Frequency of pharmacogenomic variants affecting safety and efficacy of immunomodulators and biologics in a South Asian population from Sri Lanka.

BACKGROUND: Immunomodulators are important for management of autoimmune diseases and hematological malignancies. Significant inter-individual variation in drug response/reactions exists due to genetic polymorphisms. We describe frequency of identified genetic polymorphisms among Sri Lankans. METHODS: Sri Lankan data were obtained from an anonymized database of 670 participants. Data on variants and global distribution of Minor Allele frequency (MAF) of other populations (South Asian, Ashkenazi-Jewish, East-Asian, European-Finnish, European-non-Finnish, Latino-American, African/African-American) were obtained from pharmGKB online database. RESULTS: SLC19A1 (rs1051266) variant had a MAF (95% CI) of 63.3% (60.7-65.9). Other common variants included FCGR3A (rs396991), MTHFR (rs1801133), ITPA (rs1127354), CYP2C9*3 (rs1057910) and NUD15*3 (rs116855232), with MAFs of 35.3% (32.7-37.9), 12.2% (10.4-13.9), 10.9% (9.2-12.6), 9.8% (8.2-11.4), 8.3% (6.8-9.8) respectively. Less commonly present variants included CYP2C9*2 (rs1799853) (2.5%[1.7-3.4]), TPMT*3C (rs1142345) (1.9%[1.1-2.6]), TPMT*3B (rs1800460) (0.2%[0-0.5]), CYP3A5*6 (rs10264272) (0.2%[0-0.4]) and CYP3A4*18 (rs28371759) (0.1%[0-0.2]). The SLC19A1 (rs1051266), NUD15*3 (rs116855232), CYP2C9*3 (rs1057910), FCGR3A (rs396991), and ITPA (rs1127354) showed significantly higher frequencies in Sri Lankans compared to many other populations, exceptions include FCGR3A in Ashkenazi-Jewish and ITPA in East-Asians. Conversely, MTHFR (rs1801133), TPMT*3B (rs1800460), and CYP2C9*2 (rs1799853) were significantly less prevalent among Sri Lankans than in  many other populations. Sri Lankans exhibited lower prevalence of TPMT*3C (rs1142345) compared to European-non-Finnish, Latino-Americans, and African/African-Americans; CYP3A4*18 (rs28371759) compared to East-Asians; and CYP3A5*6 (rs10264272) compared to African/African-Americans and Latino-Americans. CONCLUSION: Sri Lankans exhibit higher frequencies in variants reducing methotrexate efficacy (SLC19A1), increasing azathioprine myelotoxicity (NUDT15), and lower frequencies in variants linked to increased azathioprine toxicity (TPMT*3B, TPMT*3C), reduced tacrolimus efficacy (CYP3A4*18), and methotrexate toxicity risk (MTHFR). Beneficial variants enhancing rituximab efficacy (FCGR3A) are more prevalent, while those reducing tacrolimus dosage (CYP3A5*6) are less common. This highlights need for targeted medication strategies to improve treatment outcomes.

Ocular Dirofilariasis in Migrant from Sri Lanka, Australia.

We describe a case of imported ocular dirofilariasis in Australia, linked to the Hong Kong genotype of Dirofilaria sp., in a migrant from Sri Lanka. Surgical extraction and mitochondrial sequences analyses confirmed this filarioid nematode as the causative agent and a Dirofilaria sp. not previously reported in Australia.

Autochthonous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania tropica, Identified by Using Whole-Genome Sequencing, Sri Lanka.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is atypical in Sri Lanka because Leishmania donovani, which typically causes visceral disease, is the causative agent. The origins of recently described hybrids between L. donovani and other Leishmania spp. usually responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis remain unknown. Other endemic dermotropic Leishmania spp. have not been reported in Sri Lanka. Genome analysis of 27 clinical isolates from Sri Lanka and 32 Old World Leishmania spp. strains found 8 patient isolates clustered with L. tropica and 19 with L. donovani. The L. tropica isolates from Sri Lanka shared markers with strain LtK26 reported decades ago in India, indicating they were not products of recent interspecies hybridization. Because L. tropica was isolated from patients with leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka, our findings indicate L. donovani is not the only cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka and potentially explains a haplotype that led to interspecies dermotropic L. donovani hybrids.

