Understanding the Asian water tower requires a redesigned precipitation observation strategy.

The Asian water tower (AWT) serves as the source of 10 major Asian river systems and supports the lives of ~2 billion people. Obtaining reliable precipitation data over the AWT is a prerequisite for understanding the water cycle within this pivotal region. Here, we quantitatively reveal that the "observed" precipitation over the AWT is considerably underestimated in view of observational evidence from three water cycle components, namely, evapotranspiration, runoff, and accumulated snow. We found that three paradoxes appear if the so-called observed precipitation is corrected, namely, actual evapotranspiration exceeding precipitation, unrealistically high runoff coefficients, and accumulated snow water equivalent exceeding contemporaneous precipitation. We then explain the cause of precipitation underestimation from instrumental error caused by wind-induced gauge undercatch and the representativeness error caused by sparse-uneven gauge density and the complexity of local surface conditions. These findings require us to rethink previous results concerning the water cycle, prompting the study to discuss potential solutions.

Emergent constraints on historical and future global gross primary productivity.

Terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP) is the largest carbon flux in the global carbon cycle and plays a crucial role in terrestrial carbon sequestration. However, historical and future global GPP estimates still vary markedly. In this study, we reduced uncertainties in global GPP estimates by employing an innovative emergent constraint method on remote sensing-based GPP datasets (RS-GPP), using ground-based estimates of GPP from flux towers as the observational constraint. Using this approach, the global GPP in 2001-2014 was estimated to be 126.8 ± 6.4 PgC year-1, compared to the original RS-GPP ensemble mean of 120.9 ± 10.6 PgC year-1, which reduced the uncertainty range by 39.6%. Independent space- and time-based (different latitudinal zones, different vegetation types, and individual year) constraints further confirmed the robustness of the global GPP estimate. Building on these insights, we extended our constraints to project global GPP estimates in 2081-2100 under various Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios: SSP126 (140.6 ± 9.3 PgC year-1), SSP245 (153.5 ± 13.4 PgC year-1), SSP370 (170.7 ± 16.9 PgC year-1), and SSP585 (194.1 ± 23.2 PgC year-1). These findings have important implications for understanding and projecting climate change, helping to develop more effective climate policies and carbon reduction strategies.

Two sub-annual timescales and coupling modes for terrestrial water and carbon cycles.

To bridge the knowledge gap between (a) our (instantaneous-to-seasonal-scale) process understanding of plants and water and (b) our projections of long-term coupled feedbacks between the terrestrial water and carbon cycles, we must uncover what the dominant dynamics are linking fluxes of water and carbon. This study uses the simplest empirical dynamical systems models-two-dimensional linear models-and observation-based data from satellites, eddy covariance towers, weather stations, and machine-learning-derived products to determine the dominant sub-annual timescales coupling carbon uptake and (normalized) evaporation fluxes. We find two dominant modes across the Contiguous United States: (1) a negative correlation timescale on the order of a few days during which landscapes dry after precipitation and plants increase their carbon uptake through photosynthetic upregulation. (2) A slow, seasonal-scale positive covariation through which landscape drying leads to decreased growth and carbon uptake. The slow (positively correlated) process dominates the joint distribution of local water and carbon variables, leading to similar behaviors across space, biomes, and climate regions. We propose that vegetation cover/leaf area variables link this behavior across space, leading to strong emergent spatial patterns of water/carbon coupling in the mean. The spatial pattern of local temporal dynamics-positively sloped tangent lines to a convex long-term mean-state curve-is surprisingly strong, and can serve as a benchmark for coupled Earth System Models. We show that many such models do not represent this emergent mean-state pattern, and hypothesize that this may be due to lack of water-carbon feedbacks at daily scales.

Parental and healthcare provider attitudes towards the Healthy Child Programme in England: a qualitative analysis.

