Electroencephalography findings in menstrually-related mood disorders: A critical review.

The female reproductive years are characterized by fluctuations in ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle, which have the potential to modulate neurophysiological and behavioral dynamics. Menstrually-related mood disorders (MRMDs) comprise cognitive-affective or somatic symptoms that are thought to be triggered by the rapid fluctuations in ovarian hormones in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. MRMDs include premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and premenstrual exacerbation (PME) of other psychiatric disorders. Electroencephalography (EEG) non-invasively records in vivo synchronous activity from populations of neurons with high temporal resolution. The present overview sought to systematically review the current state of task-related and resting-state EEG investigations on MRMDs. Preliminary evidence indicates lower alpha asymmetry at rest being associated with MRMDs, while one study points to the effect being luteal-phase specific. Moreover, higher luteal spontaneous frontal brain activity (slow/fast wave ratio as measured by the delta/beta power ratio) has been observed in persons with MRMDs, while sleep architecture results point to potential circadian rhythm disturbances. In this review, we discuss the quality of study designs as well as future perspectives and challenges of supplementing the diagnostic and scientific toolbox for MRMDs with EEG.

Global, regional, and national burden of premenstrual syndrome, 1990-2019: an analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

STUDY QUESTION: What is the burden of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) at the global, regional, and national levels across 21 regions and 204 countries and territories? SUMMARY ANSWER: Over the past few decades, the global prevalent cases of PMS have grown significantly from 652.5 million in 1990 to 956.0 million in 2019, representing a 46.5% increase. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: PMS, which affects almost half of reproductive women worldwide, has substantial social, occupational, academic, and psychological effects on women's lives. However, no comprehensive and detailed epidemiological estimates of PMS by age and socio-demographic index (SDI) at global, regional, and national levels have been reported. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: An age- and SDI-stratified systematic analysis of the prevalence and years lived with disability (YLD) of PMS by age and SDI across 21 regions and 204 countries and territories has been performed. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: The prevalence and YLD of PMS from 1990 to 2019 were retrieved directly from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2019 study. The number, rates per 100 000 persons, and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) of prevalence and YLD were estimated at the global, regional, and national levels. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Globally, the prevalent cases of PMS increased by 46.5% from 652.5 million in 1990 to 956.0 million in 2019; in contrast, however, the age-standardized prevalence rate was approximately stable at 24 431.15/100 000 persons in 1990 and 24 406.51/100 000 persons in 2019 (AAPC, 0[95% CI: -0.01 to 0.01]). Globally, the YLD was 8.0 million in 2019 and 5.4 million in 1990, with a sizable increase over the past 30 years. The age-standardized YLD rate was stable (AAPC 0.01, P = 0.182), at 203.45/100 000 persons in 1990 and 203.76/100 000 persons in 2019. The age-standardized burden estimates were the highest in the low-middle SDI regions and the lowest in the high SDI regions. Peaks in burden rate estimates were all observed in the 40-44 years age group. Regional age-standardized burden estimates were the highest in South Asia and the lowest in Western Sub-Saharan Africa. The national age-standardized burden estimates were the highest in Pakistan and the lowest in Niger. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The accuracy of the results depended on the quality and quantity of the GBD 2019 data. Fortunately, the GBD study endeavoured to retrieve data globally and applied multiple models to optimize the completeness, accuracy, and reliability of the data. In addition, the GBD study took the country as its basic unit and neglected the influence of race. Further study is warranted to compare differences in PMS burden associated with race. Finally, no data are available on the aetiology and risk information related to PMS, which might help us to better understand the trends and age distribution of PMS and help local governments formulate more detailed policies and comprehensive interventions. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Although the age-standardized prevalence/YLD rate has been stable over the past 30 years, the absolute number of prevalent cases and YLD grew significantly worldwide from 1990 to 2019. Public health-related policies should be implemented to reduce the prevalence and alleviate the symptoms of PMS. Lifestyle changes and cognitive-behavioral therapy are critical in helping to reduce the burden of PMS. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant number 2022YFC2704100) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82001498, No. 82371648). The authors declare no conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

Cumulative exposure to estrogen may increase the risk of migraine in women.

