The effect of smartphones on the self-rated health levels of the elderly.

BACKGROUND: Due to the penetration of Internet use and the popularity of "Internet + elderly care" among seniors in recent years, the elderly are gradually integrating into the information society. This study examined the impact of smartphones on the self-rated health levels of the elderly. METHODS: We studied 3042 elderly people over 55 years of age in Jiangxi, China in 2018. The effect of smartphones was measured from three aspects: smartphone usage, smartphone usage ability, and smartphone usage purpose, and the multivariate ordered logistic model was applied. Furthermore, considering the potential endogeneity of the smartphone usage of elderly people, the propensity score matching (PSM) method was used to analyze the net effect of smartphones on the health levels of the elderly. RESULTS: (1) The use of smartphones had a significant positive impact on the self-rated health levels of the elderly, with its significance being at the level of 1%. Smartphone usage ability, and using smartphone to learn or search for health information, had significant positive impacts (at the level of 5%) on the self-rated health levels of the elderly. (2) The k-nearest neighbor matching, kernel matching and radius matching methods were used to calculate the net effect of smartphone usage on the self-rated health levels of the elderly. The results were 13.26, 15.33 and 14.80%, respectively. (3) The age of the participants significantly (at the level of 1%) negatively affected their self-rated health levels. Other characteristics of the elderly, including income, education level, living with children or spouse and children's living conditions, significantly (all at the level of 1%) positively affected their self-rated health levels. CONCLUSIONS: Smartphone usage, smartphone usage ability, and smartphone usage purposes all improved the self-rated health of the elderly. The Internet factor should be focused on in the process of active aging. We should improve the Internet use ability of the elderly through voluntary training or public lectures.

Smartphone addiction in children: patterns of use and musculoskeletal discomfort during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Smartphone use has increased significantly, especially during the period of global pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV2 coronavirus (COVID-19). Concurrently, smartphone addiction is a growing social problem in children and adolescents with the consequence of adverse health outcomes. This study assessed the prevalence of smartphone addiction, patterns of use, and the experienced body-region discomfort among Iranian school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with students from grades 1-9 recruited n = 585 participants (mean age = 14.49 (2.26 years); female = 65.8%). Data were collected from parents and students through the online 'Smartphone addiction scale-short version' (SAS-SV), self-reported demographic questionnaires, and extracts of the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire for the evaluation of musculoskeletal disorders. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of smartphone addiction (53.3%) was relatively high in the overall sample. Participants spent 6.85 (4.62) hours per day on their smartphones, which had increased 53.86% relative to the pre-pandemic period. The primary smartphone uses were for social networking (77.9%), web-surfing (53.3%), and camera activities (50.9%). There was a positive correlation between smartphone addiction as assessed with the SAS-SV and daily use time (r = 0.34, p < 0.001), and the percentage of change relative to the pre-pandemic period (r = 0.26, p < 0.001). Discomfort related to smartphone use was mostly reported as present in the eyes (39.7%) and neck (39.1%). A positive correlation was found (p < 0.001) between smartphone addiction and discomfort in the eyes, neck, wrists, shoulders, and upper-back. CONCLUSION: The more frequent usage of smartphones by students during the Covid-19 pandemic were associated predominantly with discomfort to the eyes and neck. Parents should consider the complications of musculoskeletal and postural changes during the child's future years and pay particular attention to the individual's patterns of smartphone use with an emphasis on posture and usage that reduces discomfort to the eyes and the musculoskeletal system, particularly the neck.

A profile analysis of problematic smartphone usage among college students during coronavirus disease 2019: Relations with the impact of news reports.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak was the first pandemic to occur in a fully globalized society. The aims of the study were to explore the state of problematic smartphone use (PSU) and its risk factors during this incident. A total of 77,211 college students were surveyed online during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conducting latent profile analysis (LPA), we found the most support for a three-class model of subgroups: over-use group (17.3% of the sample), moderate-use group (54.8% of the sample), mild-use group (27.9% of the sample). The results of multinomial logistic regression show that college students who experienced an extreme negative impact from news reports were more likely to be included in the over-use group than in the mild-use group. These results providing insights that may help foster and develop appropriate and effective solutions to prevent PSU among college students during crises, such as reducing the coverage of negative news report. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-03896-0.