BACKGROUND: The Healthy Child Programme (HCP) in England, delivered by Health Visitors (HV) and Nursery Nurses (NN), aims to assess growth and development in pre-school age children. This qualitative analysis aimed to evaluate the perceptions and experiences of HCP providers and parents located in a London borough. METHODS: This qualitative analysis is part of a larger study piloting an automated growth screening algorithm in a London borough. We conducted three focus group discussions; two with parents of pre-school children participating in the pilot study, one in English (n = 6) and one in Sylheti (n = 5), and one with HVs and NNs (n = 11). Sampling was purposeful, and written informed consent was obtained. Groups were facilitated by the same bilingual researcher using semi-structured topic guides. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis and assessed for intercoder reliability. RESULTS: Three broad themes were identified in the data: (1) lack of clarity around the role of the HV and NN; (2) a lack of resources; and (3) a desire for a preventative service. Underlying these themes was a sense of disempowerment shown by HVs/NNs and parents, as well as systemic issues in terms of the accessibility and practicality of the service. Nevertheless, parents and HVs/NNs all stressed the importance of the service in providing information, reassurance and advice. CONCLUSIONS: Various challenges prevent the HCP from providing equitable and effective care to every child. However, the service was recognised as very valuable by users and providers despite systemic difficulties.

Different delayed consequences of attaining a plateau phase in practicing a simple (finger-tapping sequence learning) and a complex (Tower of Hanoi puzzle) task.

In practicing a new task, the initial performance gains, across consecutive trials, decrease; in the following phase, performance tends to plateau. However, after a long delay additional performance improvements may emerge (delayed/ "offline" gains). It has been suggested that the attainment of the plateau phase is a necessary condition for the triggering of skill consolidation processes that lead to the expression of delayed gains. Here we compared the effect of a long-delay (24-48 h) interval following each of the two within-session phases, on performance in a simple motor task, the finger-tapping sequence learning (FTSL), and in a conceptually complex task, the Tower of Hanoi puzzle (TOHP). In Experiment 1 we determined the amount of practice leading to the plateau phase within a single practice session (long practice), in each task. Experiment 2 consisted of three consecutive sessions with long-delay intervals in between; in the first session, participants underwent a short practice without attaining the plateau phase, but in the next two sessions, participants received long practice, attaining the plateau phase. In the FTSL, short practice resulted in no delayed gains after the long delay, but after 24-48 h following long practice, task performance was further improved. In contrast, no delayed gains evolved in the TOHP during the 24- to 48-h delay following long practice. We propose that the attainment of a plateau phase can indicate either the attainment of a comprehensive task solution routine (achievable for simple tasks) or a preservation of work-in-progress task solution routine (complex tasks); performance after a long post-practice interval can differentiate these two states.

Phenol biodegradation using bio-filter tower packed column with immobilized bacterial consortium: a batch test study.

The effluents from pulp and paper manufacturing industries contain high concentrations of phenol, which when discharged directly into surface water streams, increases the biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). In this study, two dominant bacteria SP-4 and SP-8 were isolated from the effluent emanating with a pulp and paper industry. The selected phenol-degrading isolates were identified as Staphylococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sciuri respectively by using nucleotide sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of 16 S rRNA regions of the genome. The two isolates used for the biodegradation process effectively degraded phenol concentration of pulp and paper industry effluent upto 1600 and 1800 mg/L resepctively. The individual isolates and consortium were immobilized using activated carbon, wood dust, and coal ash. Additionally, the effluent was treated using a bio-filter tower packed column immobilized with bacterial cells at a constant flow rate of 5 mL/min. The present study showed that the developed immobilized microbial consortium can effectively degrade 99% of the phenol present in pulp and paper industry effluents, resulting in a significant reduction in BOD and COD of the system. This study can be well implemented on real-scale systems as the bio-filter towers packed with immobilized bacterial consortium can effectively treat phenol concentrations up to 1800 mg/L. The study can be implemented for bioremediation processes in phenolic wastewater-contaminated sites.

A Fast and Accurate Mapping Method for an OPGW Tower Based on Hybrid Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing.