BACKGROUND: Migraine is a common disorder, particularly affecting women during their reproductive years. This female preponderance has been linked to exposure to female sex hormones. METHODS: We used self-reported data from women born in 1943-1965 enrolled in the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study to examine the differences between women with migraine and women without migraine in a prospective design with respect to both endogenous and exogenous female sex hormone exposure. RESULTS: In total, 62,959 women were included in the study, of whom 24.8% reported previous migraine (n = 15,635). Using a Cox proportional hazards model, we found that higher age at menarche reduced the risk of migraine (hazards ratio (HR) = 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.95-0.98) and that oral contraceptive use and parity increased the risk of migraine (HR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.06-1.18 and HR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.29-1.46, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Older age at menarche appears to reduce migraine risk, whereas oral contraceptive use and having children appear to increase the risk. Further research is required to investigate the causality of these associations.

Experiences of users of period tracking apps: which app, frequency of use, data input and output and attitudes.

RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the experiences of users of period tracking apps in relation to which apps they use, their frequency of use, the type of data and their attitudes to period tracking apps? DESIGN: This was an observational mixed-methods study using an online survey designed using Qualtrics XM. The survey included 50 open-ended and multiple choice questions, but only specific questions were analysed in this study. The survey was promoted via social media for 22 days between 30 June and 21 July 2021. RESULTS: Of the 375 total participants, 326 responses were complete and included in analysis. In the results section further down, this is explained as 330 complete responses, with 4 additional responses excluded due to data inconsistencies. The participants' age range was 14-54 years, with a mean of 26.0 (±7.81) years. Most participants (61.9%) had been using a period tracking app for 2 years or longer. Of these 85.6% entered more data when on their period, 31% at a frequency of once a day. There were approximately equivalent proportions of participants who felt that entering data into their app was either 'part of their normal routine' (43.3%) or 'not a priority' (38.0%). Thematic analysis of the participants' experiences of using period-tracking apps revealed five main themes: symptom tracking and understanding general health; concerns with period start date predictions; the problems with fertility tracking; concerns about cost; and concerns about data privacy. CONCLUSIONS: The infrequency of data inputting and the wide range of symptoms tracked reflects the differing needs of participants from their period-tracking apps. This highlights the need for increased education and research into understanding the realities of variations in using apps.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for premenstrual syndrome symptoms in patients with obesity.

BACKGROUND: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a pathological condition characterized by a series of abnormal physical, psychological, and behavioral symptoms. We evaluated the effectiveness of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in the treatment of patients with obesity and PMS. METHODS: In this case-control study, 131 patients with obesity (BMI ≥ 27.5 kg/cm2) diagnosed with moderate-to-severe PMS from March 2018 to March 2022 were prospectively selected to undergo LSG or not at their own discretion. Participants self-reported their PMS severity using the Premenstrual Syndrome Screening Tool. Among them, 68 patients chose LSG surgery, and 63 control group patients were followed up without surgery. Data were recorded at baseline and at 3 months post-treatment. We used a multivariate analysis to assess the improvement in PMS symptoms and associated factors. RESULTS: Of the 131 patients with obesity and PMS, the improvement rate of PMS in the LSG group was 57.35% (n = 39), while the improvement rate of PMS in the control group was 25.40% (n = 16). Furthermore, our study revealed that surgery is an independent factor affecting the improvement of patients with PMS. Additionally, there was a correlation between alcohol use, T2DM and obesity-related metabolic diseases, and BMI with PMS. The changes in BMI, testosterone, and estradiol(E2) levels may also contribute to the improvement of patients with obesity and PMS. CONCLUSION: LSG can improve the management of obesity in patients with PMS to some extent. Changes in BMI, testosterone, and E2 may be indicative of improvement in patients with obesity and PMS.

