The SmMYC2-SmMYB36 complex is involved in methyl jasmonate-mediated tanshinones biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza.

The jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway plays an important role in promoting the biosynthesis of tanshinones. While individual transcription factors have been extensively studied in the context of tanshinones biosynthesis regulation, the influence of methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced transcriptional complexes remains unexplored. This study elucidates the positive regulatory role of the basic helix-loop-helix protein SmMYC2 in tanshinones biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza. SmMYC2 not only binds to SmGGPPS1 promoters, activating their transcription, but also interacts with SmMYB36. This interaction enhances the transcriptional activity of SmMYC2 on SmGGPPS1, thereby promoting tanshinones biosynthesis. Furthermore, we identified three JA signaling repressors, SmJAZ3, SmJAZ4, and SmJAZ8, which interact with SmMYC2. These repressors hindered the transcriptional activity of SmMYC2 on SmGGPPS1 and disrupted the interaction between SmMYC2 and SmMYB36. MeJA treatment triggered the degradation of SmJAZ3 and SmJAZ4, allowing the SmMYC2-SmMYB36 complex to subsequently activate the expression of SmGGPPS1, whereas SmJAZ8 inhibited MeJA-mediated degradation due to the absence of the LPIARR motif. These results demonstrate that the SmJAZ-SmMYC2-SmMYB36 module dynamically regulates the JA-mediated accumulation of tanshinones. Our results reveal a new regulatory network for the biosynthesis of tanshinones. This study provides valuable insight for future research on MeJA-mediated modulation of tanshinones biosynthesis.

Transcriptome sequencing and metabolome analysis reveal the molecular mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza in response to drought stress.

Salvia miltiorrhiza is commonly used as a Chinese herbal medicine to treat different cardiovascular and cerebrovascular illnesses due to its active ingredients. Environmental conditions, especially drought stress, can affect the yield and quality of S. miltiorrhiza. However, moderate drought stress could improve the quality of S. miltiorrhiza without significantly reducing the yield, and the mechanism of this initial drought resistance is still unclear. In our study, transcriptome and metabolome analyses of S. miltiorrhiza under different drought treatment groups (CK, A, B, and C groups) were conducted to reveal the basis for its drought tolerance. We discovered that the leaves of S. miltiorrhiza under different drought treatment groups had no obvious shrinkage, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities dramatically increased, indicating that our drought treatment methods were moderate, and the leaves of S. miltiorrhiza began to initiate drought resistance. The morphology of root tissue had no significant change under different drought treatment groups, and the contents of four tanshinones significantly enhanced. In all, 5213, 6611, and 5241 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were shared in the A, B, and C groups compared with the CK group, respectively. The results of KEGG and co-expression analysis showed that the DEGs involved in plant-pathogen interactions, the MAPK signaling pathway, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction responded to drought stress and were strongly correlated with tanshinone biosynthesis. Furthermore, the results of metabolism analysis indicated that 67, 72, and 92 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), including fumarate, ferulic acid, xanthohumol, and phytocassanes, which were primarily involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and diterpenoid biosynthesis pathways, were detected in these groups. These discoveries provide valuable information on the molecular mechanisms by which S. miltiorrhiza responds to drought stress and will facilitate the development of drought-resistant and high-quality S. miltiorrhiza production.

Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses highlight metabolic regulatory networks of Salvia miltiorrhiza in response to replant disease.

BACKGROUND: Salvia miltiorrhiza, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, frequently suffers from replant diseases that adversely affect its quality and yield. To elucidate S. miltiorrhiza's metabolic adaptations to replant disease, we analyzed its metabolome and transcriptome, comparing normal and replant diseased plants for the first time. RESULTS: We identified 1,269 metabolites, 257 of which were differentially accumulated metabolites, and identified 217 differentially expressed genes. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed a significant up-regulation and co-expression of metabolites and genes associated with plant hormone signal transduction and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways in replant diseases. Within plant hormone signal transduction pathway, plants afflicted with replant disease markedly accumulated indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid, correlating with high expression of their biosynthesis-related genes (SmAmidase, SmALDH, SmNCED, and SmAAOX3). Simultaneously, changes in hormone concentrations activated plant hormone signal transduction pathways. Moreover, under replant disease, metabolites in the local flavonoid metabolite biosynthetic pathway were significantly accumulated, consistent with the up-regulated gene (SmHTC1 and SmHTC2). The qRT-PCR analysis largely aligned with the transcriptomic results, confirming the trends in gene expression. Moreover, we identified 10 transcription factors co-expressed with differentially accumulated metabolites. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we revealed the key genes and metabolites of S. miltiorrhiza under replant disease, establishing a robust foundation for future inquiries into the molecular responses to combat replant stress.