Frequency of Consumption of Food Groups and Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors: A Genetically Informative Twin Study in Sri Lanka.

Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) globally have undergone rapid urbanisation, and changes in demography and health behaviours. In Sri Lanka, cardio-vascular disease and diabetes are now leading causes of mortality. High prevalence of their risk factors, including hypertension, dysglycaemia and obesity have also been observed. Diet is a key modifiable risk factor for both cardio-vascular disease and diabetes as well as their risk factors. Although typically thought of as an environmental risk factor, dietary choice has been shown to be genetically influenced, and genes associated with this behaviour correlate with metabolic risk indicators. We used Structural Equation Model fitting to investigate the aetiology of dietary choices and cardio-metabolic phenotypes in COTASS, a population-based twin and singleton sample in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Participants completed a Food Frequency Questionnaire (N = 3934) which assessed frequency of intake of 14 food groups including meat, vegetables and dessert or sweet snacks. Anthropometric (N = 3675) and cardio-metabolic (N = 3477) phenotypes were also collected including weight, blood pressure, cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides. Frequency of consumption of most food items was found to be largely environmental in origin with both the shared and non-shared environmental influences indicated. Modest genetic influences were observed for some food groups (e.g. fruits and leafy greens). Cardio-metabolic phenotypes showed moderate genetic influences with some shared environmental influence for Body Mass Index, blood pressure and triglycerides. Overall, it seemed that shared environmental effects were more important for both dietary choices and cardio-metabolic phenotypes compared to populations in the Global North.

The Colombo Twin and Singleton Study (COTASS): Piloting the Feasibility of Collecting Nutritional Data and Extension of the Sample to Include Children of Twins.

Nutrition and diet are key modifiable risk factors for the rising burden of non-communicable diseases like cardio-vascular diseases and diabetes in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs). The nutritional transition in dietary behaviours in LMICs has most likely contributed to this problem. Although traditionally assumed to be environmental, dietary choices are also genetically influenced. Twin study designs can be used to investigate the relative influence of genes and environment on nutrition intake, eating behaviours and associated psychological health. The overall aim of this project is to: provide proof-of-concept for the feasibility of using dietary (biomarker) data within the Children-of-Twin design in nutrition studies, develop laboratory skills and statistical genetic skills and establish a Sri Lankan-specific food composition database. Currently, a pilot study is being conducted with 304 individuals (38 Monozygotic twin pairs, 38 Dizygotic twin pairs and their male or female adult offspring). Questionnaire data on nutritional intake, eating behaviours, psychological well-being, physical health, and bio-specimens are being collected. A Sri Lankan-specific food composition database was developed, training sessions on macro and micro element analysis in biological samples and statistical genetics skills development were conducted and Community Engagement and Involvement programs were carried out in two districts of Sri Lanka.

Preventing the re-establishment of malaria during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka: implications for health security.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic-with its first reported case in Sri Lanka in March 2020-had the potential to impact the risk of re-establishing malaria, a disease which was eliminated from Sri Lanka in 2012. Post-elimination, the country remains highly vulnerable to a return of malaria on account of high vector mosquito densities and the inflow of imported malaria cases. METHODS: Parallels between COVID-19 and malaria after its elimination as health security threats were drawn, and the many ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the prevention of re-establishment of malaria programmes in the country in 2020 were examined. The implications of this experience for global health security are analysed. RESULTS: In 2020, imported malaria cases were fewer than in the previous 3 years, due to restrictions on international travel. Yet, a high level of malaria case and entomological surveillance was sustained through surveillance strategies modified to focus on quarantine centers, in response to the pandemic. As a result, more imported malaria cases were detected by active case detection than by passive surveillance. Some of the operational shifts adopted by the Anti Malaria Campaign were moving rapidly into functioning as an intersectoral player by reinforcing its collaborations with the Ministries of Aviation and Defense, switching to the use of online communication systems, and integrating and synergizing its field activities with the COVID-19 control programme. CONCLUSIONS: The experience highlights the need for disease control programmes to be agile, flexible and responsive, and underscores the importance of maintaining even a lean focal programme for diseases such as malaria after they have been eliminated. Sustaining public health leadership and robust technological capacities in communication and data management were paramount in preventing the disruption of the malaria prevention programme during the pandemic and sustaining the malaria-free status of the country.