Association between premenstrual syndrome and eating disturbance in college students: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a severe problem in women, and a well-balanced diet helps improve PMS symptoms. Eating disturbances are a major health problem in young women. Limited research has explored the correlation between eating behaviors and PMS symptoms in Japan. This study aimed to compare eating disturbances and the severity of PMS symptoms in college students. METHODS: This study was conducted among female college students using an online questionnaire. The questionnaire included basic information (age, height, and weight), PMS symptoms, and eating behaviors assessed using the Eating Attitudes Test 26. RESULTS: The proportion of those with PMS symptoms who were disturbed by PMS symptoms was significantly higher in the group with eating disturbance. Those who were affected by the physical symptoms of PMS had significantly higher scores on the subscales related to diet, bulimia and food preoccupation. CONCLUSION: The results showed an association between PMS symptom severity and eating disturbance. The findings of this study indicate that individuals with eating disturbances may experience adverse effects on PMS symptoms, even in cases where weight is not at the extremes of excessive underweight or obesity.

Association between physical activity and risk of premenstrual syndrome among female college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between physical activity and the risk of premenstrual syndrome among college students. METHODS: Eligible studies were searched from the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases. The link between physical activity and the risk of premenstrual syndrome was evaluated using odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The heterogeneity of the included studies was tested and their sources were explored by subgroup analysis. A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the effect of a single study on the pooled results. The included studies were evaluated for publication bias. Five moderate-quality studies were included in this meta-analysis. RESULTS: Physical activity levels were negatively associated with risk of premenstrual syndrome among college students (OR [95%CI] = 1.46 [1.09, 1.96], P = .011). The pooled results were not influenced after being stratified by the study region and whether multi-factor correction was performed or not. Publication bias was not observed in the included studies. CONCLUSION: A high level of physical activity is dramatically associated with a reduced risk of premenstrual syndrome among female college students.

Changes in menstrual symptoms and work productivity after checklist-based education for premenstrual syndrome: an 8-month follow-up of a single-arm study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is prevalent among women of reproductive age, but most do not seek medical advice. We hypothesized that building PMS awareness could promote medical help-seeking for PMS and thus reduce menstrual symptoms and improve work productivity. METHODS: In January 2020, women aged between 25 and 44 years, having paid work, and not currently consulting with an obstetrics and gynecology doctor (n = 3090) responded to the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ), the Premenstrual Symptoms screening tool, and the World Health Organisation Health and Work Performance Questionnaire. In addition, they received checklist-based online education for PMS. Of 3090 participants, 2487 (80.5%) participated in a follow-up survey in September 2020. We conducted multiple logistic regression analyses and text analyses to explore factors that encouraged and discouraged medical help-seeking. We also evaluated changes in menstrual symptoms and work productivity, using generalized estimating equations with interactions between the severity of PMS, help-seeking, and time. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 4.9% of the participants (121/2487) sought medical help. Those having high annual income (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21-3.53) and moderate-to-severe PMS (aOR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.49-3.46) were more likely to have sought medical help. Those who did not seek medical help despite their moderate-to-severe PMS reported normalization of their symptoms (36%), time constraints (33%), and other reasons for not seeking medical help. Participants with moderate-to-severe PMS who had sought medical help showed a significant improvement of - 8.44 points (95% CI: - 14.73 to - 2.15 points) in intermenstrual MDQ scores during the follow-up period. However, there were no significant improvements in premenstrual and menstrual MDQ scores or absolute presenteeism. CONCLUSION: Medical help-seeking alleviated intermenstrual symptoms in women with moderate-to-severe PMS, but only a small proportion of them sought medical help after PMS education. Further research should be conducted to benefit the majority of women who are reluctant to seek medical help, including the provision of self-care information. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN Clinical Trials Registry number: UMIN000038917.