Salvia miltiorrhiza augments endothelial cell function for ischemic hindlimb recovery.

Salvia miltiorrhiza (Salvia miltiorrhiza) root, as a traditional herb, is widely applied to pharmacotherapy for vascular system disease. In this study, we elucidate the therapy mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza by using a model of hindlimb ischemia. Blood perfusion measurement showed that intravenous administration of the Water Extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (WES) could facilitate damaged hindlimb blood flow recovery and blood vessel regeneration. In vitro mRNA screen assay in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) show that WES induced increased NOS3, VEGFA, and PLAU mRNA levels. Endothelial NOS (eNOS) promotor reporter analysis revealed that WES and the major ingredients danshensu (DSS) could enhance eNOS promoter activity. Additionally, we found that WES and its ingredients, including DSS, protocatechuic aldehyde (PAI), and salvianolic acid A (SaA), promoted HUVECs growth by the endothelial cell viability assays. A mechanistic approach confirmed that WES augments HUVECs proliferation through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signal pathway. This study reveals that WES promotes ischemic remodeling and angiogenesis through its multiple principal ingredients, which target and regulate multiple sites of the network of the blood vessel endothelial cell regenerating process.

Metabolic engineering of artificially modified transcription factor SmMYB36-VP16 for high-level production of tanshinones and phenolic acids.

Tanshinones and phenolic acids are the two main chemical constituents in Salvia miltiorrhiza, which are used clinically for the treatment of hypertension, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and many other diseases, and have broad medicinal value. The efficient synthesis of the target products of these two metabolites in isolated plant tissues cannot be achieved without the regulation and optimization of metabolic pathways, and transcription factors play an important role as common regulatory elements in plant tissue metabolic engineering. However, most of the regulatory effects are specific to one class of metabolites, or an opposing regulation of two classes of metabolites exists. In this study, an artificially modified transcription factor, SmMYB36-VP16, was constructed to enhance tanshinones and phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza hair roots simultaneously. Further in combination with the elicitors dual-screening technique, by applying the optimal elicitors screened, the tanshinones content in the transgenic hairy roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza reached 6.44 mg/g DW, which was theoretically 6.08-fold that of the controls without any treatment, and the content of phenolic acids reached 141.03 mg/g DW, which was theoretically 5.05-fold that of the controls without any treatment. The combination of artificially modified transcriptional regulatory and elicitors dual-screening techniques has facilitated the ability of plant isolated tissue cell factories to produce targeted medicinal metabolites. This strategy could be applied to other species, laying the foundation for the production of potential natural products for the medicinal industry.

SmJAZs-SmbHLH37/SmERF73-SmSAP4 module mediates jasmonic acid signaling to balance biosynthesis of medicinal metabolites and salt tolerance in Salvia miltiorrhiza.

Salvia miltiorrhiza holds significant importance in traditional Chinese medicine. Stress-associated proteins (SAP), identified by A20/AN1 zinc finger structural domains, play crucial roles in regulating plant growth, development, resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and hormone responses. Herein, we conducted a genome-wide identification of the SAP gene family in S. miltiorrhiza. The expression analysis revealed a significant upregulation of SmSAP4 under methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salt stress. Overexpressing SmSAP4 in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots increased tanshinones content while decreasing salvianolic acids content, while RNAi-silencing SmSAP4 had the opposite effect. SmSAP4 overexpression in both Arabidopsis thaliana and S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots decreased their salt stress tolerance, accompanied by increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), and a hindered ability to maintain the Na+ : K+ ratio. Further investigations demonstrated that MeJA alleviated the inhibitory effect of SmJAZ3 on SmSAP4 activation by SmbHLH37 and SmERF73. However, MeJA did not affect the inhibition of SmSAP4 activation by SmJAZ8 through SmbHLH37. In summary, our research reveals that SmSAP4 negatively regulates the accumulation of salvianic acid through the SmJAZs-SmbHLH37/SmERF73-SmSAP4 module and positively impacting the accumulation of tanshinones. Additionally, it functions as a negative regulator under salt stress.