An epidemiological analysis of severe imported malaria infections in Sri Lanka, after malaria elimination.

BACKGROUND: Imported malaria continues to be reported in Sri Lanka after it was eliminated in 2012, and a few progress to life-threatening severe malaria. METHODS: Data on imported malaria cases reported in Sri Lanka from 2013 to 2023 were extracted from the national malaria database maintained by the Anti Malaria Campaign (AMC) of Sri Lanka. Case data of severe malaria as defined by the World Health Organization were analysed with regard to patients' general characteristics and their health-seeking behaviour, and the latter compared with that of uncomplicated malaria patients. Details of the last three cases of severe malaria in 2023 are presented. RESULTS: 532 imported malaria cases were diagnosed over 11 years (2013-2023); 46 (8.6%) were severe malaria, of which 45 were Plasmodium falciparum and one Plasmodium vivax. Most severe malaria infections were acquired in Africa. All but one were males, and a majority (87%) were 26-60 years of age. They were mainly Sri Lankan nationals (82.6%). Just over half (56.5%) were treated at government hospitals. The average time between arrival of the person in Sri Lanka and onset of illness was 4 days. 29 cases of severe malaria were compared with 165 uncomplicated malaria cases reported from 2015 to 2023. On average both severe and uncomplicated malaria patients consulted a physician equally early (mean = 1 day) with 93.3% of severe malaria doing so within 3 days. However, the time from the point of consulting a physician to diagnosis of malaria was significantly longer (median 4 days) in severe malaria patients compared to uncomplicated patients (median 1 day) (p = 0.012) as was the time from onset of illness to diagnosis (p = 0.042). All severe patients recovered without sequelae except for one who died. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of severe malaria among imported cases increases significantly beyond 5 days from the onset of symptoms. Although patients consult a physician early, malaria diagnosis tends to be delayed by physicians because it is now a rare disease. Good access to expert clinical care has maintained case fatality rates of severe malaria at par with those reported elsewhere.

Molecular characterization to study the genetic diversity of begomoviruses occurring in the major chilli growing areas of Tamil Nadu state of India.

Chilli leaf curl disease (ChiLCD), which is a significant problem in chilli cultivation, is caused by begomoviruses that are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. This disease leads to severe impacts on crop yields. To determine the incidence of begomovirus in the chilli crop, infected chilli leaf samples exhibiting symptoms such as curling, yellowing, reduced leaf size, and overall stunted growth were collected from various districts of Tamil Nadu, namely, Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Kancheepuram, Karur, Salem, Krishnagiri, Thoothukudi, Thiruvallur, Tiruchirappalli, Virudhunagar, Tiruvannamalai, Tenkasi, and Vellore, during the years 2018-2022. To determine the complete genome sequence of the begomoviruses, the rolling circle amplification (RCA) method was used to clone and sequence the begomovirus genomes from the chilli samples collected from various districts of Tamil Nadu. Here we characterized 17 DNA A genome sequences and 12 betasatellite sequences. BLAST results of the DNA A genome sequences revealed nucleotide identities ranging from 94.2 to 99.7% with five distinct begomovirus species of chilli, namely, chilli leaf curl Salem virus (HM007119), chilli leaf curl virus Bhavanisagar (NC_055130), chilli leaf curl Ahmedabad virus (MW795666), chilli leaf curl virus (NC_055131), and chilli leaf curl Sri Lanka virus (JN555600). BLAST results of the betasatellite sequences showed nucleotide identities of 96 to 98.8% with the tomato leaf curl Bangladesh betasatellite (MZ151286). In the present study, five distinct begomovirus species and one associated betasatellite were found to infect chilli crops in Tamil Nadu. This finding indicates a changing pattern of begomovirus occurrence in the different districts of Tamil Nadu. This study highlights the prevalence of chilli-infecting begomoviruses in the major chilli growing districts of Tamil Nadu, the identification of begomovirus species, and the significance of understanding and managing these viruses to safeguard chilli cultivation in the region.

