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Background: Sexual victimization is a serious public health problem, with a range of negative impacts on mental and physical health. Responses that individuals get to disclosure of sexual victimization play an important role in recovery. With the increased use of social media, more survivors are talking about their experiences of sexual victimization online. Research is needed to document the correlates of online disclosure of sexual victimization.Objective: The current study examined the role of demographic characteristics, assault severity, coping strategies, and social isolation as putative correlates of disclosing sexual victimization online via the hashtag #MeToo.Methods: A sample of 637 adults recruited via social media who reported a history of sexual victimization since the age of 14 completed self-report surveys using online survey software to assess disclosure of sexual victimization, assault severity, coping strategies, and social isolation.Results: Multivariate analyses suggest that levels of emotion-focused coping were positively associated with the disclosure of sexual victimization online via #MeToo. Further, individuals who had experienced completed rape by verbal coercion were less likely to disclose via #MeToo, compared to individuals who experienced other forms of assault.Conclusion: Coping strategies and assault severity play an important role in determining whether survivors disclose sexual victimization online via #MeToo. Findings suggest that individuals may disclose via #MeToo to seek support or express their emotions. Further, individuals whose sexual victimization experiences do not conform to 'typical' sexual victimization experiences are less likely to disclose via #MeToo.
HIGHLIGHTSGreater reported use of emotion-focused coping is associated with an increased likelihood of disclosing via #MeToo.Individuals who experienced completed rape by verbal coercion were less likely to disclose via #MeToo, compared to individuals who experienced other forms of assault.Findings highlight the need to further investigate correlates of disclosure via #MeToo.
Assuntos
Vítimas de Crime , Estupro , Adulto , Humanos , Revelação , Estudos Transversais , Estupro/psicologia , EmoçõesRESUMO
Background: Members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual orientation and gender diverse (SOGD) communities are at disproportionately higher risk for sexual violence compared to cisgender heterosexual people. Despite this elevated risk, relatively few sexual violence prevention efforts effectively reduce these victimization disparities based on sexual orientation or gender identity.Objective: This narrative review provides an overview of the prevalence of sexual violence in the SOGD communities, delineates risk factors for sexual victimization among SOGD community members, and reviews and evaluates existing prevention efforts for the SOGD communities. We outline specific recommendations for ensuring that prevention efforts meet the needs of the SOGD communities.Method: Drawing on ecological systems theory and public health approaches to sexual violence prevention, we outline current approaches and opportunities for preventionists and scholars to push the field forward.Results: There have been promising prevention programmes designed to be implemented within SOGD communities specifically; however, it is important that general primary prevention programmes endeavour to specifically address sexual violence perpetrated against SOGD people. While many packaged programmes that endeavour to prevent sexual violence across all gender identities and sexual orientations are inclusive of SOGD participants, more programming is needed that integrates anti-oppression training to target social norms that perpetuate SOGD-specific rape myths and normalize sexual violence against SOGD community members.Conclusion: Ecological prevention strategies in line with a public health approach for primary prevention may be particularly valuable for reducing victimization disparities based on SOGD status and identity. Comprehensive sexual education and anti-discrimination policies should be considered front-line prevention programming. To assess if these strategies are effective, the implementation of large-scale surveillance surveys that use comprehensive assessments of sexual orientation, gender identity, and sexual violence are needed. Using theoretically grounded implementation strategies for prevention programmes can ensure effective programme delivery.
Despite their increased vulnerability, relatively few prevention strategies that specifically aim to reduce sexual violence among sexual and gender diverse (SOGD) communities and existing packaged programmes are less effective for preventing victimization among SOGD than for cisgender, heterosexual groups.Packaged prevention programmes should continue adapting with the specific aims to reduce these SOGD-based disparities.Broader changes at the outer layer of the social-ecological model (e.g. anti-discrimination, anti-bullying, inclusive sex-education) are critical primary prevention approaches to reduce SOGD-based sexual violence disparities.
Assuntos
Identidade de Gênero , Delitos Sexuais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Comportamento Sexual , Delitos Sexuais/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Resumen Según el informe realizado por la Asociación Internacional de Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales, Trans e Intersex (ILGA) en el año 2017, menos del 25 % de los territorios del planeta reconocen a la población Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales, Transexuales e Intersexuales (LGBTI+) y, de igual forma, aún hay numerosos países, en su mayoría del continente africano, que penalizan, discriminan y rechazan la homosexualidad. Además, diferentes estudios han evidenciado que para muchas familias es difícil separarse de la tradición heteronormativa y aceptar la orientación sexual de un hijo gay o una hija lesbiana o bisexual. Esta investigación buscó comprender el proceso de revelación y aceptación de la orientación sexual en 15 familias con integrantes gays, lesbianas y bisexuales en Cali-Colombia, a través de una entrevista semiestructurada y una línea de tiempo denominada Mi viaje en la que los participantes plasmaban sus narrativas en dibujos. En el presente estudio participaron 15 familias, las cuales estuvieron conformadas tanto por hijos/as entre los 19 y 26 años como por padres/cuidadores entre 41 y 64 años. A partir del análisis temático de las entrevistas realizadas de manera individual, se evidencia que los procesos de revelación de la orientación sexual se generan durante la adolescencia temprana, media y tardía, y la madre fue aquella integrante de la familia a quien le revelaron en un primer momento. Además, se presentan las formas a través de las cuales se dio la revelación, que fueron directas o indirectas y en algunos casos derivaron en secretos familiares. Se concluye que los procesos que atraviesan las familias frente a la revelación y aceptación de la orientación sexual de un hijo gay o una hija lesbiana o bisexual cuentan con fases dinámicas que pueden presentarse en distintos momentos y de diferentes formas, según las características particulares de cada familia y su contexto.