Elucidating the distinctive regulatory effects and mechanisms of active compounds in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge via network pharmacology: Unveiling their roles in the modulation of platelet activation and thrombus formation.

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. (DS), as an important traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has a long history of usage for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. Modern studies have shown that the chemical components of DS have many biological activities such as cardiovascular protection, anti-arrhythmia, anti-atherosclerosis, improvement of microcirculation, protection of myocardium, inhibition and removal of platelet aggregation. Nevertheless, the action mechanism of DS as well its active compounds on platelet activation has not been fully uncovered. This study aimed to find out the potential targets and mechanisms of DS in the modulation of platelet activation and thrombosis, using network pharmacology and biological experimental. These compounds with anti-thrombotic activity in DS, cryptotanshinone (CPT), isoeugenol (ISO) and tanshinone IIA (TSA), together with the corresponding targets being Src, Akt and RhoA are screened by network pharmacology. We confirmed that ISO, CPT and TSA dose-dependently inhibited platelet activation in vitro, mainly by inhibiting agonist-induced clot retraction, aggregation and P-selectin and ATP release. The western blot findings indicated that ISO, CPT, and TSA led to reduced levels of p-Akt and p-ERK in activated platelets. Additionally, ISO and TSA were observed to decrease p-cSrc expression while increasing RhoA expression. ISO, CPT, and TSA demonstrated a potential to restrict the advancement of carotid arterial thrombosis in vivo. We confirm that ISO, CPT and TSA are the key anti-thrombotic active compounds in DS. These active compounds exhibit unique inhibitory effects on platelet activation and thrombus formation by modulating the Akt/ERK and cSrc/RhoA signaling pathways.

Preparation of Compound Salvia miltiorrhiza-Blumea balsamifera Nanoemulsion Gel and Its Effect on Hypertrophic Scars in the Rabbit Ear Model.

Hypertrophic scars (HS) still remain an urgent challenge in the medical community. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has unique advantages in the treatment of HS. However, due to the natural barrier of the skin, it is difficult for the natural active components of TCM to more effectively penetrate the skin and exert therapeutic effects. Therefore, the development of an efficient drug delivery system to facilitate enhanced transdermal absorption of TCM becomes imperative for its clinical application. In this study, we designed a compound Salvia miltiorrhiza-Blumea balsamifera nanoemulsion gel (CSB-NEG) and investigated its therapeutic effects on rabbit HS models. The prescription of CSB-NEG was optimized by single-factor, pseudoternary phase diagram, and central composite design experiments. The results showed that the average particle size and PDI of the optimized CSB-NE were 46.0 ± 0.2 nm and 0.222 ± 0.004, respectively, and the encapsulation efficiency of total phenolic acid was 93.37 ± 2.56%. CSB-NEG demonstrated excellent stability and skin permeation in vitro and displayed a significantly enhanced ability to inhibit scar formation compared to the CSB physical mixture in vivo. After 3 weeks of CSB-NEG treatment, the scar appeared to be flat, pink, and flexible. Furthermore, this treatment also resulted in a decrease in the levels of the collagen I/III ratio and TGF-ß1 and Smad2 proteins while simultaneously promoting the growth and remodeling of microvessels. These findings suggest that CSB-NEG has the potential to effectively address the barrier properties of the skin and provide therapeutic benefits for HS, offering a new perspective for the prevention and treatment of HS.

Analysis of microbial community composition and diversity in the rhizosphere of Salvia miltiorrhiza at different growth stages.