The combination of the dark fiber in existing Optical Fiber Composite Overhead Ground Wire (OPGW) with Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing (DOFS) technology can be used to enable online monitoring and provide early warnings of anomalies in high-voltage transmission lines. Accurate mapping of the optical cable length to the geographic coordinates of actual towers is a key factor in achieving this goal. This paper discusses the principle of using a DOFS system for transmission line tower positioning and presents four available positioning features. To overcome the limitations of single physical parameter positioning, this paper presents a self-developed hybrid DOFS that simultaneously captures Rayleigh backscattering and Brillouin scattering signals. Several physical parameters, including temperature, strain, and vibration, are acquired synchronously. Through hybrid multi-parameter analysis, the rapid and accurate positioning of OPGW line towers is achieved. Experimental results have shown that the proposed method, based on the hybrid DOFS system, can locate up to 82 towers, while the traditional method could only identify 12. The hybrid system was able to complete 80% of the tension towers in 40 h. This paper presents a novel multi-parameter localization method that has the potential to significantly improve the efficiency and reliability of grid operation and maintenance.

Comparison of cooling tower blowdown and enhanced make up water treatment to minimize cooling water footprint.

When water supply restrictions increasingly escalate to water supply risks, developing strategies to minimize the water footprint of wet cooling systems becomes crucial. This study compares two water engineering approaches to minimize the water footprint of a recirculating evaporative cooling tower (CT): (1) reusing cooling tower blowdown and (2) producing demineralized water to increase the cycles of concentration (CoC) of the CT. Our techno-economic analysis across various scenarios and CT settings reveals that reusing blowdown (option 1) is the most feasible approach for an industrial cooling system currently operating at CoCs of > 3, discharging blowdown with a conductivity of 2 mS/cm and a total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of approximately 20 mg/L. Compared to enhanced make up treatment, blowdown reuse allows higher water savings (13 %) and involves lower implementation and operation costs. Pilot scale trials validated the feasibility of both approaches. Blowdown and enhanced make up treatment included biologically activated carbon filtration, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, producing high-quality permeate, suitable for (re)use as CT make up or within other processes. The blowdown treatment reached a product quality of 80 µS/cm conductivity and 70 µg/L TOC, make up treatment 20 µS/cm in conductivity and 60 µg/L TOC, respectively. The study's findings underscore the viability of blowdown reuse as a cost-effective and efficient strategy to minimize the water footprint of cooling systems under increasing water scarcity conditions.

Parallel and identical test-retest reliability of the Tower of London test - Freiburg version.

OBJECTIVES: The Tower of London - Freiburg version (TOL-F) was developed in three parallel-test versions (A, B, and C) that only differ in their physical appearance by interchanged ball colors, but not in their cognitive demands. We addressed the question whether the test-retest reliability of an identical problem set differs from the parallel test-retest reliability of a structurally identical problem set with a marginally different physical appearance. METHODS: Reliabilities were assessed in two samples of young adults over a 1-week interval: In the parallel test-retest sample (n = 93; 49 female), half of the participants accomplished version A at the first session and version B at the second session, while the other half started with version B in the first session and continued with A in the second session. In the identical test-retest sample (n = 86; 48 female), half of the participants performed on version A in both the first and the second session, while the other half went through the same procedure with version B. RESULTS: For overall planning accuracy, intraclass correlation coefficients for absolute agreement were r = .501 for the parallel test-retest and r = .605 for the identical test-retest sample, with Pearson correlations of r = .559 and r = .708 respectively. Greatest lower bound estimates of reliability were adequate to high in the two samples (ranging between .765 and .854) confirming previous studies. CONCLUSIONS: Although the TOL-F revealed only moderate intraclass correlations for absolute agreement, it showed some of the highest psychometric indices compared to repeated assessments with other TOL tests.

Wind Field Digital Twins Sandbox System for Transmission Towers.

Given the digitalization trends within the field of engineering, we propose a practical approach to engineering digitization. This method is established based on a physical sandbox model, camera equipment and simulation technology. We propose an image processing modeling method to establish high-precision continuous mathematical models of transmission towers. The calculation of the wind field is realized by using wind speed calculations, a load-wind-direction-time algorithm and the Continuum-Discontinuum Element Method (CDEM). The sensitivity analysis of displacement- and acceleration-controlled transmission tower loads under two different wind direction conditions is conducted. The results show that the digital model exhibits a proportional relationship with the physical dimensions of the transmission tower model. The error between the numerical simulation results and the experimental results falls within a reasonable range. Nodes at higher positions of the transmission tower experience significantly higher forces compared to those at lower positions, and the structural forms with larger windward projected areas yield similar simulation results. The proposed digital twin system can help monitor the performance of structural bodies and assess the disaster degree in extreme conditions. It can guide specific maintenance and repair tasks.