Abstract According to the report carried out by the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) in 2017, less than 25 % of the territories of the planet recognize Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex (the LGBTI + population) and, in the same way, there are still numerous countries, mostly from the African continent, who penalize, discriminate and reject homosexuality. In Colombia, between the years 2016, 2017 and until February 2018, 139 homicides of LGBTI+ people were reported. Additionally, in several of its cities, among which are Barranquilla, Medellín, Bogotá and Cali, there has been violence by the National Police against LGBTI+ people because of their sexual orientation and gender identity. In this regard, 21 cases have been reported between 2008 and 2017, of which two were against gay men and three against lesbian women. In addition, in Valle del Cauca, 195 homicides were reported up to the year 2017 which were related to the sexual orientation and gender identity of the victims, specifically located in the city of Santiago de Cali, in which nine murders were reported, four of which were gay men, two lesbian women and three trans women (Colombia Diversa, 2018). Furthermore, different studies have shown that it is difficult for many families to separate from the heteronormative tradition and accept the sexual orientation of a gay son or a lesbian or bisexual daughter. This research sought to characterize the process of disclosure and acceptance of sexual orientation in 15 families with gay sons and lesbian and bisexual daughters in Cali-Colombia, using a semi-structured interview and a timeline called My Journey in which the participants reflected their narratives in drawings. The research was qualitative, with a narrative design by topics (Hernández, Fernández & Baptista, 2014). The results are articulated to the macro project called "Family dynamics in the process of disclosure and acceptance of the sexual orientation of gay sons and lesbian daughters in the city of Cali-Colombia" In the present study, 15 families participated, which were made up of both children and parents / caregivers. From the thematic analysis of the interviews carried out individually, the descriptions made by the families of the moment in which the sons and daughters revealed their sexual orientation are mentioned. This moment corresponds to early, middle and late adolescence, and the mother was the one to whom the sexual orientation was revealed at first. In addition, the forms through which the revelation was given are presented, which were direct or indirect and, in some cases, led to family secrets. It is concluded that the processes that families go through in the face of the disclosure and acceptance of the sexual orientation of a gay son or a lesbian or bisexual daughter have dynamic phases that can occur at different times and in different ways depending on the particular characteristics of each family and its context. It is recommended to promote associations of families and friends united in favor of gender diversity, in such a way that they are configured as elements for decision-making in public policies and actions, which generate care routes for other families that require guidance in any of the stages they are going through and that can provide social support to gay sons, lesbian daughters and their families. From the field of health professionals who accompany families in affirmative processes, it is necessary to strengthen training with a gender perspective and in future studies address the experiences of families with transgender members, taking into account their specific needs and from an intersectional perspective.
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Resumo Esse artigo é fruto de pesquisa desenvolvida em uma escola pública de ensino médio e discute como os marcadores de gênero e orientação sexual atravessam as experiências de paquera nessa instituição. Foram analisados materiais produzidos a partir de entrevistas, rodas de conversa e observações de inspiração etnográfica. A temática surge a partir do trabalho de campo quando os/as jovens apontam as relações de paquera como prática e assunto recorrente entre os/as estudantes. Sendo a escola um importante espaço de socialização juvenil, identificamos que para relações de paquera heterossexuais parece haver um roteiro que reitera as expectativas e normas de gênero. Já entre pessoas do mesmo gênero, a paquera é marcada por distintos agenciamentos para que possam vivenciar suas relações afetivo-sexuais, além de terem que lidar com experiências de discriminação.
Abstract This article is the result of research developed in a public high school and discusses how the markers of gender and sexual orientation cross the experiences of flirting in this institution. It analyzes materials from interviews, conversation circles and observations inspired on ethnographic methods. The theme arises from fieldwork when young people point to flirting relationships as a practice and a recurring issue among students. As the school is an important space for youth socialization, we identified that for heterosexual flirting relationships there seems to be a script that reiterates gender expectations and norms. In contrast, among people of the same gender, flirting is marked by different assemblages so they can experience affective-sexual relationships, in addition they have to deal with experiences of discrimination.
Resumen Este artículo es fruto de investigación desenvuelta en una escuela secundaria pública y discute cómo los marcadores de género y de orientación sexual atraviesan las experiencias de coqueteo en esta institución. Han sido analizados materiales producidos a partir de entrevistas, ruedas de conversación y observaciones de inspiración etnográfica. La temática surge a partir del trabajo de campo cuando los jóvenes apuntan las relaciones de coqueteo como práctica y tema recurrente entre los estudiantes. Siendo la escuela un importante espacio de socialización juvenil, identificamos que para relaciones de coqueteo heterosexuales parece haber un rotero que reitera las expectativas y las normas de género. Ya entre personas del mismo género, el coqueteo es marcado por distintas mediaciones para que puedan vivir sus relaciones afectivo-sexuales, además de necesitaren lidiar con experiencias de discriminación.
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Resumen En tiempos recientes, la literatura en psicología sobre orientación sexual ha pasado de centrarse en aspectos negativos experimentados por personas no heterosexuales a examinar factores que potencien el bienestar de estas. Estos estudios se han enfocado mayoritariamente en lesbianas y hombres gay (orientación hacia un único género o monosexual), mientras la inclusión de otras orientaciones, como bisexual y pansexual (orientaciones hacia más de un género o plurisexual) es un interés emergente. En Latinoamérica, un tema poco explorado en este sentido es la satisfacción vital y las variables asociadas, como el apoyo social y el revelar la orientación sexual, y cómo estas pueden variar entre personas de distintas orientaciones no heterosexuales. Por ello, el objetivo general de este estudio fue comparar el grado de revelación de la orientación sexual, el apoyo social percibido, la conexión con la comunidad LGBTIQ+ (sigla que incluye a lesbianas, gay, bisexual, transgénero, transexual, travesti, intersexual y queer) y la satisfacción vital entre estudiantes universitarios lesbianas y gays (LG), y bisexuales y pansexuales (BP). La muestra fue tomada entre 82 estudiantes universitarios LGBP, quienes respondieron un cuestionario en línea que incluía datos sociodemográficos y escalas destinadas a evaluar las variables en estudio. Los resultados mostraron que estudiantes universitarios LG revelan más su orientación sexual que estudiantes BP. Igualmente, se destaca la asociación positiva entre el apoyo social percibido y satisfacción vital, y entre la conexión con la comunidad LGBTIQ+ y la revelación de la orientación sexual. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento sobre variables asociadas a la satisfacción vital según la orientación sexual, diferenciando entre estudiantes universitarios lesbianas y gays y estudiantes bisexuales y pansexuales.