Salvia miltiorrhiza is a kind of medicinal plant with various pharmacological activities. Few studies on the composition and diversity of rhizosphere microbial communities at different growth stages have been conducted on Salvia miltiorrhiz; in particular, salviorrhiza grows in soil that has been continuously planted for 3 years. The purpose of this study was to understand the changes of soil physicochemical properties of Salvia miltiorrhiza at different growth stages, and to study the composition and diversity of rhizosphere microbial community at different growth stages. Illumina NovaSeq sequencing technology was used to analyze the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the fungal ITS region in the rhizosphere soil of Salvia miltiorrhiza at different growth stages. The results showed that the dominant bacterial phyla in the Salvia miltiorrhiza rhizosphere were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi. The dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota, Basidiomycota, and Rozellomycota. During the growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza, the physical and chemical properties of soil changed. As the Salvia miltiorrhiza grew, the content of available phosphorus, available potassium, pH, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen significantly decreased. Ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen had a greater impact on the bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere than on the fungal community structure. The work was to reveal differences in the rhizosphere bacterial and fungal community structure during different growth stages of Salvia miltiorrhiza, further understand the changes of rhizosphere microbial ecological characteristics and soil physicochemical properties during the cultivation of Salvia miltiorrhiza.

Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide promotes the health of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) by promoting hemocyte phagocytosis, protecting hepatopancreas and enhancing intestinal barrier function.

Plant polysaccharides as immunomodulators are considered one of the effective measures to reduce antibiotic therapy in aquaculture. The immunomodulatory function of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides (SMP) has been demonstrated and begun to be applied in vertebrates, but its potential effect on crustaceans is unclear. In this study, crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) was fed with 0 %, 0.3 %, 0.7 %, 1.1 %, and 1.5 % SMP for 4 weeks to investigate the effects of SMP on hemocytes phagocytosis, hepatopancreatic function, and intestinal barrier function. The results revealed that hemocyte phagocytic activity was increased in all SMP groups. During the process of hemocytes phagocytic recognition and formation of phagosomes and phagolysosomes, the mRNA expression levels of mas, hem, rab3, ctsb, and lamp-1 were up-regulated mainly in the 0.3 % SMP group. During the clearance phase of phagocytosis, respiratory burst activity, ROS level, T-SOD, CAT, GST, and LZM activities were mainly increased in the 1.5 % SMP group. Hepatopancreas AKP and GOT activity were no significant change in all SMP groups. ACP activity was significantly enhanced in the 1.1 % SMP group. The GPT activity of 0.3-0.7 % SMP group was significantly decreased. The 0.7 % SMP group had the highest intestinal fold height. The highest index values of OTUs, Ace, Chao, and Shannon were in the 0.3 % SMP group. The dietary addition of 0.3 % SMP led to a tendency of increased relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidota at the phylum level, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria at the phylum level decreased. In conclusion, dietary SMP could promote crayfish health by enhancing phagocytosis, protecting hepatopancreas and enhancing intestinal barrier function. This study contributes to the theoretical foundation for exploring the potential application of plant polysaccharides in crustaceans.

A high-efficient protoplast transient system for screening gene editing elements in Salvia miltiorrhiza.

KEY MESSAGE: A high-efficiency protoplast transient system was devised to screen genome editing elements in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Medicinal plants with high-value pharmaceutical ingredients have attracted research attention due to their beneficial effects on human health. Cell wall-free protoplasts of plants can be used to evaluate the efficiency of genome editing mutagenesis. The capabilities of gene editing in medicinal plants remain to be fully explored owing to their complex genetic background and shortfall of suitable transformation. Here, we took the Salvia miltiorrhiza as a representative example for developing a method to screen favorable gene editing elements with high editing efficiency in medical plants by a PEG-mediated protoplast transformation. Results indicated that using the endogenous SmU6.1 of S. miltiorrhiza to drive sgRNA and the plant codon-optimized Cas9 driven by the promoter SlEF1α can enhance the efficiency of editing. In summary, we uncover an efficacious transient method for screening editing elements and shed new light on increasing gene editing efficiency in medicinal plants.

