy treatment for regional pain complex syndrome type I: case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A síndrome complexa de dor regional do tipo I (SCDR I) geralmente possui tratamento multidisciplinar,porém há uma lacuna na literatura referente ao tratamento fisioterapêutico e a conduta a ser utilizada. Sendo assim,o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os resultados obtidos com o tratamento fisioterapêutico isoladamente em uma paciente. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 48 anos, diagnosticada com SCDR I, após fratura do quinto metatarso devido a uma entorse de tornozelo, permanecendo com tala suropodália por 12 semanas. Submeteu-se a tratamento fisioterapêutico com mobilização articular, fortalecimento muscular, treino de carga e de controle neuromuscular. Após 13 sessões, ocorreu melhora da maioria dos sinais e sintomas iniciais. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento fisioterapêutico isoladamente pode proporcionar melhora dos sinais e sintomas da SCDR I,porém, há a necessidade de estudos clínicos aleatórios para obter resultados mais eficazes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I) has generally multidisciplinary treatment; however there is a gap in the literature related to physioterapy and the approach used. Therefore, the objective is to describe the results obtained with physical therapy treatment alone in one patient. CASE REPORT: Female patient, 48 years, diagnosed with CRPS I after fracture of the fifth metatarsal because of an ankle sprain, staying with short leg splint for 12 weeks. The same was referred to physical therapy, which used joint mobilization, muscles trengthening, weight-bearing and neuromuscular control.After 13 sessions, there was improvement in most of the initial signs and symptoms. CONCLUSION: The physical therapy alone can provide improvement of the signs and symptoms of CRPS I, however, there is a need for randomized clinical trials to obtain more effective results.