Abstract In recent years, there has been a growing shift in research on sexual orientation. This focus has moved from centering on negative experiences, related to psychopathology and stigmatization, to examining subjective well-being factors in individuals belonging to these populations. In Latin American countries such as Chile, a scarcely explored link in this regard is satisfaction with life -the cognitive component of subjective well-being- and associated variables. The minority stress model indicates that individuals who belong to minority groups are exposed to additional stressors to which the general population is not exposed. These specific stressors are related to the marginalization, prejudice and exclusion suffered by the minority group of belonging. Researchers have shown that these stressors and their consequences may result in lower life satisfaction in non-heterosexual people compared to their heterosexual peers. Furthermore, different non-heterosexual orientations face specific forms of prejudice and, therefore, could experience a different impact on their life satisfaction. In this paper, the distinction is made between individuals with a monosexual orientation (towards one gender) and those with a plurisexual orientation, (towards more than one gender or independently of gender); namely, lesbians and gay men (LG) on the one hand, and bisexuals and pansexuals (BP) on the other. Research indicates that BP people experience lower levels of well-being than LG individuals. Compared to the latter, BP individuals tend to disclose their sexual orientation to a lesser extent, perceive less social support, and experience greater exclusion from community spaces destined to the general community of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and other queer identities (LGBTIQ+). Moreover, these differences between non-heterosexual orientations in terms of life satisfaction have been little explored in Latin American university students. To fill this gap in the literature, the general objective of this study was to compare the levels of disclosure of sexual orientation, perceived social support, connectedness with the LGBTIQ+ community, and life satisfaction among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and pansexual university students. Four hypotheses were proposed that addressed the comparisons between LG and BP participants for these variables. A non-probability sample of 82 LGBP university students was recruited to answer an online questionnaire. Of the sample, 32.9 % were lesbian or gay, and 67.1 % were bisexual or pansexual. Most participants were women (67.1 %), compared to 29.3 % men and 3.7 % of another gender. The questionnaire consisted of a section of sociodemographic data, a sexual orientation disclosure scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the LGBTIQ + Community Connectedness Scale, and the Life Satisfaction Scale. Analyses included comparisons of means between groups. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted for the Connectedness Scale to test its validity. Results showed that LG and BP students reported similar levels of perceived social support, community connectedness, and life satisfaction, while LG students tended to disclose their sexual orientation to more people than BP students. A positive association was also found between perceived social support and life satisfaction, and between connectedness and disclosure of sexual orientation. The CFA showed that the Connectedness Scale is valid for its use in university samples in Chile and other Latin American populations. Limitations regarding sample size and recommendations for future research are discussed. This study contributes to the knowledge about variables associated with life satisfaction in non-heterosexual university students, highlighting the differential needs for support of those with a monosexual orientation (lesbians and gays) and those with a plurisexual orientation (bisexual and pansexual).
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A normativa do Conselho Federal de Psicologia nº 1/1999, que estabelece normas de atuação para as(os) psicólogas(os) em relação à questão da orientação sexual, ao longo das últimas duas décadas tem sido objeto de investidas judiciais e legislativas para sustar seus efeitos. Foi observado também que a normativa CFP nº 01/2018, que se refere à atuação com pessoas transexuais e travestis, foi a mais rapidamente atacada após sua publicação, quando comparada aos mais de 1.500 atos oficiais publicados pelo Conselho Federal de Psicologia ao longo de sua história de quase 50 anos. E, mais recentemente, foi publicada uma normativa que trata da conduta profissional quanto às bissexualidades e demais orientações não monossexuais, a CFP nº08/2022. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os principais motivos das disputas e as estratégias construídas ao longo do processo de resistência pela Psicologia brasileira, em meio a tensões entre seu posicionamento, expresso pelas resoluções, e a sociedade.(AU)
Normative no. 01/99 of the Federal Council of Psychology, which establishes standards of action for psychologists regarding the issue of sexual orientation, over the last two decades has been the object of legal and legislative attacks to suppress its effects. Moreover, the CFP normative no. 01/18, which refers to working with transgender individuals and travestis, was the most quickly attacked, when compared to the more than 1,500 official acts published by the Federal Council of Psychology throughout its history of almost 50 years. More recently, a normative law was published on the professional conduct regarding bisexualities and other non-monosexual orientations-CFP no. 08/22. This article analyses the main reasons for the disputes and strategies built along the resistance process by Brazilian Psychology, amidst tensions between its positions, expressed by the resolutions, and society.(AU)
El reglamento del Consejo Federal de Psicología 01/99 que establece estándares de acción para psicólogas/os en relación con relación al tema de la orientación sexual, durante las últimas dos décadas, ha sido objeto de ataques judiciales y legislativos para reprimir sus efectos. Además, se observó que el reglamento del CPF 01/18 que trata la práctica con las personas transexuales y travestis fue el más rápidamente atacado, entre los más de 1.500 actos oficiales publicados por el Consejo Federal de Psicología a lo largo de su historia de casi 50 años. Y, más recientemente, se publicó el reglamento, el CPF 08/22, que plantea la acción profesional en relación con las bisexualidades y otras orientaciones no monosexuales. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las principales razones de disputas y las estrategias construidas por la Psicología Brasileña a lo largo del proceso de resistencia en medio de las disputas entre su postura planteada mediante las resoluciones y la sociedad.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Psicologia/legislação & jurisprudência , Comportamento Sexual , Identidade de Gênero , Conselhos de Especialidade Profissional/legislação & jurisprudência , Homofobia , Pessoas Transgênero , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , TransfobiaRESUMO
Ao fazer uso da técnica de revisão sistemática, este trabalho apresenta dois objetivos. Em primeiro lugar, procurou-se identificar por meio da literatura especializada diferentes formas de classificação da orientação sexual no âmbito do mercado de trabalho. Tendo em vista o segundo objetivo, analisou-se o mercado de trabalho como um canal que gera distribuição desigual de renda mediante mecanismos discriminatórios a partir dos diferenciais de rendimentos com base na orientação sexual. A fonte de dados utilizada foi a plataforma Periódicos Capes. Entre os resultados, quatro formas de identificação da orientação sexual foram observadas, tendo as uniões consensuais (coabitação) o maior número de estudos, seguidas da autodeclaração, comportamento e militância. Adicionalmente, pode-se destacar a penalidade salarial sofrida por homens gays vis-à-vis as suas contrapartes sexuais, prêmio salarial para lésbicas, com relação às mulheres heterossexuais, e desvantagens dos homossexuais na inserção do mercado de trabalho em simulações na taxa de convite para entrevista, revelando, assim, indícios de discriminação logo na etapa inicial de contratação. Finalmente, é ressaltado que, mesmo na presença de legislações que protejam minorias sexuais, até em países mais liberais e tolerantes, o ambiente profissional não está completamente alinhado à produtividade do trabalhador.
By using the systematic review technique, this work has two objectives. First, we tried to identify different forms of classification of sexual orientation in the labor market. For our second objective, the labor market was analyzed as a channel that generates unequal income distribution through discriminatory mechanisms based on income differentials based on sexual orientation. The data source used was the Periódicos Capes. Among the results, four forms of identification of sexual orientation were observed, with consensual unions (cohabitation) having the largest number of studies followed by self-declaration, behavior and activism. Additionally, results show a salary penalty suffered by gay men compared to their sexual counterparts, a salary premium for lesbians in relation to heterosexual women and disadvantages for homosexuals in labor market insertion. Simulations in the rate of interviews reveal signs of discrimination right at the initial hiring stage. Finally, it is emphasized that even with legislation protecting sexual minorities, and in more liberal and tolerant countries, the professional environment is not completely aligned with worker productivity.