Genome-wide identification of the SAUR gene family and screening for SmSAURs involved in root development in Salvia miltiorrhiza.

KEY MESSAGE: SmSAUR4, SmSAUR18, SmSAUR28, SmSAUR37, and SmSAUR38 were probably involved in the auxin-mediated root development in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Salvia miltiorrhiza is a widely utilized medicinal plant in China. Its roots and rhizomes are the main medicinal portions and are closely related to the quality of this herb. Previous studies have revealed that auxin plays pivotal roles in S. miltiorrhiza root development. Whether small auxin-up RNA genes (SAURs), which are crucial early auxin response genes, are involved in auxin-mediated root development in S. miltiorrhiza is worthy of investigation. In this study, 55 SmSAUR genes in S. miltiorrhiza were identified, and their physical and chemical properties, gene structure, cis-acting elements, and evolutionary relationships were analyzed. The expression levels of SmSAUR genes in different organs of S. miltiorrhiza were detected using RNA-seq combined with qRT‒PCR. The root development of S. miltiorrhiza seedlings was altered by the application of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was conducted to screen SmSAURs that potentially participate in this physiological process. The diameter of primary lateral roots was positively correlated with SmSAUR4. The secondary lateral root number was positively correlated with SmSAUR18 and negatively correlated with SmSAUR4. The root length showed a positive correlation with SmSAUR28 and SmSAUR37 and a negative correlation with SmSAUR38. The fresh root biomass exhibited a positive correlation with SmSAUR38 and a negative correlation with SmSAUR28. The aforementioned SmSAURs were likely involved in auxin-mediated root development in S. miltiorrhiza. Our study provides a comprehensive overview of SmSAURs and provides the groundwork for elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying root morphogenesis in this species.

Efficacy of a mixed extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Paeonia lactiflora in inhibiting the aging of vascular wall through in vitro and in vivo experiments.

Vascular wall aging has been strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the efficacy of USCP-GVH-014, a mixed extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Paeonia lactiflora Pall., in inhibiting vascular wall aging through in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results revealed that USCP-GVH-014 inhibited abnormal cell proliferation, collagen overproduction, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 overexpression caused by various stimuli and recovered the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase on human aortic smooth muscle cells. In addition, it inhibited the increase in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha on human aortic endothelial cells and prevented the aging of the vascular wall by regulating related proteins such as epidermal growth factor and interleukin-1ß. Furthermore, it reduced vascular aging in in vivo studies. These results demonstrate that USCP-GVH-014 effectively reduces vascular aging, thereby rendering it a potential therapeutic candidate for cardiovascular diseases.

Identifying chemical markers in wine-processed Salvia miltiorrhiza using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-tandem mass spectrometry.

To find the chemical markers of wine-processed Salvia miltiorrhiza (WSM), 76 constituents, including diterpenoid quinones and phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) and WSM, were profiled using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) in positive- and the negative-ion modes. Thirty compounds were screened out as candidate differential components using chemometrics analysis, and the concentration of most compounds increased after processing with wine. Seven compounds, namely tanshinone IIA, magnesium lithospermate B, salvianolic acid G, cryptotanshinone, isocryptotanshinone, salvianolic acid B, and rosmarinic acid, were selected as chemical markers of WSM using variable importance of the project. This study revealed the chemical markers of WSM and confirmed that WSM can improve the extraction and solubility effect of chemical constituents.

Effect of CeO2, TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles on the growth and quality of model medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza by acting on soil microenvironment.