Comparison of premenstrual symptoms, psychological well-being, and nutritional status between Palestinian women with and without polycystic ovarian syndrome: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a widely seen reproductive and endocrinological disorder. PCOS can exert substantial effects on many aspects of an individual's life, including reproductive health and psychological well-being. The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional status, premenstrual syndrome, and mental health of women affected by PCOS in comparison to women without PCOS. METHODOLOGY: A case-control observational study in Palestine included 100 PCOS patients and 200 healthy women. The collected data included socio-demographic information, medical history, premenstrual syndrome, mental health, nutritional status, and lifestyle. Anthropometric measurement and the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) were used to evaluate the nutritional status. The General Health Questionnaire (12-GHQ) was used to evaluate the state of mental health. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) severity was evaluated using a validated Arabic premenstrual syndrome questionnaire. RESULTS: The study's findings indicated that there was a statistically significant increase in the three dimensions of PMS among participants with PCOS, p < 0.05. Similarly, PCOS patients demonstrated elevated ratings across all aspects of mental health, p < 0.05. In terms of the other variables, it has been observed that PCOS patients have a notably greater prevalence of perceived sleep disturbances and decreased adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Regression analysis revealed that PCOS is associated with mental health problems indicated by a higher GHQ score (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03; 1.16, p < 0.05), lower adherence to the MD diet (OR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.76; 0.98, p < 0.05), and pre-menstrual syndrome, especially the physical symptoms (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.003; 1.12, p < 0.05) after adjusting for age, smoking, waist-hip ratio, and body mass index (BMI). CONCLUSION: The study has linked polycystic ovary syndrome to negative mental health outcomes and an increased severity of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Additional investigation is required in order to establish a causal association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and lifestyle behaviors within the Palestinian population. Intervention and instructional studies are necessary to investigate the efficacy of management strategies in alleviating the effects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on both physical and mental well-being.

The impact of COVID-19 on menstrual cycle's alterations, in relation to depression and sleep disturbances: a prospective observational study in a population of medical students.

BACKGROUND: The sars-Cov-2 pandemic has determined psychological stress, particularly in the young population of medical students. We studied the impact of the pandemic on menstrual cycle alteration in relation to psychological stress, presence of depression, sleep disturbances and post-traumatic stress, on a population of medical students. METHODS: 293 female students at the Faculty of Medicine and Psychology of the Sapienza University of Rome (23.08 years old ± 3.8) were enrolled. In March 2021, one year after quarantine, a personal data sheet on menstrual cycle, examining the quality of the menstrual cycle during the pandemic, compared to the previous period. Concomitantly, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Impact of Event Scale have been administered. A Pearson chi-square test was assessed to evaluate the difference between the characteristics of the menstrual cycle and the scores obtained with the questionnaires. RESULTS: A statistically significant association between menstrual alterations and stress during pandemic had been found. The onset of depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances was observed in 57.1% and in 58.1% of young women with cycle's alterations, respectively. Amenorrhea was three times more common in female students with depressive symptoms, premenstrual syndrome had a significant correlation with both depression and sleep disturbances. The pandemic has been related to menstrual alterations, with depressive symptoms and sleep disorders. Amenorrhea is connected to depression, as observed on the functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. CONCLUSIONS: The pandemic affected the menstrual cycle as well as the depressive symptoms and sleep. Practical implications of the study lead to the development of strategies for psychological intervention during the pandemic experience, in order to help medical trainees, with specific attention to women's needs. Future studies should analyze the impact of other types of social stress events, on sleep, depression and the menstrual cycle beside the pandemic.

The effect of hydrogen-rich water consumption on premenstrual symptoms and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) consists of psychiatric or somatic symptoms negatively affecting the daily life. PMS treatment can involve the use of complementary-alternative approaches. Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may treat PMS. This study aimed to investigate the effect of drinking HRW on the severity of premenstrual symptoms and the quality of life of women who suffer from PMS. METHODS: This study is a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized into two groups (intervention group=33, control group=32) using the block randomization method. Participants were requested to consume 1500-2000 mL of HRW daily in the intervention group and drink water in the placebo group. Participants began drinking either HRW or placebo water from day 16 of their menstrual cycle until day 2 of the following cycle for three menstrual cycles. The research data were collected using a Demographic Information Form, Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS), and Short form of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL- BREF). RESULTS: The intervention group had significantly lower mean scores than the control group in both the first and second follow-ups on the PMSS (P<0.05). In the first follow-up, the intervention group had significantly higher mean scores in the Physical Health and Psychological domains of the WHOQOL-BREF compared to the control group (P<0.05). Group × time interaction was significant for PMSS (F = 10.54, P<0.001). Group × time interaction was insignificant for WHOQOL- BREF (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of HRW reduces the severity of premenstrual symptoms and improves individuals' quality of life in physical and psychological domains.