Al utilizar la técnica de revisión sistemática, este trabajo tiene dos objetivos. En primer lugar, intentamos identificar diferentes formas de clasificación de la orientación sexual dentro del mercado laboral. Luego, en vistas al segundo objetivo, se analizó el mercado laboral como un canal que genera una distribución desigual del ingreso a través de mecanismos discriminatorios basados en diferenciales de ingresos por orientación sexual. La fuente de datos utilizada fue Periódicos Capes. Entre los resultados, se observaron cuatro formas de identificación de la orientación sexual, entre las que las uniones consensuales significan el mayor número de estudios, seguidas de autodeclaración, conducta y activismo. Se puede destacar la penalización salarial que sufren los hombres gays frente a sus homólogos heterosexuales, la prima salarial para las lesbianas en relación con las mujeres heterosexuales y las desventajas de los homosexuales en la inserción laboral en simulaciones en la tasa de convocatoria para entrevista laboral, lo que revela pistas de discriminación en la etapa inicial de contratación. Se enfatiza que, incluso en presencia de una legislación que protege a las minorías sexuales, en países más liberales y tolerantes, el entorno profesional no está completamente alineado con la productividad del trabajador.
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Humanos , Comportamento Sexual , Mercado de Trabalho , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Revisões Sistemáticas como Assunto , Demografia , Capital Social , Revisão SistemáticaRESUMO
Introducción. La expresión del género y laidentidad sexual no siempre coinciden con el sexo asignado al nacer. Nos propusimos como objetivo explorar las percepciones de género en adolescentes que consultaron en un hospital universitario de la comunidad. Población y métodos. Se diseñó un estudio de corte transversal. Se realizó una encuesta anónima en la sala de espera a los pacientes de 13 a 20 años que se atendieron en los consultorios externos de adolescencia entre abril y diciembre del 2019. Resultados. Respondieron la encuesta 834 adolescentes y el promedio de edad de los encuestados fue de 16,3 ± 2,3 años. El 3,3 % de los adolescentes (2,9 % mujeres y 4,3 % varones) se percibieron con una identidad de género diferente a su sexo de nacimiento. El 26 % no percibió su orientación sexual en términos heteronormativos, casi el 10 % se sintió discriminado por su orientación sexual, y esto estuvo asociado a la orientación sexual no heteronormativa (p <0,0001). Las adolescentes mujeres besaron en la boca a personas del mismo sexo en mayor medida que los varones, 44,8 % versus 19 % (p <0,0001). Conclusiones. El 3,3 % de la población adolescente se percibió con una identidad de género diferente al sexo de nacimiento y el 26 % tuvo una orientación sexual no heteronormativa.
Introduction. Gender expression and sexual identity are not always the same as the sex assigned at birth. Our objective was to explore gender perceptions among adolescents who attended a teaching hospital in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Population and methods. This was a cross- sectional study. An anonymous survey was administered to patients aged 13-20 years at the waiting room of the outpatient adolescent clinic between April and December 2019. Results. A total of 834 adolescents completed the survey; their average age was 16.3 ± 2.3 years. Among them, 3.3% (2.9% females and 4.3% males) perceived their gender identity as different from their sex assigned at birth; 26% perceived their sexual orientation was not heteronormative; almost 10% experienced discrimination due to their sexual orientation; and this was associated with a non-heteronormative sexual orientation (p < 0.0001). Female adolescents kissed same sex persons on the mouth more often than male adolescents: 44.8% versus 19% (p < 0.0001). Conclusions. In this population of adolescents, 3.3% perceived their gender identity was different from their sex assigned at birth and 26% had a non-heteronormative sexual orientation.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Comportamento Sexual , Identidade de Gênero , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Objetivo. Examinar las relaciones entre el apoyo social percibido, actitudes hacia la sexualidad y satisfacción vital entre estudiantes universitarios heterosexuales y lesbianas, gay y bisexuales (LGB), en Temuco, Chile. Método. Muestra no probabilística de 281 estudiantes universitarios (70.8% heterosexual, 29.2% LGB), quienes respondieron un cuestionario en línea. Resultados. No hubo diferencias según orientación sexual en las actitudes hacia la sexualidad y la satisfacción vital. Estudiantes heterosexuales reportaron mayor apoyo social general y por parte de la familia y otros significativos que estudiantes LGB; ambos grupos reportaron igual apoyo de sus amistades. Únicamente, el apoyo social fue predictor de satisfacción vital. Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de fortalecer fuentes de apoyo para contribuir al bienestar de estudiantes de distintas orientaciones sexuales.
Objective. To examine the relationship among perceived social support, attitude towards sexuality, and life satisfaction of heterosexual and lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) university students in Temuco, Chile. Method. A non-probabilistic sample of 281 university students (70.8% heterosexual, 29.2% LGB) answered an online questionnaire. Results. There were no significant differences between heterosexual and LGB students in attitude towards sexuality or life satisfaction. Heterosexual students reported greater social support from their family than LGB students; both groups reported equal support from friends. Only social support was a predictor of life satisfaction. These results indicate the importance of strengthening social support from different sources to contribute to the subjective well-being of students of different sexual orientations.
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RESUMEN Introducción: la orientación sexual es la atracción emocional, afectiva, romántica o sexual que uno siente hacia los demás. Su apertura y encubrimiento son variables que han sido ampliamente relacionadas con el estado de salud mental. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal y temporalmente prospectivo, con muestreo no probabilístico, que incluyó a 277 estudiantes de Medicina (campus de Sajonia y de San Lorenzo, y Filial Santa Rosa del Aguaray) de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción. La apertura/encubrimiento de la orientación sexual se determinó a través de adaptaciones españolas del "Outness Inventory" y de la "Sexual Orientation Concealment Scale". Resultados: las escalas utilizadas mostraron buenas consistencias internas (alpha de Cronbach=0,90). 17,3% de los encuestados se definía como parte de las minorías sexuales. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a los niveles de apertura de la orientación sexual en personas heterosexuales y en personas LGB+ [t(275)=8,2, p<0,01]. En la población de estudiantes de Medicina LGB+, se observaron menores niveles de apertura primero hacia la religión, y luego hacia la familia, Facultad y amigos (p<0,01). El 75% de los estudiantes de Medicina LGB+ ocultaron de alguna forma su orientación sexual en las últimas dos semanas. Conclusión: la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción debe considerar examinar de cerca su ambiente y cultura organizacional, así como su currículo, con el fin de garantizar que exista un entorno positivo e inclusivo para todos los estudiantes. La adopción de la diversidad en la educación médica permite formar médicos que puedan practicar la Medicina de manera competente, compasiva y con enfoque de derechos humanos.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Sexual orientation is the emotional, affective, romantic or sexual attraction that one feels towards others. Its disclosure and concealment are variables that have been widely related to mental health status. Methodology: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional and temporally prospective observational study, with a non-probabilistic sample, which included 277 medical students (Sajonia, San Lorenzo, and Santa Rosa del Aguaray campuses) from the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the National University of Asunción. The disclosure/concealment of sexual orientation was determined through Spanish adaptations of the "Outness Inventory" and the "Sexual Orientation Concealment Scale". Results: The scales used showed good internal consistencies (Cronbach's α=0.90). 17.3% of those surveyed defined themselves as part of sexual minorities. Statistically significant differences were found in the levels of disclosure of sexual orientation in heterosexual people and in LGB+ people [t(275)= 8.2, p<0.01]. In the population of LGB+ medical students, lower levels of disclosure were observed, first towards religion, and then towards family, Faculty, and friends (p<0.01). 75% of LGB+ medical students concealed their sexual orientation in some way in the past two weeks. Conclusion: The Faculty of Medical Sciences of the National University of Asunción should consider closely examining its environment and organizational culture, as well as its curriculum, in order to guarantee that there is a positive and inclusive environment for all students. The adoption of diversity in medical education enables the training of physicians who can practice medicine competently, compassionately, and with a human rights approach.