Challenges faced in establishing a pediatric liver transplant program in a lower-middle-income country with free healthcare service.

BACKGROUND: Liver transplant is the cure for children with liver failure. Sri Lanka is a lower-middle-income country with a predominant free, state health system. Pediatric liver transplant program in Sri Lanka is still in the budding state where the initial experience of the program is yet to be documented. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed including the clinical characteristics of all pediatric liver transplant recipients of Colombo North Centre for Liver Diseases since the inception of the program from June 2020 to May 2023. RESULTS: There were 14 PLT performed in 3 years. The median recipient age and weight were 8 years (6 months-15 years) and 23.3 kg (6.4-49.2), respectively. The majority were boys (64%). All were from low-income backgrounds. Indications for LT were acute liver failure (5/14), decompensated chronic liver disease (5/14), and acute on chronic liver failure (4/14). Underlying liver diseases were Wilson disease (6/14), autoimmune liver disease (3/14), biliary atresia (2/14) and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (1/14), and unknown etiology (2/14). The majority were living donor liver transplants (86%). Of the living donors, 42% (5/12) were Buddhist priests. There were three immediate deaths and two late deaths. The 3-month survival was 78%, and overall survival was 64%. Living donor transplants carried a higher success rate (92%) compared to diseased donor transplants (0%; 2/2). CONCLUSIONS: Initial experience of pediatric liver transplant program of Sri Lanka is promising despite being established in a free healthcare system amidst the crisis circumstances.

The discriminative ability of the triglyceride-glucose index to identify metabolic syndrome among adults of the northern Sri Lankan population.

BACKGROUND: The triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) is a simple surrogate marker for Insulin Resistance (IR). However, the relationship between the TyG index and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) remains unknown in the Northern Sri Lankan population. METHODS: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study of adults aged between 18 and 65 years living in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. This study aimed to verify the discriminative ability of the TyG index to identify MetS using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF-2006) criteria and to determine the gender-specific TyG index cut-off values for better prediction of MetS in Northern Sri Lankan adults. TyG index was calculated as Ln[Triglycerides (TG) (mg/dl) × Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (mg/dl)/2]. RESULTS: A total of 540 individuals were included in this study, with a mean age of 42.18 (± 13.89) years for males and 43.80 (± 12.56) years for females. The mean value of the TyG index in the total study population was 8.54 (± 0.53). Individuals in the higher quartiles of the TyG index had a significantly increased risk of MetS compared with those in the lowest quartile (p < 0.01). TyG index showed a stronger association with MetS than the FPG and all the conventional lipid components and the unadjusted odds ratio was 5.47. The area under the curve (AUC) of ROC revealed values of 0.914 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.884, 0.944) for females, 0.881 (95% CI: 0.830, 0.932) for males and 0.897 (95% CI: 0.870, 0.924) for the total study population. TyG index had a stronger discriminative ability to identify MetS as per IDF criteria in the study population with a cut-off value of 8.60. The mean level of the TyG index significantly increased with the increasing number of MetS components. CONCLUSIONS: The mean value of the TyG index increased as the number of MetS components in the study population increased. Individuals with a higher TyG index had a significantly increased risk of having MetS compared with the lowest quartile of the TyG index. TyG index had a good discriminative ability to diagnose MetS as per IDF criteria among the northern Sri Lankan population.

Exploring the diversity of CFTR gene mutations in cystic fibrosis individuals of South Asia.