Global burden and trends in female premenstrual syndrome study during 1990-2019.

PURPOSE: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is prevalent worldwide and considered a crucial issue regarding women's health. In the present study, the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 dataset was utilized to assess the distributional trends in PMS burden and prevalence in regional, national, and sociodemographic index (SDI) categories. METHODS: The analytical methods and approaches used in the 2019 GBD study were adopted to investigate the incidence rates and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) related to PMS in 204 countries or regions. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), 95% uncertainty intervals (95% UI), and annual percentage changes (EAPC) were calculated from the data. RESULTS: The global incidence and disability-adjusted life years of PMS exhibited a declining trend in the year 2019. Regions with medium-low SDI had the greatest burden of PMS, with the regions of South Asia (ASR = 7337.9 per 10,000) exhibiting the greatest Age-standardized incidence rates, while the high-income North American states presented the fastest upward trends in Age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rates. At the national level, 107 nations exhibited a decreasing trend in PMS incidence ASR, while 97 nations exhibited an increasing trend, with the United States presenting the greatest increase. CONCLUSIONS: The present study highlighted that even though the global PMS incidence and disability-adjusted life years have decreased from the year 1990 to 2019, PMS remains a prevalent health concern for women worldwide. While addressing preventive measures and treatment, it is also important to consider the regional and national differences in PMS to develop further effective and targeted health policies.

The impact of comorbid premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual dysphoric disorder on the clinical characteristics of bipolar disorder among Han Chinese women.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is commonly comorbid with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). However, little is known about their relationship. This study aimed to assess the impact of comorbid PMS or PMDD on the clinical characteristics of BD. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 262 women with BD. PMS and PMDD were screened with the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST). Symptomatic features were assessed with Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), and atypical features by the depressive episode section of SCID-I/P. The rates of PMS and PMDD among BD were 57.6% and 20.6% according to PSST. No significant difference in the rates of PMS and PMDD was found between BD I, BD II, and BD-NOS. Compared to BD patients without PMS or PMDD, patients with comorbid BD and PMS or PMDD were younger, more educated, had a higher risk of OCD, had an earlier age of onset, scored higher on HAMD-17 and its sub-scale of anxiety/somatization, cognitive deficit, psychomotor retardation, and were more likely to have increased appetite and leaden paralysis. In addition, patients with comorbid BD and PMDD were less likely to experience traumatic life events, more likely to have family history of mental disorders and have inflammatory or autoimmune disease, scored higher on HMAD-17, particularly in its sub-scale of anxiety/somatization, cognitive deficit, psychomotor retardation, and sleep disturbance. Compared with BD without PMS or PMDD, BD with PMS or PMDD might be a specific subtype of BD characterized with earlier onset age, heavier genetic load, increased symptom severity, and atypical features.

Effectiveness of computer-based stress inoculation training (SIT) counseling approach on anxiety, depression, and stress of students with premenstrual syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a common public health issue affecting many women of reproductive age worldwide. This study has been designed to investigate of computer-based stress inoculation training (SIT) counseling approach on anxiety, depression, and stress of university students with PMS. METHODS: A randomized trial study with two parallel arms was done from 30 October 2022 to 21 June 2023 on 100 university students aged 18 to 38 at Babol University of Medical Sciences. The participants were randomly divided into two groups intervention and control. The data collection tools included questionnaires on demographic-fertility characteristics, the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14), the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) and Riff's Psychological Well-being Scale (RPWS). The data were assessed using chi-square, t-student, ANOVA repeated measure, and linear regression tests. A significance level of P < 0.05 was considered for the analysis. RESULTS: The results of the study showed that the SIT interventions decreased the PMS severity and most psychological factors so in the intervention group, SIT was able to significantly reduce anxiety, depression, perceived stress, and Sheehan's disability after intervention (P < 0.001). Based on multiple linear regression analysis, the most predictors of HADS were the PSS and SDS (ß = 0.285, p = 0.009 and ß = 0.236, p = 0.024, respectively). CONCLUSION: The computer-based SIT counseling approach could reduce the severity of symptoms and psychological factors in students. Therefore, SIT intervention is recommended to manage their PMS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: IRCT20230130057274N2.