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Abstract Introduction In high-income countries, sexual minorities are at a higher risk for disordered eating behaviors. It is not known whether these findings can be extrapolated to Mexico. Objective Determine whether there are any differences in disordered eating behaviors among Mexican youth according to sexual orientation and analyze the potential role of experiences of violence and discrimination as mediators of these differences. Method Data from a representative sample of Mexican youth (12 to 29 years old, n = 27,876) were analyzed. Three groups were identified: young people who were not in love (NIL), who were in love with people of the opposite sex (ILOS), or in love with people of the same sex (ILSS). Restrictive behaviors, secret eating, and self-induced vomiting were identified through a scale created for the survey. Results ILSS men had a higher risk of restrictive thoughts and behaviors (B = .31), secret eating (OR = 2.21), and self-induced vomiting (OR = 3.65) than ILOS youth. Among women, there was only a difference in self-induced vomiting (RM = 2.49). In both sexes, being a young ILSS had an indirect effect on restrictive behaviors through its association with experiences of violence, discrimination at school, and sexual violence. Discussion and conclusion . Mexican sexual minority men are at a higher risk of disordered eating behaviors, whereas sexual minority women are at a higher risk of purging. Part of the differences in restrictive behaviors were explained by the increased risk for experiences of prejudice faced by sexual minority youth.
Resumen Introducción En países de alto ingreso, las minorías sexuales tienen mayor riesgo de conductas alimentarias de riesgo. Se desconoce si esos hallazgos pueden ser extrapolados a México. Objetivo Determinar si existen disparidades en las conductas alimentarias de riesgo entre los jóvenes mexicanos según la orientación sexual y analizar el papel potencial de las experiencias de violencia y discriminación como mediadoras de tales disparidades. Método Se analizaron datos de una muestra representativa de jóvenes mexicanos (12 a 29 años, n = 27,876). Se identificaron tres grupos: jóvenes sin enamoramiento (sE), con enamoramiento por personas del otro sexo (cEOS) o con enamoramiento por personas del mismo sexo (cEMS). Las conductas restrictivas, comer a escondidas e inducirse vómito se identificaron a través de una escala creada para la encuesta. Resultados Los hombres cEMS tuvieron mayor riesgo de pensamientos y comportamientos restrictivos (B = .31), comer a escondidas (RM = 2.21) e inducirse vómito (RM = 3.65) en comparación con los jóvenes cEOS. Entre las mujeres, solo hubo diferencia en inducirse vómito (RM = 2.49). En ambos sexos, ser un joven cEMS tuvo un efecto indirecto sobre las conductas restrictivas a través su asociación con experiencias de violencia y discriminación escolares y violencia sexual. Discusión y conclusión Los hombres de minorías sexuales mexicanas tienen mayor riesgo de conductas alimentarias de riesgo, y las mujeres de minorías sexuales tienen mayor riesgo de una conducta de tipo purgativo. Parte de las disparidades en conductas restrictivas se explicaron por el mayor riesgo de experiencias de prejuicio que enfrentan los jóvenes de minorías sexuales.
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Este artigo objetiva caracterizar as ocorrências de violência autoprovocadas, enfocando as temáticas de identidades de gênero e orientações sexuais. É um estudo ecológico, com abordagem quantitativa, de caráter exploratório descritivo, com fonte secundária. Utilizou-se a base de dados das Fichas de Notificação de Violência de 2016. Identificaram-se alguns aspectos que encontram correspondência na literatura científica: local de ocorrência, faixa etária em que prevalece a maioria dos casos e métodos mais utilizados. Procurou-se comparar os dados e discutir sob a perspectiva dos estigmas provocados na saúde da população pesquisada. Pontua-se a importância de ações de prevenção da violência autoprovocada, principalmente para a população LGBT. Conclui-se que, seja na assistência direta, na linha de frente dos diversos serviços ou na construção das Políticas Públicas, a Psicologia tem grandes contribuições no enfrentamento da violência.
This article aims to characterize the occurrences of self-violence, focusing on the themes of gender identities and sexual orientations. It is an ecological study, with quantitative approach, descriptive exploratory character, with secondary source. We used the database of Violence Notification Forms for 2016. We identified some aspects that correspond in the scientific literature: place of occurrence, age group in which most cases prevail, and most used methods. We tried to compare the data and discuss from the perspective of the stigmas provoked in the health of the researched population. The importance of actions to prevent self-inflicted violence is emphasized, especially for the LGBT population. We concluded that, either in direct assistance, in the front line of the various services or in the construction of Public Policies, Psychology has great contributions in facing the various forms of violence.
Este artículo tiene por objetivo caracterizar las ocurrencias de auto violencia, centrando en los temas de identidad de género y orientaciones sexuales. Es un estudio ecológico con enfoque cuantitativo, de carácter exploratorio descriptivo, con fuente secundaria. Se utilizó la base de datos de Fichas de Notificación de Violencia del año 2016. Se identificó algunos aspectos que encuentran correspondencia en la literatura científica: ubicación de la ocurrencia, rango de edad en que ocurren la mayoría de los casos y los métodos más utilizados. Se buscó comparar los datos y discutir desde la perspectiva de los estigmas provocados en la salud de la población investigada. Se puntúa la importancia de acciones de prevención de auto violencia, especialmente para la población LGBT. Se concluye que, sea en la asistencia directa, en línea frontal de distintos servicios o en la construcción de las Políticas Públicas, la Psicología tiene grandes contribuciones para enfrentar la violencia.