OBJECTIVE: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. This study aimed to identify the spectrum of CFTR variants reported in individuals with CF from South Asia (ISA). DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: We conducted a PubMed search for CFTR variants reported in ISA. Full text of original articles and case reports was read to compile data on reported variants. To gather additional data, we independently cross-referenced each variant with the CFTR Mutation Database and ClinVar. RESULTS: Our investigation identified a total of 92 CFTR variants reported across 30 articles. The most frequently tested, and reported variant was ΔF508 with a global frequency of 69.74%. Notably, we found 14 pathogenic CFTR mutations shared among ISA, originating from more than one South Asian country: ΔF508, 1525-1 G > A, G542X, S549N, R117H, S549R, R709X, V456A, Y569D, L1077P, 1161delC, 1898 + 1 G > T, G551D, and 2184insA. CONCLUSION: In summary, the higher prevalence of consanguinity and the limited availability of CF diagnostic resources in South Asia considerably contribute to the prevalence of genetic disorders like CF. The spectrum of CFTR mutations exhibits noticeable variations within South Asian and other populations. The inclusion of current study-enlisted CFTR gene variants is highly recommended for CF disease genetic testing in South Asia which may aid in achieving a precise diagnosis, enhancing disease management, and discovering drugs for currently untreatable genetic variants. It is also imperative to conduct a comprehensive study in this region, especially in previously unexplored countries such as Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, and Bangladesh.

Environmental fluoride exposure and implications on potential pediatric kidney health risks: an approach with urinary biomarkers.

BACKGROUND: Environmental fluoride exposure at elevated levels is potentially linked to kidney injury, and may contribute to chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) as a risk factor. However, this link remains unclear, and examining the risk of kidney damage from early life fluoride exposure may provide important insights. Hence, this study aimed to investigate associations of fluoride exposure with pediatric kidney health in CKDu impacted and unimpacted communities in Sri Lanka. METHODS: Considering the geographical variations in environmental fluoride, climate, and prevalence of CKDu, four study groups were established within selected education zones in CKDu-endemic dry zone regions (D-En), and CKDu-nonendemic regions within the dry (D-NE), wet (W-NE), and intermediate (I-NE) climatic zones. The study population included 922 school students (11-18 years of age). Participants in each group were divided into four subgroups based on quartiles of respective urinary fluoride (UF) distribution for comparison of urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR). RESULTS: UF levels in participants particularly in CKDu endemic dry zone regions were significantly high compared to the other regions. Significantly high median urinary NGAL (in D-NE) and ACR (in D-EN, and W-NE) levels were observed in subgroups of higher UF quartiles. Albuminuria was not particularly identified in subjects with high UF excretion. Urinary KIM-1 showed no significant variation across the UF quartile subgroups. Linear regression identified weak associations of UF with kidney injury biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride exposure is particularly high in CKDu-endemic dry zone communities. As implied by kidney injury biomarkers, a strong link between fluoride exposure and pediatric kidney health was not evident at the observed exposure levels in the study regions.

"Current", "heated rods", and "hot vapour": why patients refuse radiotherapy as a treatment modality for cancer in northern Sri Lanka.

PURPOSE: Significant proportions of patients either refuse or discontinue radiotherapy, even in the curative setting, leading to poor clinical outcomes. This study explores patient perceptions that underlie decisions to refuse/discontinue radiotherapy at a cancer care facility in northern Sri Lanka. METHODS: An exploratory descriptive qualitative study was carried out among 14 purposively selected patients with cancer who refused/discontinued radiotherapy. In-depth semi-structured interviews were transcribed in Tamil, translated into English, coded, and thematically analyzed. RESULTS: All participants referred to radiotherapy as "current" with several understanding the procedure to involve electricity, heat, or hot vapour. Many pointed to gaps in information provided by healthcare providers, who were perceived to focus on side effects without explaining the procedure. In the absence of these crucial details, patients relied on family members and acquaintances for information, often based on second or third-hand accounts of experiences with radiotherapy. Many felt pressured by family to refuse radiation, feared radiation, or felt ashamed to ask questions, while for others COVID-19 was an impediment. All but three participants regretted their decision, claiming they would recommend radiation to patients with cancer, especially when it is offered with curative intent. CONCLUSION: Patients with cancer who refused/discontinued radiation therapy have significant information needs. While human resource deficits need to be addressed in low-resource settings like northern Sri Lanka, providing better supportive cancer care could improve clinical outcomes and save healthcare resources that would otherwise be wasted on patient preparation for radiotherapy.