In this study, a six-month pot experiment was conducted to explore the effects of nanoparticles (NPs), including CeO2, TiO2 and SiO2 NPs at 200 and 800 mg/kg, on the growth and quality of model medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza. A control group was implemented without the application of NPs. Results showed that NPs had no significant effect on root biomass. Treatment with 200 mg/kg of SiO2 NPs significantly increased the total tanshinone content by 44.07 %, while 200 mg/kg of CeO2 NPs were conducive to a 22.34 % increase in salvianolic acid B content. Exposure to CeO2 NPs induced a substantial rise in the MDA content in leaves (176.25 % and 329.15 % under low and high concentration exposure, respectively), resulting in pronounced oxidative stress. However, TiO2 and SiO2 NPs did not evoke a robust response from the antioxidant system. Besides, high doses of CeO2 NP-amended soil led to reduced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents. Furthermore, the NP amendment disturbed the carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the plant rhizosphere and reshaped the rhizosphere microbial community structure. The application of CeO2 and TiO2 NPs promoted the accumulation of metabolites with antioxidant functions, such as D-altrose, trehalose, arachidonic acid and ergosterol. NPs displayed a notable suppressive effect on pathogenic fungi (Fusarium and Gibberella) in the rhizosphere, while enriching beneficial taxa with disease resistance, heavy metal antagonism and plant growth promotion ability (Lysobacter, Streptomycetaceae, Bacillaceae and Hannaella). Correlation analysis indicated the involvement of rhizosphere microorganisms in plant adaptation to NP amendments. NPs regulate plant growth and quality by altering soil properties, rhizosphere microbial community structure, and influencing plant and rhizosphere microbe metabolism. These findings were beneficial to deepening the understanding of the mechanism by which NPs affect medicinal plants.

Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide mitigates AFB1-induced liver injury in rabbits.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the common dietary contaminants worldwide, which can harm the liver of humans and animals. Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide (SMP) is a natural plant-derived polysaccharide with numerous pharmacological activities, including hepatoprotective properties. The purpose of this study is to explore the intervention effect of SMP on AFB1-induced liver injury and its underlying mechanisms in rabbits. The rabbits were administered AFB1 (25 µg/kg/feed) and or treatment with SMP (300, 600, 900 mg/kg/feed) for 42 days. The results showed that SMP effectively alleviated the negative impact of AFB1 on rabbits' productivity by increasing average daily weight gain (ADG) and feed conversion rate (FCR). SMP reduced aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in serum, ameliorating AFB1-induced hepatic pathological changes. Additionally, SMP enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) activity, and inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression, thus mitigating AFB1-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Moreover, SMP upregulated the expression of nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) while downregulating kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap1), cytochrome c (cyt.c), caspase9, caspase3, and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) expression, thereby inhibiting AFB1-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. Consequently, our findings conclude that SMP can mitigate AFB1-induced liver damage by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and inhibiting mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway in rabbits.

Prediction of key quality attributes in Salvia miltiorrhiza standard decoction using a Gaussian process regression model.

INTRODUCTION: Nonstationary, nonlinear mass transfer in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) extraction poses challenges to correlating process characteristics with quality parameters, particularly in defining clear parameter ranges for the process. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to provide a solution for quality consistency analysis in TCM preparation processes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Salvia miltiorrhiza was taken as an example for 15 batches of standard decoction. Using aqueous extract, alcoholic extract, and the content of salvianolic acid B as herb material key quality attributes, multiple nonlinear regression, Gaussian process regression, and artificial neural network models were employed to predict the key quality attributes including the paste yield, the content of salvianolic acid B, and the transfer rate. The evaluation criteria were root mean square error, mean absolute percentage error, and R2. RESULTS: The Gaussian process regression model had the best prediction effect on the paste yield, the content of salvianolic acid B, and the transfer rate, with R2 being 0.918, 0.934, and 0.919, respectively. Utilizing Gaussian process regression model confidence intervals, along with Shewhart control and intervals optimized through process capability index analysis, the quality control range of the standard decoction was determined as follows: paste yield, 25.14%-33.19%; salvianolic acid B content, 2.62%-4.78%; and transfer rate, 56.88%-64.80%. CONCLUSION: This study combined the preparation process of standard decoction with the Gaussian process regression model, accurately predicted the key quality attributes, and determined the quality parameter range by using process analysis tools, providing a new idea for the quality consistency standard of TCM processes.

Rapid Screening of Chemical Components in Salvia miltiorrhiza with the Potential to Inhibit Skin Inflammation.