Relationships between Smartphone Addiction and Smartphone Usage Types, Depression, ADHD, Stress, Interpersonal Problems, and Parenting Attitude with Middle School Students.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between smartphone addiction of middle school students and smartphone usage types, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stress, interpersonal problems, and parenting attitude. In particular, we wanted to find out how smartphone usage types predict smartphone addiction when controlling depression, ADHD, perceived stress, interpersonal problems, and parenting attitudes, which are the main predictors of existing smartphone addiction in this study. METHODS: The subjects of this study included 487 local middle school students (253 girls and 234 boys). The measurement instruments used were the smartphone addiction scale, patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Korean ADHD rating scales (K-ARS), perceived stress scale (PSS), Short form of the Korean-inventory of interpersonal problems circumplex scales (KIIP-SC), and the parenting attitude scale. We identified the relationships between the variables with correlation analysis and examined the predictors of smartphone addiction with hierarchical multiple regression analysis. RESULT: The factors that influence smartphone addiction were sex (ß = 3.14, P < 0.01), stress (ß = 2.99, P < 0.01), and interpersonal problems (ß = 3.81, P < 0.001). In addition, when the confounding variables of smartphone addiction were controlled to examine the effects of smartphone usage types on smartphone addiction, social network service (SNS) (ß = 2.66, P < 0.01) and music/videos (ß = 2.73, P < 0.01) were found to significantly positively affect smartphone addiction, whereas study (ß = -2.54, P < 0.05) had a significantly negatively effect. And these factors explained 29.5% of the variance in smartphone addiction. CONCLUSION: The order of the usage types with the highest influence on smartphone addiction was: enjoying music/videos, SNS, and study. This suggests that selective intervention depending on the main smartphone usage type can be effective.

Usage of digital media by people with intellectual disabilities: Contrasting individuals' and formal caregivers' perspectives.

Although participation in the digital world is an important means for taking part in our society, people with intellectual disabilities are still largely excluded from the manifold possibilities of digital participation. In our study, we investigate attitudes of both formal caregivers and people with intellectual disabilities in Germany regarding their usage of digital media. Our sample consisted of 24 formal caregivers working in residential or outpatient facilities in Germany, and 50 people with intellectual disabilities living in those settings. Data were collected during semi-structured interviews with formal caregivers and focus group discussions with people with intellectual disabilities, and analyzed using inductive content analysis. The findings illustrate that the perspectives on digital media usage differ between people with intellectual disabilities and formal caregivers regarding (i) interest in accessing the Internet and digital media, (ii) interest in education programs, and (iii) the variety of applications used. The perspectives of both target groups will be discussed and contrasted.

What is Your Level of Nomophobia? An Investigation of Prevalence and Level of Nomophobia Among Young People in Turkey.

This research was conducted to measure the nomophobia levels of young people. The sample of the study consisted of 400 young people living in rural districts of Bursa province in Turkey. The results show that 8.5% of the youth was severely nomophobic, 71.5% were moderate and 20.0% were mildly nomophobic. There was no statistically significant difference between gender and working status and nomophobia level but statistically significant differences were encountered between age and educational status. As young people's age increased, the levels of nomophobia they suffer decreased. They asserted a higher level of nomophobia during high school years. Despite a slight decrease in university years, students' nomophobia levels were higher than the graduates and working youth. When the sub-dimensions of the scale were examined, the 'avoidance' and 'conflict' factors were above the NoSmartPhone Scale (NSPS) mean score, but the interwind identity and attachment factors were below the mean score.

Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental health outcomes amongst children and young people: a systematic review, meta-analysis and GRADE of the evidence.

BACKGROUND: Over the past decade, smartphone use has become widespread amongst today's children and young people (CYP) which parallels increases in poor mental health in this group. Simultaneously, media concern abounds about the existence of 'smartphone addiction' or problematic smartphone use. There has been much recent research concerning the prevalence of problematic smartphone use is in children and young people who use smartphones, and how this syndrome relates to mental health outcomes, but this has not been synthesized and critically evaluated. AIMS: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the prevalence of PSU and quantify the association with mental health harms. METHODS: A search strategy using Medical Subject Headings was developed and adapted for eight databases between January 1, 1st 2011 to October 15th 2017. No language restriction was applied. Of 924 studies identified, 41 were included in this review, three of which were cohort studies and 38 were cross sectional studies. The mental health outcomes were self-reported: depression; anxiety; stress; poor sleep quality; and decreased educational attainment, which were synthesized according to an a priori protocol. RESULTS: The studies included 41,871 CYP, and 55% were female. The median prevalence of PSU amongst CYP was 23.3% (14.0-31.2%). PSU was associated with an increased odds of depression (OR = 3.17;95%CI 2.30-4.37;I2 = 78%); increased anxiety (OR = 3.05 95%CI 2.64-3.53;I2 = 0%); higher perceived stress (OR = 1.86;95%CI 1.24-2.77;I2 = 65%); and poorer sleep quality (OR = 2.60; 95%CI; 1.39-4.85, I2 = 78%). CONCLUSIONS: PSU was reported in approximately one in every four CYP and accompanied by an increased odds of poorer mental health. PSU is an evolving public health concern that requires greater study to determine the boundary between helpful and harmful technology use. Policy guidance is needed to outline harm reduction strategies.