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Devido aos avanços dos tratamentos oncológicos, a sobrevida das pacientes com neoplasias mamárias tem aumentado significativamente, o que impõe a necessidade de compreender seus aspectos psicossociais. Diferenças de gênero e orientação sexual favorecem a ocorrência de desigualdades dentro dos serviços de saúde. Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a produção científica nacional e internacional sobre variáveis relacionadas à saúde de mulheres lésbicas com câncer de mama. O levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado a partir das bases LILACS, PubMed, CINAHL e PsycINFO. Foram selecionados 20 artigos publicados entre 2007 e 2017. A análise permitiu delinear os temas: repercussões físicas e psicológicas do tratamento, enfrentamento, riscos de morbidade e mortalidade, qualidade de vida, menopausa e estudos de base populacional. A literatura explora de que modo a doença e o tratamento impactam de forma diferenciada a qualidade de vida de mulheres lésbicas acometidas por câncer de mama. Esse conhecimento é fundamental para subsidiar um cuidado sensível às necessidades dos segmentos minoritários da população.
Due to advances in cancer treatments, the survival of breast neoplasms patients has increased significantly, which requires the need to understand its psychosocial aspects. Gender differences and sexual orientation favor the occurrence of inequalities within health services. This study aimed to analyze the national and international scientific production on variables related to the health of lesbian women with breast cancer. The bibliographic survey was conducted from the LILACS, PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases. Twenty articles published from 2007 to 2017 were selected. The analysis allowed to outline the themes: physical and psychological repercussions of treatment, coping, risks of morbidity and mortality, quality of life, menopause and population-based studies. The literature explores how the disease and treatment have a different impact on the quality of life of lesbian women affected by breast cancer. This knowledge is essential to support care sensitive to the needs of minority segments of the population.
Debido a los avances en los tratamientos contra el cáncer, la supervivencia de las pacientes con neoplasmas de la mama ha aumentado significativamente, necesitando entender sus aspectos psicosociales. Las diferencias de género y la orientación sexual favorecen la aparición de desigualdades en los servicios de salud. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la producción científica nacional e internacional sobre variables relacionadas con la salud de mujeres lesbianas con cáncer de mama. La encuesta bibliográfica se realizó a partir de las bases de datos LILACS, PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO. Se seleccionaron 20 artículos publicados entre 2007 y 2017. El análisis permitió esbozar los temas: repercusiones físicas y psicológicas del tratamiento, afrontamiento, riesgos de morbilidad y mortalidad, calidad de vida, menopausia y estudios poblacionales. La literatura explora cómo las enfermedades y el tratamiento tienen un impacto diferente en la calidad de vida de las mujeres lesbianas afectadas por el cáncer de mama. Este conocimiento es esencial para apoyar la atención sensible a las necesidades de los segmentos minoritarios de la población.
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Humanos , Comportamento Sexual , Neoplasias da Mama , Sexualidade , Minorias Sexuais e de GêneroRESUMO
Resumen (analítico) Este artículo presenta una revisión sobre los procesos de revelación y aceptación de la orientación sexual y el papel del apoyo social familiar como un aspecto fundamental para el bienestar de hijos gays e hijas lesbianas. Se resalta que los padres, madres, hijos e hijas atraviesan diferentes etapas para lograr la aceptación de la orientación homosexual. Así mismo, el apoyo informacional permite el apoyo emocional por parte de los padres y madres. Se evidencia que ciertas creencias, estereotipos e información insuficiente, así como la pobre educación acerca de la orientación homosexual obstaculizan el apoyo social brindado por las familias a sus hijos e hijas. Se recomienda para futuras investigaciones el abordaje del apoyo social familiar, entendido como un proceso transversal, presente y activo en las familias con hijos gays e hijas lesbianas.
Abstract (analytical) This article presents a thematic review of the processes of coming out and acceptance of the sexual orientation of lesbian and gay children and the fundamental role of social support for their welfare. It highlights that parents and sons/daughters go through different stages to achieve acceptance of homosexual orientation. In addition, the study finds that information facilitates emotional support from parents. It is evident that certain beliefs, stereotypes, and insufficient and false information, as well as limited education about homosexual orientation, act as obstacles for providing social support to lesbian and gay children by their families. Recommendations for further research include considering family social support as a crosscutting process that is present and active in families with gay and lesbian children.
Resumo (analítico) O artigo apresenta uma revisão temática do processo de revelação e aceitação da orientação sexual e o papel fundamental que o apoio social desempenha para o bem-estar de crianças lésbicas e gays. Destaca-se que pais e filhos/filhas passam por estágios diferentes para chegar à aceitação da homossexualidade. Além disso, apoio informacional permite apoio emocional por pais e mães. É evidente que algumas crenças, esteriótipos e informações falsas e insuficientes, assim como baixo nível de educação sobre a homossexualidade se tornam obstáculos para prover apoio social para filhas e filhos lésbicas e gays por parte de suas famílias. Recomendase para pesquisas futuras, a abordagem de apoio social familiar, entendendo que esse é um processo transversal presente e ativo nas famílias com filhos e filhas gays e lésbicas.
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Apoio Social , Núcleo Familiar , Comportamento Sexual , Homossexualidade , EducaçãoRESUMO
A experiência do amor entre pessoas do mesmo sexo ainda é percebida numa ótica social estigmatizante. Na tentativa de contribuir com a discussão dessa questão, neste estudo, foram geradas evidências de validade e fidedignidade para o Bem Sex Role Inventory - reduzido por meio da análise dos escores de 331 indivíduos heterossexuais e homossexuais, de ambos os sexos, que coabitavam com seus parceiros amorosos há pelo menos um ano no Rio de Janeiro/RJ. Também foi realizada uma análise confirmatória da Escala Triangular do Amor - reduzida, que revelou bom ajuste do modelo e invariância de medida para homossexuais e heterossexuais. Além disso, foram verificadas as relações entre orientação sexual, papéis sexuais, amor e satisfação conjugal. A intimidade e o compromisso no amor foram os melhores preditores da satisfação conjugal para ambos os grupos. Foram encontradas algumas evidências que questionam os estereótipos sociais vinculados às relações amorosas de pessoas de mesmo sexo. (AU)
The experience of same-sex love is still perceived from a stigmatizing social perspective. In an attempt to contribute to the discussion of this issue, this study generated evidence of validity and reliability for the Bem Sex Role Inventory-Reduced by analyzing the scores of 331 heterosexual and homosexual individuals, of both sexes, who cohabited with their partners for at least one year in the city of Rio de Janeiro, state of Rio de Janeiro. A confirmatory analysis of the Triangular Scale of Love-Reduced was also performed, which revealed good model fit and invariance of measurement for homosexuals and heterosexuals. In addition, the relationships between Sexual Orientation, Sex Roles, Love and Conjugal Satisfaction were verified. Intimacy and Commitment were the best predictors of Conjugal Satisfaction for both groups. Some evidence was found questioning the social stereotypes associated to same-sex relationships. (AU)
La relación amorosa entre personas del mismo sexo aún es percibida desde una estigmatizante perspectiva social. Tratando de contribuir con la discusión de este tema, en este estudio se generaron evidencias de validez y fidedignidad para el Bem Sex Role Inventory-Reducido, por medio del análisis de los resultados obtenidos de 331 individuos heterosexuales y homosexuales, de ambos sexos, que viven con sus parejas por lo menos desde hace un año en Río de Janeiro / RJ. También se realizó un análisis confirmatorio de la Escala Triangular del Amor-Reducida, que reveló buen ajuste del modelo e invariancia de medida para homosexuales y heterosexuales. Se verificaron las relaciones entre Orientación Sexual, Roles Sexuales, Amor y Satisfacción Conjugal. La Intimidad y Compromiso en el amor fueron los mejores predictores de Satisfacción Conjugal para ambos grupos. Se encontraron algunas evidencias que cuestionan los estereotipos sociales vinculados a relaciones amorosas entre personas del mismo sexo. (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Satisfação Pessoal , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Casamento/psicologia , Heterossexualidade/psicologia , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero/psicologia , Estereotipagem de Gênero , Identidade de Gênero , Amor , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
O conceito de imagem corporal está baseado a partir de um construto multidimensional, formado das representações sobre o tamanho e aparência do corpo. Objetivou-se a verificar de forma sistematizada a literatura estudos que apresentassem a relação entre satisfação da imagem corporal e variáveis sexuais. Os resultados demonstraram que a área que estuda a percepção da imagem corporal em bailarinos ainda não percebeu a importância de outras dimensões como identidade de gênero, orientação sexual e os esquemas de gênero do autoconceito, que podem ter maior impacto do que apenas o critério sexo biológico. O sexo biológico ainda é a principal variável de controle na comparação nos estudos entre os bailarinos, sendo urgente a necessidade de outras dimensões da identidade a serem incorporadas nos próximos estudos, como as citadas acima, para ampliar a capacidade de explicarmos a satisfação corporal humana.