The Effect of Yoga Therapy in Premenstrual Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

OBJECTIVE: Up to 80% of women of reproductive age are thought to experience premenstrual stress, which is characterised by physical, psychological, and behavioural changes. Yoga activity lowers harmful inflammatory secretions that provide comfort for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) sufferers. DATA SOURCES: The following worldwide databases were searched for this systematic review: Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, PEDro, and Google Scholar from inception to August 2022. STUDY SELECTION: A PICOS framework (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study Design) was used for searching. Population included those with premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual tension syndromes, intervention included yoga therapy, comparator was with control group, and outcome measures included blood pressure (SBP, DBP) and heart rate (HR). DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: To evaluate the study, we employed the Methodological Index for Randomised Controlled Trials. Fixed effects meta-analysis and qualitative synthesis were conducted. A total of 14 studies out of 224 were included. The main outcome measures included in this review were SBP, DBP, HR, and Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MMDQ). For the meta-analysis, 7 studies were considered. 3 studies contributed data of SBP (mean difference (MD) = -0.30; 95% CI: -2.29 to 1.69; heterogenicity (I2) = 96%; P = 0.00001) and DBP (MD = -0.25; 95% CI: -0.99 to 0.49; I2 = 79%; P = 0.009). HR results from 4 studies were included (MD = 0.08; 95% CI: -0.83 to 0.99; I2 = 89%; P = 0.00001). 3 studies contributed data of MMDQ (MD = 1.50; 95% CI: 0.91 to 2.10; I2 = 92%; P = 0.00001. CONCLUSION: Yoga can help people with both medical and psychological conditions including menstrual pain, irregular periods, stress, tension, and anxiety. It has been shown to lessen women's emotional, behavioural, and physical PMS symptoms, which has enhanced their quality of life. OBJECTIF: Jusqu'à 80 % des femmes en âge de procréer connaîtraient un syndrome prémenstruel (SPM), qui se caractérise par des changements physiques, psychologiques et comportementaux. Les activités de yoga réduisent les sécrétions inflammatoires nocives et soulagent les symptômes du syndrome prémenstruel. SOURCE DES DONNéES: Pour cette revue systématique, des recherches ont été effectuées dans les bases de données mondiales Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, PEDro et Google Scholar pour la période allant de leur création au mois d'août 2022. SéLECTION DES éTUDES: Une méthode PICOS (population, intervention, comparaison, résultat et conception de l'étude) a été utilisée pour la recherche. La population à l'étude incluait les personnes souffrant du syndrome prémenstruel ou d'une tension prémenstruelle, l'intervention incluait la thérapie par le yoga, le comparateur était le groupe témoin, et les critères de jugement comprenaient la pression artérielle (systolique et diastolique) et la fréquence cardiaque. EXTRACTION DES DONNéES ET SYNTHèSE: Pour évaluer l'étude, nous avons utilisé l'indice méthodologique pour les essais cliniques randomisés. Une méta-analyse à effet fixe et une synthèse qualitative ont été réalisées. Au total, 14 des 224 études relevées ont été retenues. Les critères de jugement principaux de cette revue étaient les pressions artérielles systolique et diastolique, la fréquence cardiaque et le questionnaire de détresse menstruelle de Moos. Dans la méta-analyse, 7 études ont été prises en compte. Au total, 3 études avaient des données sur la pression systolique (différence moyenne [DM] = -0,30; IC à 95 % : -2,29 à 1,69; hétérogénéité [I2] = 96 %; P = 0,00001) et la pression diastolique (DM = -0,25; IC à 95 % : -0,99 à 0,49; I2 = 79 %; P = 0,009). Les données de fréquence cardiaque de 4 études ont été incluses (DM = 0,08; IC à 95 % : -0,83 à 0,99; I2 = 89 %; P = 0,00001). Des données du questionnaire de Moos étaient disponibles pour 3 études (DM = 1,50; IC à 95 % : 0,91 à 2,10; I2 = 92 %; P = 0,00001). CONCLUSION: Le yoga peut aider les personnes souffrant de troubles médicaux ou psychologiques, notamment les douleurs menstruelles, les menstruations irrégulières, le stress, les tensions et l'anxiété. Les données montrent que le yoga atténue les symptômes émotionnels, comportementaux et physiques du syndrome prémenstruel chez les femmes, ce qui améliore leur qualité de vie.