Effects of smartphone usage on psychological wellbeing of school going children in Lahore, Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the effects of smartphone usage on the psychological wellbeing of schoolgoing children. METHODS: The descriptive cross-sectional community household survey was conducted from January to May 2017 in all the 10 towns of Lahore, Pakistan and comprised school-going smartphone users. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Children who used smartphones for up to 2 hours a day were considered short-term users while children who used smartphones for more than 2 hours a day were considered long-term users. SPSS 21 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Of the 2889 subjects, 1993(69%) were short-term users and 896(31%) were long-term users. Long-term smartphone usage was significantly associated with behavioural problems (p<0.05) as well as with psychological problems (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term smartphone usage was found significantly associated with behavioural and psychological problems among school-going children.

The predictive value of supervised machine learning models for insomnia symptoms through smartphone usage behavior.

Introduction: Digital phenotyping can be an innovative and unobtrusive way to improve the detection of insomnia. This study explores the correlations between smartphone usage features (SUF) and insomnia symptoms and their predictive value for detecting insomnia symptoms. Methods: In an observational study of a German convenience sample, the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and smartphone usage data (e.g., time the screen was active, longest time the screen was inactive in the night) for the previous 7 days were obtained. SUF (e.g., min, mean) were calculated from the smartphone usage data. Correlation analyses between the ISI and SUF were conducted. For the specification of the machine learning models (ML), 80 % of the data was allocated to training, 20 % to testing, and five-fold cross-validation was used. Six algorithms (support vector machine, XGBoost, Random Forest, k-Nearest-Neighbor, Naive Bayes, and Logistic Regressions) were specified to predict ISI scores ≥15. Results: 752 participants (51.1 % female, mean ISI = 10.23, mean age = 41.92) were included in the analyses. Small correlations between some of the SUF and insomnia symptoms were found. In the ML models, sensitivity was low, ranging from 0.05 to 0.27 in the testing subsample. Random Forest and Naive Bayes were the best-performing algorithms. Yet, their AUCs (0.57, 0.58 respectively) in the testing subsample indicated a low discrimination capacity. Conclusions: Given the small magnitude of the correlations and low discrimination capacity of the ML models, SUFs, as measured in this study, do not appear to be sufficient for detecting insomnia symptoms. Further research is necessary to explore whether examining intra-individual variations and subpopulations or employing alternative smartphone sensors yields more promising outcomes.

Smartphone use and its association with body image distortion and weight loss behaviours among adolescents in Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Concerns about the harmful effects of smartphone use on teenage development have been raised as the use of cell phones among adolescents has risen. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the associations of smartphone usage patterns with Body Image Distortion (BID) and weight loss behaviors among adolescent smartphone users in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted from July to October 2022. We assessed the mean daily length of smartphone use and classified it into quartiles using data from a self-reported survey and data on weekday and weekend use. Self-reported body weight and height were collected via an online survey. Out of the 11384 adolescents, the majority was females (65.7%) and was secondary school students (68.9%). RESULTS: The prolonged smartphone use (301 min/d) was found in 36.4% of adolescents, 181-300 min/d in 27.6% of respondents, 121-180 min/d in 22.4% of respondents, while the modest smartphone use (1-120 min/d) was found only in 13.6% of participants. The duration of smartphone use was significantly associated with BID (P= 0.000); students with middle perceived stress levels (51.4%) and no depressive symptoms (68.9%) used smartphones 121-180 min/d sparingly. However, prolonged smartphone use was significantly associated with the presence of depressive symptoms (42.6%) and high perceived stress levels (21.5%). Weight loss behaviors were significantly associated with smartphone use duration. Modest smartphone use was significantly found in students with normal weight (P= 0.00, 71.9%); however, aerobic physical activity weight loss strategy (P= 0.00, 30.9%) was correlated with prolonged smartphone use. CONCLUSION: Adequate parental advice is required to assist teenagers in developing healthy smartphone usage practices. Digital platform companies may increase their social responsibility for the information generated and delivered on their networks, boosting its beneficial effect.