English abstract version the concept of body image is based on a multidimensional construct, formed of representations about the size and appearance of the body. The objective was to systematically verify the literature studies that showed the relationship between body image satisfaction and sexual variables. The results showed that the area that studies the perception of body image in dancers has not yet perceived the importance of other dimensions such as gender identity, sexual orientation and self-concept gender schemes, which may have greater impact than just the biological sex criterion . Biological sex is still the main control variable in the comparison among studies among dancers, and there is an urgent need for other dimensions of identity to be incorporated in future studies, such as those cited above, to increase the capacity to explain human body satisfaction.
El concepto de imagen corporal está basado en un constructo multidimensional, formado de las representaciones sobre el tamaño y apariencia del cuerpo. Se objetivó verificar de forma sistematizada la literatura estudios que presentaran la relación entre satisfacción de la imagen corporal y variables sexuales. Los resultados demostraron que el área que estudia la percepción de la imagen corporal en bailarines aún no percibió la importancia de otras dimensiones como identidad de género, orientación sexual y los esquemas de género del autoconcepto, que pueden tener mayor impacto que sólo el criterio sexual biológico. El sexo biológico sigue siendo la principal variable de control en la comparación en los estudios entre los bailarines, siendo urgente la necesidad de otras dimensiones de la identidad a ser incorporadas en los próximos estudios, como las citadas arriba, para ampliar la capacidad de explicar la satisfacción corporal humana.
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Resumen Objetivo: Analizar con perspectiva propositiva el proceso de reconocimiento de la orientación sexual homosexual en estudiantes gays y lesbianas de una universidad pública de la ciudad de Pasto. Método: Paradigma cualitativo con un enfoque fenomenológico hermenéutico. Los participantes fueron 3 hombres gays y 3 mujeres lesbianas. Se utilizaron técnicas e instrumentos de recolección de información, revisión documental, observación participante, entrevista semiestructurada, historia de vida, mapeo comunitario, Delphi Online y Escala de Reconocimiento Social de la Homosexualidad. Por medio de las cuales se pudo visibilizar este proceso de reconocimiento, a través de las etapas de surgimiento, identificación, asumir una identidad, aceptar la identidad, consolidar, autoevaluar y apoyar a otros. Resultados: Se identificaron dificultades a lo largo de este proceso de reconocimiento, como prejuicios, estereotipos y homofobia a nivel familiar y social, lo que conlleva al ocultamiento de la orientación. Se reconoció la importancia de las redes de apoyo como la familia y amigos, como base fundamental para el reconocimiento y aceptación de la homosexualidad. Es así, como en esta investigación en coherencia con el objetivo, se proponen estrategias para fortalecer el proceso de reconocimiento de la orientación sexual a partir de ideas propuestas por los mismos participantes, entre las que se destacan: el empoderamiento homosexual, fortalecimiento de las redes de apoyo y la educación sobre la diversidad sexual. Discusión: El proceso de reconocimiento de la orientación sexual homosexual por el cual atraviesa una persona se puede resumir en seis etapas, demostrando lo complejo que puede llegar a ser, el hecho de reconocerse ante sí mismo y ante los demás como una persona con sentimientos y deseos hacia alguien de su mismo sexo. Se resalta la trascendencia de la parte social y familiar, y se generan posturas críticas enfatizadas en la aceptación del otro.