Perception of benefits-barriers of exercise, physical activity level, and body awareness in women with premenstrual syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: The study aims to investigate the relationship between premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and physical activity, body awareness, and the benefits/barriers to exercise (a), as well as to compare women with and without PMS in relation to these parameters (b). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were administered The Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS), International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), Body Awareness Questionnaire, and The Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale. RESULTS: The age range of the participants included in the study was 19-48, with a mean age of 26.45 ± 7.14. A statistically significant difference was found between the women with and without PMS in terms of PMSS score, exercise benefits subscale score, and exercise barriers subscale score (p < 0.05). The results indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between PMSS score and exercise barriers subscale score (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between IPAQ score and body awareness questionnaire, exercise benefits subscale score, total score of exercise benefits and barriers of scale (p < 0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between IPAQ score and exercise barriers subscale score (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between body awareness questionnaire score and exercise benefits subscale score, total score of exercise benefits and barriers of scale (p < 0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between body awareness questionnaire score and exercise barriers subscale score (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study provide valuable insights into the relationship between PMS, physical activity, body awareness, and exercise benefits/barriers among women. By addressing the barriers and benefits to exercise and enhancing body awareness, healthcare professionals can potentially improve women's with PMS overall well-being and encourage them to adopt and maintain a physically active lifestyle.

Prevalence and correlates of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder among women aged 18-25 in Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are experienced in the luteal phase among women of reproductive age and are known to affect quality of life. This study sought to determine the prevalence and correlates of PMS and PMDD in women aged 18-25 in Turkey. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2022 and May 2023, which recruited 1125 female college students. A personal information form, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS) were administered. Participants who met criteria for PMS during three consecutive menstrual cycles based on the ACOG and PMSS scores were diagnosed as having PMS. Participants who met the criteria for PMDD during three consecutive menstrual cycles based on the DSM-V were diagnosed as having PMDD. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine correlates of PMS and PMDD. FINDINGS: PMS was found in 49.2% and PMDD in 48.0% of the participants. Women having a blood group type B compared to those with blood group type A were more likely to have PMS (OR = 151.8, 95% CI = 54.5-422.6). In addition, women with PMS were less likely to be physically active based on the metabolic equivalent of task score (OR = 0.99, 95% CI= 0.98-0.99). Menstrual cycle duration was also longer among those with PMDD (OR = 1.47, 95% CI= 1.25-1.72), as was daily caffeine intake (OR = 1.01, 95% CI= 1.00-1.01). PMDD score was also found to be associated with major depressive disorder (OR = 1.06,95% = 1.05-1.07). CONCLUSIONS: PMS and PMDD among young women in Turkey were associated with blood groups, MET scores, and other clinical characteristics that may help clinicians to identify these conditions.

The effects of yoga and progressive muscle relaxation exercises on premenstrual syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.