Why do women with early breast cancer in Northern Sri Lanka undergo mastectomy? Decision-making and ways forward.

BACKGROUND: Despite robust evidence confirming equivalent survival rates and better cosmetic outcomes with breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and radiotherapy compared to mastectomy, the rates of mastectomy among women with early breast cancer have not declined significantly in Sri Lanka. This study explores views on the surgical treatment of breast cancer among Northern Sri Lankan women who were eligible for BCS but underwent mastectomy. METHODS: An exploratory descriptive qualitative study was carried out among 15 women who underwent mastectomy for early breast cancer. Patients who were referred to the Tellippalai Trail Cancer Hospital for adjuvant therapy after mastectomy and matched the study criteria were recruited. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed in Tamil, translated into English, coded using QDA Miner Lite software, and analysed thematically. RESULTS: Nine out of 15 participants were either not aware of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) as a treatment option or their eligibility for BCS at the time of mastectomy. According to participant narratives, the treating team had recommended mastectomy to most participants. While many opted for mastectomy believing that it was associated with lower rates of recurrence and spread compared to BCS, these beliefs were frequently reinforced by the treating team. The pros and cons of the two approaches had not been discussed before surgery with most participants. In the absence of information, family and friends weighed in on the decision to opt for mastectomy, ultimately resulting in feelings of loss and regret in most instances. CONCLUSION: Most participants were not aware that they were eligible for BCS. These information gaps need to be urgently addressed for women to make informed decisions about their health.

Quality of care as perceived by caregivers and residents in aged care homes in Sri Lanka: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: Quality of care determines the physical and psychological wellbeing of aged care residents. The study aims to explore barriers and facilitators of quality of care in aged care homes (ACHs) in Sri Lanka from the perspective of older adults and caregivers. METHODS: This qualitative descriptive exploratory study was conducted in selected five ACHs in Galle District, Sri Lanka, from May 2021 to January 2022. We recruited a purposive sample of residents and caregivers and conducted ten in-depth interviews with ten caregivers and nine focus group discussions with forty-five residents. The data were analysed using the thematic analysis. RESULTS: The majority of caregivers and residents were females. Caregivers and residents were aged 25-35 years and 70-80 years, respectively. Two major themes emerged: (a) barriers of quality of care and (b) facilitators of quality of care. Both residents and caregivers reported a lack of referring system facilities; a lack of financial support on the infrastructure; a lack of financial support in supplying medication and employing human resources; insufficient knowledge of gerontological care and geriatric syndromes for both caregivers and residents; and lack of interest in being a caregiver at the ACHs as barriers in providing quality care. Moreover, caregivers and older people reported donations by philanthropists; supportive leadership; and welfare benefits from the government authorities as facilitators of quality care. Additionally, caregivers reported a lack of in-service programmes for caregivers as a barrier and positive institutional values as a facilitator for providing quality care. CONCLUSION: The available human and physical resources are insufficient to address the demanding needs of residents in ACHs, apart from the received donations. There is a simultaneous need for healthcare policymakers' and social welfare authorities' attention to implementing necessary measures to uplift the quality of care for residents in ACHs to enhance their quality of life.