Hyaluronidase possesses the capacity to degrade high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid into smaller fragments, subsequently initiating a cascade of inflammatory responses and activating dendritic cells. In cases of bacterial infections, substantial quantities of HAase are generated, potentially leading to severe conditions such as cellulitis. Inhibiting hyaluronidase activity may offer anti-inflammatory benefits. Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, a traditional Chinese medicine, has anti-inflammatory properties. However, its effects on skin inflammation are not well understood. This study screened and evaluated the active components of S. miltiorrhiza that inhibit skin inflammation, using ligand fishing, enzyme activity assays, drug combination analysis, and molecular docking. By combining magnetic nanomaterials with hyaluronidase functional groups, we immobilized hyaluronidase on magnetic nanomaterials for the first time in the literature. We then utilized an immobilized enzyme to specifically adsorb the ligand; two ligands were identified as salvianolic acid B and rosmarinic acid by HPLC analysis after desorption of the dangling ligands, to complete the rapid screening of potential anti-inflammatory active ingredients in S. miltiorrhiza roots. The median-effect equation and combination index results indicated that their synergistic inhibition of hyaluronidase at a fixed 3:2 ratio was enhanced with increasing concentrations. Kinetic studies revealed that they acted as mixed-type inhibitors of hyaluronidase. Salvianolic acid B had Ki and Kis values of 0.22 and 0.96 µM, respectively, while rosmarinic acid had values of 0.54 and 4.60 µM. Molecular docking revealed that salvianolic acid B had a higher affinity for hyaluronidase than rosmarinic acid. In addition, we observed that a 3:2 combination of SAB and RA significantly decreased the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 inflammatory cytokines in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. These findings identify salvianolic acid B and rosmarinic acid as key components with the potential to inhibit skin inflammation, as found in S. miltiorrhiza. This research is significant for developing skin inflammation treatments. It demonstrates the effectiveness and broad applicability of the magnetic nanoparticle-based ligand fishing approach for screening enzyme inhibitors derived from herbal extracts.

Overexpression of AtMYB2 Promotes Tolerance to Salt Stress and Accumulations of Tanshinones and Phenolic Acid in Salvia miltiorrhiza.

Salvia miltiorrhiza is a prized traditional Chinese medicinal plant species. Its red storage roots are primarily used for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In this study, a transcription factor gene AtMYB2 was cloned and introduced into Salvia miltiorrhiza for ectopic expression. Overexpression of AtMYB2 enhanced salt stress resistance in S. miltiorrhiza, leading to a more resilient phenotype in transgenic plants exposed to high-salinity conditions. Physiological experiments have revealed that overexpression of AtMYB2 can decrease the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during salt stress, boost the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and mitigate oxidative damage to cell membranes. In addition, overexpression of AtMYB2 promotes the synthesis of tanshinones and phenolic acids by upregulating the expression of biosynthetic pathway genes, resulting in increased levels of these secondary metabolites. In summary, our findings demonstrate that AtMYB2 not only enhances plant tolerance to salt stress, but also increases the accumulation of secondary metabolites in S. miltiorrhiza. Our study lays a solid foundation for uncovering the molecular mechanisms governed by AtMYB2 and holds significant implications for the molecular breeding of high-quality S. miltiorrhiza varieties.

The Structural Characterization of a Polysaccharide from the Dried Root of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Its Use as a Vaccine Adjuvant to Induce Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses.

In order to supplement the research gap concerning Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide extracted from Danshen in NMR analysis, and to clarify its immune enhancement effect as an adjuvant, we isolated and purified SMPD-2, which is composed of nine monosaccharides such as Ara, Gal, and Glc from Danshen. Its weight average molecular weight was 37.30 ± 0.096 KDa. The main chain was mainly composed of →4)-α-D-Galp-(1→, →3,6)-ß-D-Glcp-(1→ and a small amount of α-L-Araf-(1→. After the subcutaneous injection of SMPD-2 as an adjuvant to OVA in mice, we found that it enhanced the immune response by activating DCs from lymph nodes, increasing OVA-specific antibody secretion, stimulating spleen lymphocyte activation, and showing good biosafety. In conclusion, SMPD-2 could be a promising candidate for an adjuvant.