Effectiveness of Tailor-Made Physiotherapy Protocol in Smartphone-Addicted Individuals With Text Neck Syndrome and Short Message Service (SMS) Thumb.

Background Smartphone usage has led to an increase in text neck syndrome (TNS) and short message service (SMS) thumb, causing neck, shoulder, and thumb pain, affecting daily activities. Limited treatment options are available for these conditions, and early intervention is crucial to prevent chronic pain and musculoskeletal issues. This study sought to determine the impact of a personalized physiotherapy treatment plan on alleviating TNS and SMS thumb in individuals who demonstrate excessive smartphone usage. Method The study utilized a single-group, pre- and post-study design with a sample size of 54 smartphone-addicted individuals. The intervention involved a personalized physiotherapy protocol for three weeks, and data was collected using a visual analog scale (VAS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), Cornell Hand Discomfort Questionnaire (CHDQ), and range of motion (ROM). Results Descriptive statistics showed a significant reduction in mean scores from pre- to post-rehabilitation, indicating the potential effectiveness of the treatment. Hypothesis testing revealed significant improvements in VAS, NDI, and CHDQ scores post-rehabilitation, with a p-value of <0.05. Correlation analysis demonstrated moderate to strong correlations between pre- and post-rehabilitation scores for VAS, NDI, and CHDQ, with age showing minimal influence on treatment outcomes. Conclusion The findings emphasize the efficacy of personalized interventions in addressing smartphone-related musculoskeletal disorders and underscore the need for further research to optimize treatment protocols and long-term outcomes.

Problematic Smartphone Usage in Singaporean University Students: An Analysis of Self-Reported Versus Objectively Measured Smartphone Usage Patterns.

INTRODUCTION: Problematic smartphone usage is the excessive usage of the smartphone, leading to addiction symptoms that impair one's functional status. Self-administered surveys developed to describe the symptoms and measure the risk of problematic smartphone usage have been associated with depressive symptoms, symptoms of anxiety disorder, and perceived stress. However, self-reported smartphone usage can be unreliable, and previous studies have identified a better association between objectively measured smartphone usage and problematic smartphone usage. METHODOLOGY: A self-administered survey was used to investigate the relationships between the risk of problematic smartphone usage (SAS-SV) with depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), anxiety disorder symptoms (GAD-7), and perceived stress (PSS) in Singaporean full-time university students. Self-reported screentime and objectively measured screentime were collected to determine if there is any difference between perceived smartphone usage and objective smartphone usage. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between self-reported and app-measured screentime in the study population. However, there were significant positive correlations between SAS-SV with PHQ-9, GAD-7, and PSS. In the logistic regression model, PHQ-9 was found to be the sole predictor for variances in SAS-SV score in the study population. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that problematic smartphone usage may potentially related to depressive symptoms, symptoms of anxiety disorder, and greater perceived stress in university students.

Problematic smartphone usage, objective smartphone engagement, and executive functions: A latent variable analysis.

The negative consequences of smartphone usage have seen frequent discourse in popular media. While existing studies seek to resolve these debates in relation to executive functions, findings are still limited and mixed. This is partly due to the lack of conceptual clarity about smartphone usage, the use of self-reported measures, and problems related to task impurity. Addressing these limitations, the current study utilizes a latent variable approach to examine various types of smartphone usage, including objectively measured data-logged screen time and screen-checking, and nine executive function tasks in 260 young adults through a multi-session study. Our structural equation models showed no evidence that self-reported normative smartphone usage, objective screen time, and objective screen-checking are associated with deficits in latent factors of inhibitory control, task-switching, and working memory capacity. Only self-reported problematic smartphone usage was associated with deficits in latent factor task-switching. These findings shed light on the boundary conditions of the link between smartphone usage and executive functions and suggest that smartphone usage in moderation may not have inherent harms on cognitive functions.

Digital media and mental health in adolescent athletes.

Although digital media are increasingly important for adolescent athletes, few studies explore their influence on mental health in this population. This study aimed to examine this relationship in 591 German adolescent athletes (aged 12-19 years) from 42 different sports. Longer daily social media usage was connected to increased negative affect and dysfunctional eating patterns. Similar results were found for cognitive-behavioral symptoms of excessive media usage and mental health. Structural equation modeling revealed these relationships were mediated by social comparison and quality of sleep. Higher athletic performance level was related to increased social comparison, but not to quality of sleep, negative affect, and dysfunctional eating. The negative relationship between excessive media usage and sleep was stronger in competitive and elite than in recreational athletes. Results imply digital media should receive attention when aiming to improve mental health in athletes. Relevant targets for future intervention could be social comparison and sleep.