Abstract Objective: This research paper aims to analyze from a propositive point of view, the process of sexual orientation for gays, lesbians students of a public university in Pasto. Method: This research is conducted based on a qualitative paradigm with hermeneutic phenomenological approach. Three men gays and three lesbians were participants. Techniques and data collection instruments, documentary review, participatory observation technique, semi-structured interview, curriculum vitae, community mapping, Delphi method and social recognition of homosexuality scale, were used. Through these techniques, was possible to provide evidence of this recognition process through stages such as: emergence, identification, identity adoption and acceptance, consolidation, self-evaluation, and support others. Results: Difficulties along this recognition process, such as prejudices, stereotypes and homophobia on family and social status, inducing concealment of the sexual orientation were identified. The importance of support networks such as family and friends, as fundamental base for homosexuality recognition and acceptance are evident. Since in this research according to its objective, strategies to strengthen the recognition process for the sexual orientation based on ideas suggested by the participants, are proposed. Among these strategies, the following are worth mentioning: empowerment of homosexual behavior, strengthening of support networks of support and the education on sexual diversity. Discussion: The recognition process related to homosexual orientation through which a person goes through can be considered taking into account six stages, showing how complex might be to recognize himself or herself and in front of others as a person who has feelings and desires towards people of the same sex. Social and family status are highlighted, and critical point of views emphasizing on the acceptance of the other are considered.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Comportamento Sexual , Universidades , Homossexualidade , Autoavaliação Diagnóstica , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Diversidade de Gênero , Empoderamento , Preconceito , Desejabilidade Social , Distância Psicológica , Estudantes , Estratégias de Saúde , Educação , Emoções , HomofobiaRESUMO
Há várias teorias para explicar a sexualidade humana e são várias as ciências que também tentam explicá-la. Nesse sentido, a Análise do Comportamento entende a sexualidade como um comportamento, e a intersexualidade como uma metacontigência, isto é, contingências de reforçamento em que um organismo depende do outro para obter reforçamento e que produz um produto agregado. Então, o presente artigo está embasado teoricamente no Bahaviorismo Radical de B.F. Skinner e tem como objetivo analisar a intersexualidade à luz da Análise do Comportamento...(AU)
There are several theories to explain human sexuality and there are several sciences that try to explain it. In this sense, for some years now, the Behavior Analysis has been concerned with issues of macrocontamination and metacontingency. In this sense, the Behavior Analysis understands sexuality as a behavior, and intersexuality as a metacontigence, that is, contingencies of reinforcement in which an organism depends on the other to obtain reinforcement and produces an aggregate product. Thus, the present paper is based theoretically on the Radical Bahaviorism of B.F. Skinner and aims to analyze the intersexuality in the light of the Analysis of the Behavior...(AU)
Existen varias teorías para explicar la sexualidad humana, y muchas ciencias también intentan explicarla. En este sentido, el Análisis del Comportamiento entiende la sexualidad como un comportamiento, y la intersexualidad como metacontingencia, es decir, contingencias de refuerzo en las que un organismo depende del otro para el refuerzo y produce un producto agregado. Por lo tanto, el presente trabajo se basa teóricamente en el Behaviorismo Radical de B.F. Skinner y tiene como objetivo analizar la intersexualidad a la luz del Análisis del Comportamiento...(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Psicologia , Comportamento Sexual , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento Sexual , Sexualidade , ComportamentoRESUMO
Resumo Neste artigo, pretendemos seguir o curso da ideia de 'direitos LGBT' na ONU, tomados como direitos humanos relacionados com a orientação sexual e com a identidade de gênero. Nosso argumento consiste em que esses direitos são acionados pelos atores políticos como 'direitos morais' e a ONU tem dado uma contribuição importante para torná-los direitos postos. Pressupomos que, justamente por tais direitos não estarem consagrados no direito internacional, ações e reações no debate acerca de 'direitos LGBT' se dão nas fissuras deste arcabouço. Neste artigo, assinalamos quais são essas fissuras e abordamos como os atores políticos as têm explorado. Os dados analisados aqui foram coletados mediante pesquisa documental e bibliográfica.
Abstract In this article, we intend to follow the course of the idea of 'LGBT rights' in the UN, understood as human rights related to sexual orientation and gender identity. Our argument is that these rights are used by political actors as 'moral rights', and the UN has given an important contribution to establish them in the international framework. We assume that, precisely because such rights are not established in international law, actions and reactions in the debate about 'LGBT rights' occur in the fissures of this framework. In this article, we highlight these fissures and discuss how they have been explored by political actors. The analyzed data was collected through document and bibliographic research.
Resumen En este artículo, pretendemos seguir el curso de la idea de 'derechos LGBT' en la ONU, tomados como derechos humanos relacionados con orientación sexual e identidad de género. Nuestro argumento consiste en que esos derechos son accionados por los actores políticos como 'derechos morales' y la ONU ha dado una contribución importante para hacerlos derechos puestos. Suponemos que, justamente por tales derechos no estén consagrados en el derecho internacional, acciones y reacciones en el debate acerca de 'derechos LGBT' se dan en las fisuras del ordenamiento. En este artículo, señalamos cuáles son esas fisuras y abordamos cómo los actores políticos las han explorado. Los datos analizados aquí fueron recolectados mediante investigación documental y bibliográfica.
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Humanos , Religião , Controles Informais da Sociedade , Nações Unidas/tendências , Direitos Civis/tendências , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero/legislação & jurisprudência , Identidade de GêneroRESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar las características psicométricas de una prueba para valorar eventos vitales estresantes (PEVE), así como comparar el constructo según sexo, edad y orientaciones sexuales no heterosexuales residentes en tres ciudades de Colombia, Barranquilla, Bogotá y Tunja. Método: Se implementó un muestreo no probabilístico tipo bola de nieve mediante el cual 208 participantes con edades entre 18 y 67 años (ME= 26,16; DE=8,56) diligenciaron la PEVE, que medía diversos eventos estresantes (EE). Resultados: La consistencia interna obtenida a través de alfa de Cronbach fue 0,79 y el Omega de McDonald fue de 0,89. El 34,62% no experimentó EE durante el pasado año, el 56,25% experimentó bajos niveles y solo un 9,13% tuvo EE en alto grado. Análisis Paralelo y Test MAP sugieren un único factor que explicó el 54% de la varianza. Los EE en mujeres se asocian con mayor proporción de discusiones con la familia debido a su homosexualidad (p<0,05), mientras que EE en hombres se asocian con problemas con la policía y ser agredidos físicamente (p<0,05). Con relación a orientación sexual, EE se asocian con mayor proporción de homosexuales que reportan problemas con familiares en comparación de la proporción de bisexuales (p<.05). Con respecto a la edad, adultos jóvenes tienden a experimentar mayores niveles promedio de EE que adultos (p<.05). Conclusión: En población LGB colombiana, PEVE muestra adecuada validez de constructo y consistencia interna. La mayoría de participantes perciben un nivel bajo de EE y estos niveles cambian teniendo en cuenta variables como el sexo, orientación sexual y edad. Se requieren más investigaciones en contextos latinoamericanos.
Abstract Objective: This paper aims to evaluate psychometric properties of the test stressful life events (SLE) and also to compare the construct according to sex, age and non-heterosexual sexual orientations in individuals who live in three different cities in Colombia, Barranquilla, Bogotá y Tunja. Method: A non-probabilistic or snowball sampling was implemented. 208 participants between 18 and 67 years old (ME = 26.16, SD = 8.56) who completed the SLE test, being measured various stressful events (SE). 34.62% did not face SE during last year, 56.25% have experienced low levels of SE and only 9.13% faced a high degree of SE. Parallel Analysis and MAP Test suggested a single factor that showed 54% of the variance. In women, SE are associated with discussions with their family because of their homosexuality (p <.05), but in men SE are associated with problems with the police and being physically assaulted (p <.05). In relation with sexual orientation, SE are associated with homosexuals who report problems with relatives, comparing with bisexuals (p <.05). According to age, results show that young adults tend to experience higher levels of SE than adults (p <.05). Conclusion: In Colombian LGB population, PEVE shows adequate construct validity and internal consistency. Most participants faced low level of SE and these levels change taking into account variables such as sex, sexual orientation and age. More researches are required in Latin American contexts.