In this study, university students with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) were evaluated for their responses to the practices of yoga and progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) to combat PMS, and the depression, anxiety, and stress associated with it. A total of 68 students participated in a randomized controlled trial. They were divided into four parallel groups: a yoga intervention group (n = 17), a PMR intervention group (n = 17), a yoga and PMR intervention group (n = 17), and a control group (n = 17). Data were collected between April 2022 and June 2022, from students who practiced only yoga, who practiced only PMR, and who practiced both yoga and PMR. A Personal Information Form, the PMS Scale, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale were used as measurement tools. The yoga and yoga + PMR groups had lower scores for the PMS Scale in the posttest than the other groups (p < .05). Depression, anxiety, and stress sub-dimension mean scores were lower in the yoga, PMR + yoga, and PMR groups compared to the control group (p < .05). The results suggest that yoga and PMR interventions are beneficial non-pharmacological treatments for PMS, depression, anxiety, and stress.Clinical Registration Name, Registration Number, Registration Date: The Effects of Yoga and Progressive Muscle Relaxation Exercises on Premenstrual Syndrome, NCT05396976, April 5, 2022.

The effect of perceived stress on menstrual complaints in university students.

Studies have examined the effect of stress on dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome. For this reason in this study, it was aimed to determine the impact of stress on menstrual symptoms (adverse effects, abdominal pain, and coping methods). This descriptive and correlational study was conducted with 351 university students in Turkey by sharing the link to the questionnaire on online social media platforms. It was determined that those whose income was equal to their expenses had lower menstrual symptoms, having a chronic disease and smoking increased menstrual symptoms (F = 3.19/p = .04; t = 2.33/p = .02; t = 3.96/p = .00). The study identified that there was a positive low-level correlation (r: 0.25, p < .01) between the Perceived Stress Scale-14 and the Menstruation Symptom Questionnaire, and the 6.5 percent change in menstrual symptoms was explained by perceived stress. In the study, it is thought that stress affects the experience of menstrual symptoms. Therefore, it is believed that by providing training on stress and effective coping methods by midwives and nurses, menstrual symptoms can be reduced, contributing to women's health. For future studies, it is recommended to examine the effects of stress coping methods training on stress and menstrual complaints.

Mental health and quality of life in patients with premenstrual exacerbation: a cross-sectional study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: In the classification of premenstrual disorders (PMDs), premenstrual exacerbation (PME) is listed as one of the variants of PMDs, along with core PMD. However, the incidence of PME and its impact on mental health and quality of life have not been investigated. Therefore, we investigated the proportion of PME among women seeking treatment for premenstrual symptoms in Japan and compared the levels of anxiety, depression and quality of life between women with PME and those with core PMD. METHODS: Women who presented to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of a single institute for treatment of premenstrual symptoms and were diagnosed with PMDs using patient diaries were included in the study. Based on the diagnosis, patients were divided into two groups (core PMD and PME) and their responses to a questionnaire on mental health and quality of life at the first visit were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 32 women were diagnosed with PMDs (22 with core PMD and 10 with PME). All underlying medical conditions in women with PME were psychiatric disorders. There were no significant differences in various factors between the two groups. In terms of mental health, the PME group had higher levels of anxiety and depression than the core PMD group. Regarding quality of life, the PME group had lower scores than the core PMD group in all domains except physical and social functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Patients seeking treatment for premenstrual symptoms included many PME. Women with PME were more anxious and depressed than those with core PMD, and their quality of life was low in both physical and psychological domains. Patients with PME should be diagnosed and treated more appropriately.

Premenstrual exacerbation of underlying medical conditions is one of the variants of premenstrual disorders. This study aimed to assess the proportion of premenstrual exacerbation among patients attending a gynaecological clinic for premenstrual symptoms and to evaluate their mental health and quality of life. Women diagnosed with premenstrual disorder were divided into the core premenstrual disorder group and the premenstrual exacerbation group. We compared the mental health and quality of life scores calculated from the questionnaire between the two groups. Among the patients diagnosed with premenstrual disorders, about one-third were patients with premenstrual exacerbation. The premenstrual exacerbation group were more anxious and depressed than the core premenstrual disorder group, and had lower quality of life scores in almost all domains. The results underscore the importance that health care providers should always consider the possibility of premenstrual exacerbation when managing patients with premenstrual symptoms and provide appropriate care for these patients.