Association of smartphone use with abnormal social jetlag among adolescents in Korea before and after COVID-19.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to use social jetlag to determine how smartphone overuse by adolescents before and after the COVID-19 pandemic might be associated with their circadian rhythm. METHODS: We used 2017 and 2020 Korea Youth Risk Behavior web-based Survey data and conducted a survey analysis on 100,976 adolescents. The dependent variable was abnormal social jetlag. Based on the times recorded by the survey, we calculated the weekday midpoint and weekend sleep time. The main independent variable was smartphone usage time (<2h/day, 2-3.9 h/day, 4-5.9 h/day, and ≥ 6 h/day). Multiple logistic regression and relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) were performed. RESULTS: Abnormal social jetlag was most prevalent in male and female adolescents who used smartphones ≥ 6 h/day (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.60, 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 2.47-2.74). The longer the smartphone usage time, the higher the association with abnormal social jetlag. This association was more prominent in female adolescents. The additive interaction between longer smartphone usage time and post-COVID-19 year was statistically significant (total: RERI = 0.92, 95 % CI = 0.90-0.95; males: RERI = 0.83, 95 % CI = 0.80-0.87; females: RERI = 1.13, 95 % CI = 1.08-1.18). CONCLUSION: Our results clearly indicated that increased smartphone usage time tended to result in greater social jetlag, an association that was more pronounced in female. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly strengthened this relationship. Further research is needed regarding the proper use of smartphones to ensure good sleep-in adolescents after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Patterns of smartphone usage associated with depressive symptoms in nursing students.

Introduction: Rather than focusing on the activities that the smartphone has been used for, the existing literature frequently focuses on the association between problematic use of smartphone independent of the content of use (self-reported) and depressive symptoms in youth. This study aims to explore patterns of smartphone usage and the association with depressive symptoms in nursing students. Methods: This cross-sectional study of nursing freshmen (n = 1, 716) was conducted between October and November 2018. Participants were recruited from three Chinese public medical universities using stratified cluster sampling. Self-rated frequency of 12 different smartphone activities over the preceding week was evaluated. Depressive symptoms were assessed by using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Results: Of the 1,716 students recruited, 1,424 (83.0%) were girls, and the mean [SD] age was 18.90 [1.39] years. Using principal component analysis (PCA), two typical usage patterns were indicated. The "entertainment pattern" factor included a high frequency of streaming images or videos, searching for information, chatting online, online shopping, downloading, reading online, checking social media sites, taking pictures or videos, and playing games. The "communication pattern" had a high frequency of emailing, texting, and calling. Using logistic regression models, the association between smartphone usage patterns and depressive symptoms was tested. The "communication pattern" was significantly associated with a 53% increase in the odds of moderate and above depressive symptoms (AOR = 1.529; 95% CI = 1.286-1.818; p < 0.001), controlling for a set of socio-demographic and smartphone use covariates. Discussion: This study provides insights into how the patterns of smartphone usage are associated with the severity of depressive symptoms in nursing students. It indicates that it may primarily be how we use our smartphones rather than how much we use them that poses a risk for depression.

The interplay between social media use and problematic internet usage: Four behavioral patterns.