Enhancing Leaf Area Index Estimation for Maize with Tower-Based Multi-Angular Spectral Observations.

The leaf area index (LAI) played a crucial role in ecological, hydrological, and climate models. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has been a widely used tool for LAI estimation. However, the NDVI quickly saturates in dense vegetation and is susceptible to soil background interference in sparse vegetation. We proposed a multi-angular NDVI (MAVI) to enhance LAI estimation using tower-based multi-angular observations, aiming to minimize the interference of soil background and saturation effects. Our methodology involved collecting continuous tower-based multi-angular reflectance and the LAI over a three-year period in maize cropland. Then we proposed the MAVI based on an analysis of how canopy reflectance varies with solar zenith angle (SZA). Finally, we quantitatively evaluated the MAVI's performance in LAI retrieval by comparing it to eight other vegetation indices (VIs). Statistical tests revealed that the MAVI exhibited an improved curvilinear relationship with the LAI when the NDVI is corrected using multi-angular observations (R2 = 0.945, RMSE = 0.345, rRMSE = 0.147). Furthermore, the MAVI-based model effectively mitigated soil background effects in sparse vegetation (R2 = 0.934, RMSE = 0.155, rRMSE = 0.157). Our findings demonstrated the utility of tower-based multi-angular spectral observations in LAI retrieval, having the potential to provide continuous data for validating space-borne LAI products. This research significantly expanded the potential applications of multi-angular observations.

Vision-Based Automated Recognition and 3D Localization Framework for Tower Cranes Using Far-Field Cameras.

Tower cranes can cover most of the area of a construction site, which brings significant safety risks, including potential collisions with other entities. To address these issues, it is necessary to obtain accurate and real-time information on the orientation and location of tower cranes and hooks. As a non-invasive sensing method, computer vision-based (CVB) technology is widely applied on construction sites for object detection and three-dimensional (3D) localization. However, most existing methods mainly address the localization on the construction ground plane or rely on specific viewpoints and positions. To address these issues, this study proposes a framework for the real-time recognition and localization of tower cranes and hooks using monocular far-field cameras. The framework consists of four steps: far-field camera autocalibration using feature matching and horizon-line detection, deep learning-based segmentation of tower cranes, geometric feature reconstruction of tower cranes, and 3D localization estimation. The pose estimation of tower cranes using monocular far-field cameras with arbitrary views is the main contribution of this paper. To evaluate the proposed framework, a series of comprehensive experiments were conducted on construction sites in different scenarios and compared with ground-truth data obtained by sensors. The experimental results show that the proposed framework achieves high precision in both crane jib orientation estimation and hook position estimation, thereby contributing to the development of safety management and productivity analysis.

Optimization of extraction tower structure and extraction conditions for lincomycin separation.

Lincomycin is a widely used aminoglycoside antibiotic. For its separation from fermentation broth in production, solvent extraction is usually applied because of its low cost and high capacity compared to other bioseparation methods. The multistage mixer-settler is a common extraction equipment in commercial production, but it occupies a large area and causes pollution. In this study, a fully enclosed turbine tower was designed and applied in order to replace the mixer-settler. Its structure parameters (turbine diameter, tray porosity) were optimized on the basis of the extraction effect of lincomycin. The results showed that with 35% tray porosity and 28/26 mm turbine diameter of the tower, the extraction rate was kept above 99.0% steadily under 375 rpm/min rotating speed and 60 °C temperature. The extraction effect is much better than mixer-settler and such turbine tower is expected to be applied in the commercial production of lincomycin.

Development and global validation of a 1-week-old piglet head finite element model for impact simulations.