Tubulointerstitial nephropathy is the predominant finding in men in a review of more than 3000 renal biopsies over a 10-year period from Sri Lanka.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant clinical challenge in Sri Lanka. The present study presents histopathological diagnoses from native renal biopsies in Kandy District, 2011-2020. METHODS: Reports of 5,014 renal biopsies principally performed at Kandy Teaching Hospital over 2011-2020 were reviewed. After exclusions for post-kidney transplant biopsies (1,572) and those without evident pathology (347), 3,095 biopsies were included. The predominant histopathological entities were grouped and categorised according to diagnosis and stratified by age and sex. RESULTS: The main histopathological entities (all biopsies) were tubulointerstitial nephropathy (TIN) 25% (n = 760), glomerulonephritis (GN) 15% (467), lupus nephropathy 14% (429), focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS) 10% (297), and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) 8% (242). For adult women ≥ 15 years, the main histopathological entities were lupus nephropathy 24% (325), TIN 17% (228), and GN 16% (217). For adult men ≥ 15 years, the main histopathological entities were TIN 34% (449), GN 14% (180), and IgAN 10% (125). The proportion of TIN in the present study was higher than international studies of a similar size. CONCLUSION: This is the largest study of renal biopsies reported from Sri Lanka to date. TIN was the most common diagnosis in adults ≥ 15 years at 25%. Notable sex differences showed TIN was the most common histopathology in men (34%) but not in women (17%). No previously published similar study of this size has found TIN as the predominant diagnosis amongst renal biopsies in men. Further research is required into the possible causes of these observations in Sri Lanka. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.

Non-tunneled haemodialysis catheter-related blood stream infections and associated factors among first time haemodialysis patients: a prospective study from a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka.

BACKGROUND: A significant number of patients require non-tunneled haemodialysis catheters (NTHCs) in the event of an urgent need for immediate haemodialysis in developing countries. Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) are a major concern in haemodialysis, but there is a lack of local epidemiological data. This study aimed to determine the incidence of CRBSI, causative agents and associated risk factors in a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted at the dialysis unit of Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka from December 2019 to August 2020. Adult patients who had haemodialysis for the first time with NTHCs were included. RESULTS: Of 149 dialysis patients (104-jugular vein and 45-femoral vein, mean age 58 ± 13.7 years, mean duration of catheterization 7.9 ± 3.4 days), the incidence of CRBSI was 13.58 per 1000 catheter days. Serum albumin levels, capillary blood sugar levels at admission, haemoglobin levels and duration of catheterization were significantly associated with CRBSI. Prescence of diabetes and patients with ESRD who started routine haemodialysis had a significantly higher risk of CRBSI. Gram-positive bacteria were the most common microorganisms associated with CRBSI (87.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show high rates of infection with temporary vascular catheters in Sri Lanka, mainly due to Gram-positive bacteria. Diabetes mellitus, duration of catheterisation, low serum albumin, haemoglobin level and CBS on admission were identified as significant risk factors for CRBSI. Management strategies tailored to specific centers should be established in the nation to optimise catheter care and to monitor local microbiology for appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment.

Recalibration of Framingham risk for a local population of Sri Lanka.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) account for the highest number of deaths and disability globally and within Sri Lanka. A CVD risk prediction tool is a simple means of early identification of high-risk groups which is a cost-effective preventive strategy, especially for resource-poor countries. Distribution of risk factor levels varies in different regions even within the same country, thus a common risk estimation tool for the country may give false local predictions. Since there are few published data related to Sri Lanka the aim of this study was to recalibrate the Framingham equation according to the local risk factor profile of a population in the Kurunegala region in Sri Lanka. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 1 102 persons from the Kurunegala Regional Director of Health Services area and the data was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire, anthropometric, blood pressure, and biochemical measurements. CVD risk was estimated using Framingham original and recalibrated CVD risk assessment methods. Current CVD mortality and morbidity data and the recalibration method conducted by the method described by Wilson and colleagues were used for calculations. RESULTS: Original and recalibrated Framingham CVD risk scores predicted 55.5% (N = 612) and 62.3% (N = 687) to be having less than 10% CVD risk respectively. Further, the original and recalibrated CVD Risk Scores predicted 2.2% (N = 24) and 1.8% (N = 20) to be having CVD risk more than 40% respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings show an over prediction of the CVD risk with the original Framingham risk calculations which signifies the importance of development of a region-specific risk prediction tool using local risk factor data in Sri Lanka which will prevent unnecessary expenditure to manage people without risk of CVD.