Objective: The study aims to identify typical interplay between the use of social media apps on smartphones and Problematic Internet Usage (PIU). Method: Our study utilizes data from a smartphone app that objectively monitors user usage, including the apps used and the start and finish times of each app session. This study included 334 participants who declared a need to be aware of their smartphone usage and control it. Problematic Internet Usage (PIU) was measured using the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire-Short Form-6 (PIUQ-SF6). The total PIU score can range from 6 to 30, with a score above 15 indicating that a person is at risk of PIU. Time spent on Social Media (SM) apps of Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram, and whether people used each of these apps were studied along with the total PIU score. K-Prototype clustering was utilized for the analysis. Results: Four distinct clusters, typifying the relationship between social media use and PIU, were identified. All the individuals in Cluster 1 (Light SM Use Cluster; Cluster size = 270, 80.84% of total dataset) spent between 0 and 109.01 min on Instagram, between 0 and 69.84 min on Facebook, and between 0 and 86.42 min on WhatsApp and its median PIU score was 17. Those who were in cluster 2 (Highly Visual SM Cluster; Cluster size = 23, 6.89% of total dataset) all used Instagram, and each member spent between 110 and 307.63 min on Instagram daily. The cluster median PIU score and average daily usage of Instagram were respectively 20 and 159.66 min. Those who were in Cluster 3 (Conversational SM Cluster; Cluster size = 19, 5.69% of total dataset) all used WhatsApp, and spent between 76.68 and 225.22 min on WhatsApp daily. The cluster median PIU score and average time spent per day on WhatsApp were 20 and 132.65 min, respectively. Those who were in Cluster 4 (Social Networking Cluster; (Cluster size = 22, 6.59% of total dataset) all used Facebook, and each spent between 73.09 and 272.85 min daily on Facebook. The cluster median PIU score and average time spent per day on Facebook were 18 and 133.61 min respectively. Conclusion: The clusters indicate that those who use a particular social media app spend significantly less time on other social media apps. This indicates that problematic attachment to social media occurs primarily for one of three reasons: visual content and reels, conversations with peers, or surfing network content and news. This finding will help tailor interventions to fit each cluster, for example by strengthening interpersonal skills and resistance to peer pressure in the case of Cluster 3 and increasing impulse control in the case of Cluster 2.

The Relationship between Smartphone Use Motives, Social Capital, Digital Literacy, and Life Satisfaction in Elderly Koreans.

Background: As the elderly population increases, interest in life satisfaction in old age is increasing. We aimed to verify the relationship between social capital, smartphone use motives, and digital literacy and life satisfaction in Koreans aged 50-69 yr. Methods: The data of 7,521 late-middle-aged and older adults from the 2019 survey on smartphone overdependence conducted by the National Information Society Agency were analyzed by hierarchical multi-regression analysis. Results: A hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that income(ß=0.062) and educational background(ß=0.054) were positively related to life satisfaction. Among the smartphone use motives, lifestyle motive(ß=-0.069) was negatively related to life satisfaction. Digital literacy(ß=0.145) and Social capital(ß=0.425) were positively related to life satisfaction. Conclusion: Digital literacy and social capital were positively associated with life satisfaction. In addition, this study considered the effects of lifestyle-based apps, while past studies only focused on communication- and leisure-based smartphone activities as factors influencing life satisfaction in adults in their 50s-60s. This study can provide a theoretical framework for therapeutic interventions to improve life satisfaction in the elderly.

The Relationship between Duration of Smartphone Uses and Anxiety in University Students during the COVID-19 Outbreak.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, China adopted a home isolation policy, which caused lifestyle changes for university students, including increased smartphone use. Several studies indicate that problematic smartphone use is associated with anxiety. However, this association has not been examined in the context of epidemics. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the duration of smartphone use was associated with anxiety in Chinese university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Participants included 9716 university students (5458 men and 4258 women) from Liaoning, China. We assessed the duration of smartphone use with a self-reported questionnaire. Anxiety was assessed using the generalized anxiety disorder seven-item scale. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the adjusted association between smartphone use and anxiety. Results: After adjusting for confounding factors, we observed a positive association between smartphone use duration and the prevalence of anxiety in all participating students. Compared with short periods of smartphone usage, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for moderate and long smartphone usage duration were 1.17 (1.00, 1.36) and 1.58 (1.36, 1.83), respectively. This significant positive association did not change in the sex-stratified analysis (for both men and women). Conclusions: Our examination of the association between duration of smartphone uses and university students' anxiety levels revealed that long smartphone use was associated with a high prevalence of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Smartphone usage and dietary habits associated with sugar-sweetened beverages preferences among Indonesian female university students.

High sugary beverages have recently gained popularity among young adults. This research aimed to determine the association between smartphone usage and dietary consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages among young female adults in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study conducted an online survey in Malang City. There were 217 female university students aged 18-25 years old who were eligible as participants. The dependent variable was a preference for SSBs consumption, while the independent variables included sociodemographics, BMI, food allergies, smartphone usage, and dietary habits. Chi-square and binary logistics were used to analyse the association between independent variables and SSBs. The results showed that 62.2% of respondents preferred to consume SSBs, and 12.9% of participants were classified as overnutrition (BMi>25). More than half of the respondents had breakfast every day, and a majority of them like to consume high carbohydrates (96.8%) and high-sugar snacks (55.3%). The binary logistic regression showed an association between BMI status, breakfast consumption, watching movies, and eating frequency with high sugar beverage consumption preference (p<0.05). Reducing sugar beverages consumption intervention should consider using media accessible with smartphone.