PURPOSE: Child head injury under impact scenarios (e.g. falls, vehicle crashes, etc.) is an important topic in the field of injury biomechanics. The head of piglet was commonly used as the surrogate to investigate the biomechanical response and mechanisms of pediatric head injuries because of the similar cellular structures and material properties. However, up to date, piglet head models with accurate geometry and material properties, which have been validated by impact experiments, are seldom. We aim to develop such a model for future research. METHODS: In this study, first, the detailed anatomical structures of the piglet head, including the skull, suture, brain, pia mater, dura mater, cerebrospinal fluid, scalp and soft tissue, were constructed based on CT scans. Then, a structured butterfly method was adopted to mesh the complex geometries of the piglet head to generate high-quality elements and each component was assigned corresponding constitutive material models. Finally, the guided drop tower tests were conducted and the force-time histories were ectracted to validate the piglet head finite element model. RESULTS: Simulations were conducted on the developed finite element model under impact conditions and the simulation results were compared with the experimental data from the guided drop tower tests and the published literature. The average peak force and duration of the guide drop tower test were similar to that of the simulation, with an error below 10%. The inaccuracy was below 20%. The average peak force and duration reported in the literature were comparable to those of the simulation, with the exception of the duration for an impact energy of 11 J. The results showed that the model was capable to capture the response of the pig head. CONCLUSION: This study can provide an effective tool for investigating child head injury mechanisms and protection strategies under impact loading conditions.

Algorithms for the adaptive assessment of procedural knowledge and skills.

Procedural knowledge space theory (PKST) was recently proposed by Stefanutti (British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 72(2) 185-218, 2019) for the assessment of human problem-solving skills. In PKST, the problem space formally represents how a family of problems can be solved and the knowledge space represents the skills required for solving those problems. The Markov solution process model (MSPM) by Stefanutti et al. (Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 103, 102552, 2021) provides a probabilistic framework for modeling the solution process of a task, via PKST. In this article, three adaptive procedures for the assessment of problem-solving skills are proposed that are based on the MSPM. Beside execution correctness, they also consider the sequence of moves observed in the solution of a problem with the aim of increasing efficiency and accuracy of assessments. The three procedures differ from one another in the assumption underlying the solution process, named pre-planning, interim-planning, and mixed-planning. In two simulation studies, the three adaptive procedures have been compared to one another and to the continuous Markov procedure (CMP) by Doignon and Falmagne (1988a). The last one accounts for dichotomous correct/wrong answers only. Results show that all the MSP-based adaptive procedures outperform the CMP in both accuracy and efficiency. These results have been obtained in the framework of the Tower of London test but the procedures can also be applied to all psychological and neuropsychological tests that have a problem space. Thus, the adaptive procedures presented in this paper pave the way to the adaptive assessment in the area of neuropsychological tests.

The last jump: epidemiology of suicides at the Tour Eiffel (Paris) between 1950 and 1989.

The Eiffel Tower (Paris, France) has been attracting many candidates for suicide over the years. The aim of this study was to determine the patterns of people who committed suicide by jumping. Permission to access the unpublished records of the Paris Police Prefecture made it possible to compile press articles related to suicides from April 1950 to March 1989. 155 articles corresponding to 79 cases were kept for analysis. There were significantly more males (66%), as compared with an expected theoretical distribution of 1/2 for each sex (p = 0.002). Median age was 38.0 years old. Suicide peak was reached during the months of August and October (13% for each), while February was poor in suicides (3%). Tuesdays and Saturdays were the more impacted days. Hourly suicide rates were 8% (morning), 11% (noon), 7% (afternoon), and 5% (evening-night). Moon phases did not correlate with suicide occurrence. The main context described was that of a psychiatric pathology (49%). Death occurred in 92% of the reported cases. Sex ratio, ages, decrease during the cold season, no association with moon phases, and underlying psychiatric pathologies were consistent with trends for either all-cause suicides or suicide jumps from a platform. Conversely, unusual trough in suicides on Mondays and noon peak in suicide rate have been, respectively, attributed to small sample size and closure at night. As jumping corresponds to both ease and proximity, we believe the implementation of protective measures in the early 1960s succeeded in reducing the number of suicides overall.

Galilean resonances: the role of experiment in Turing's construction of machine intelligence.