Effectiveness of a community-based participatory health promotion intervention to address knowledge, attitudes and practices related to intimate partner violence: a quasi-experimental study.

BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence is the most common form of violence experienced by women. It has detrimental consequences. A range of determinants cause intimate partner violence and to reduce it, effective interventions are required to address the determinants. Health promotion interventions have been recommended as effective to enable people to control over the determinants and to improve health. Hence, a community based participatory health promotion intervention was developed and tested in a selected study setting. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of a health promotion intervention in terms of addressing knowledge, attitudes and practices related to intimate partner violence. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was conducted by recruiting ninety women aged 15 to 49 years separately from two health administrative areas identified as the intervention area and the control area from the Kandy district of Sri Lanka. A pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used in both pre- and post-assessments. Selected groups of women from the intervention area were facilitated with a health promotion intervention to improve knowledge, attitudes and practices related to intimate partner violence. To evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention descriptive summaries and bivariate analysis were used. RESULTS: The response rate was 90.9% (N = 90) during the pre-assessment and 87.9% (n = 87) and 82.8% (n = 82) from the intervention and control areas, respectively, during the post-assessment. Statistically significant improvement was reported in the total mean score comprising knowledge, attitudes, practices and identification of determinants from 59.6 to 80.8 in the intervention area [Pre-assessment: Mean = 59.6 (standard deviation-SD) = 17.5; Post-assessment: Mean = 80.8, SD = 19.0; p < 0.001) compared to the improvement in the control area from 62.2 to 63.0 (Pre-assessment: Mean = 62.2, SD = 17.3; Post-assessment: Mean = 63.0, SD = 18.9; p = 0.654). CONCLUSIONS: The intervention was effective to improve knowledge, attitudes and practices related to intimate partner violence. Hence, the present approach can be used in similar contexts to address the knowledge, attitudes and certain practices related to intimate partner violence.

Assessment of patterns and related factors in using social media platforms to access health and oral health information among Sri Lankan adults, with special emphasis on promoting oral health awareness.

BACKGROUND: Social media has evolved beyond its conventional purpose of communication and information sharing to become a potent tool for disseminating health and oral health awareness. This study seeks to assess the patterns and related factors of using social media platforms to access health and oral health information among Sri Lankan adults, with special emphasis to promotion of oral health awareness. METHODS: In March 2023, individuals aged ≥ 18 years residing in Sri Lanka, who are users of social media participated in this electronic questionnaire-based survey. Statistical analyses of the collected data were done using the SPSS version 21 software, with a p-value of < 0.05 set to determine the level of statistical significance. RESULTS: A total of 421 persons participated in this survey. Majority (68.4%) belonged to the age category of 18 to 30 years, and 55.5% were females. WhatsApp (96.8%) was the most frequently used social media platform across all age groups and both genders. Statistically significant differences were identified between genders in the usage of Telegram, Twitter, and Viber within the 18-30 years age category, with a higher percentage of males using these platforms (p ≤ 0.05). Similar significant differences were observed in the 31-40 years age group for WhatsApp and Telegram (p ≤ 0.05). Among 95.4% of online health information seekers, YouTube (74.9%) was the most popular platform. One-quarter of the respondents preferred social media platforms, and 22.3% preferred websites for obtaining oral health information. Furthermore, 74.9% had positive opinions on obtaining oral health information via social media, while only 17% reported pleasant experiences with social media platforms for oral health promotion. In assessing the reliability of oral health information on social media, 48% relied on the quality of the information. The most preferred source of oral health information was short videos from professionals (43.1%). Additionally, 69.5% reported changes in their oral health behaviours after accessing information through social media. CONCLUSION: Social media is a viable platform for promoting public oral health awareness in Sri Lankan; hence, workable strategies need to be employed, to further ensure its effective and wider use in a culturally and socioeconomically diverse country like Sri Lanka.