In 1950, Alan Turing proposed his iconic imitation game, calling it a 'test', an 'experiment', and the 'the only really satisfactory support' for his view that machines can think. Following Turing's rhetoric, the 'Turing test' has been widely received as a kind of crucial experiment to determine machine intelligence. In later sources, however, Turing showed a milder attitude towards what he called his 'imitation tests'. In 1948, Turing referred to the persuasive power of 'the actual production of machines' rather than that of a controlled experiment. Observing this, I propose to distinguish the logical structure from the rhetoric of Turing's argument. I argue that Turing's proposal of a crucial experiment may have been a concession to meet the standards of his interlocutors more than his own, while his construction of machine intelligence rather reveals a method of successive idealizations and exploratory experiments. I will draw a parallel with Galileo's construction of idealized fall in a void and the historiographical controversies over the role of experiment in Galilean science. I suggest that Turing, like Galileo, relied on certain kinds of experiment, but also on rhetoric and propaganda to inspire further research that could lead to convincing scientific and technological progress.

Environmental Investigation during Legionellosis Outbreak, Montérégie, Quebec, Canada, 2021.

In August 2021, a legionellosis outbreak involving 7 persons occurred within a 500-meter radius in the Montérégie region of Québec, Canada. Near real-time modeling of wind direction along with epidemiologic and environmental investigations identified the possible source. Modeling wind direction could help identify likely Legionella pneumophila sources during legionellosis outbreaks.

Legionella pneumophila Risk from Cooling Tower Systems in China.

Legionella pneumophila widely exists in natural and artificial water environments, which enables it to infect people. L. pneumophila infection causes Legionnaires' disease (LD), which is a significant but relatively uncommon respiratory infection. Approximately 90% of LD is caused by L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp1). Meteorological conditions may affect the infectivity and virulence of Lp1, but the exact relationship between them is still unclear. In this study, we evaluated the virulence of Lp1 by screening of total 156 Lp1 strains isolated from cooling tower water in different regions of China by detecting their abilities to activate NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro. In addition, we screened the distribution of some selected virulence genes in these strains. The virulence, virulence gene distribution, and the meteorological factors were analyzed. We found that both the virulence and the distribution of virulence genes had a certain regional and meteorological correlation. Although the loss of several virulence genes showed significant effects on the virulence of Lp1 strains, the distribution of virulence genes had very limited effects on the virulence of Lp1. IMPORTANCE LD is likely to be underrecognized in many countries. Due to the widespread existence of L. pneumophila in natural and artificial water environments and to the lack of cross-protection against different strains, L. pneumophila is a potentially serious threat to human health. Therefore, effective monitoring of the virulence of L. pneumophila in the water environment is very important to prevent and control the prevalence of LD. Understanding the virulence of L. pneumophila can not only help us to predict the risk of possible outbreaks in advance but can also enable more targeted clinical treatment. This study highlights the importance of understanding the epidemiology and ecology of L. pneumophila isolated from public facilities in terms of public health and biology. Due to the potential for water sources to harbor and disseminate L. pneumophila and to the fact that geographical conditions influence the virulence of L. pneumophila, timely and accurate L. pneumophila virulence surveillance is urgently needed.

Experimental characterisation of porcine subcutaneous adipose tissue under blunt impact up to irreversible deformation.

A deeper understanding of the mechanical characteristics of adipose tissue under large deformation is important for the analysis of blunt force trauma, as adipose tissue alters the stresses and strains that are transferred to subjacent tissues. Hence, results from drop tower tests of subcutaneous adipose tissue are presented (i) to characterise adipose tissue behaviour up to irreversible deformation, (ii) to relate this to the microstructural configuration, (iii) to quantify this deformation and (iv) to provide an analytical basis for computational modelling of adipose tissue under blunt impact. The drop tower experiments are performed exemplarily on porcine subcutaneous adipose tissue specimens for three different impact velocities and two impactor geometries. An approach based on photogrammetry is used to derive 3D representations of the deformation patterns directly after the impact. Median values for maximum impactor acceleration for tests with a flat cylindrical impactor geometry at impact velocities of 886 mm/s, 1253 mm/s and 2426 mm/s amount to 61.1 g, 121.6 g and 264.2 g, respectively, whereas thickness reduction of the specimens after impact amount to 16.7%, 30.5% and 39.3%, respectively. The according values for tests with a spherically shaped impactor at an impact velocity of 1253 mm/s are 184.2 g and 78.7%. Based on these results, it is hypothesised that, in the initial phase of a blunt impact, adipose tissue behaviour is mainly governed by the behaviour of the lipid inside the adipocytes, whereas for further loading, contribution of the extracellular collagen fibre network becomes more dominant.